This paper examines the impact of the 2022 war in Ukraine on small farm enterprises in global value chains. Drawing on nationally representative survey data, we assess initial disruptions to market access, productivity, damages, labor supply, and coping strategies. We analyze how pre-war characteristics—such as farm scale, adaptive capacity, and market orientation—shaped resilience. Results reveal significant disruptions, mainly from productivity losses. The findings underscore the complex interplay between structural features and resilience, identifying scale and adaptive capacity as key mitigating factors, while nuancing the view that diversification always strengthens resilience. The study offers insights to enhance farm resilience amid shocks.
{"title":"Small farm enterprises amid war in Ukraine: Disruption channels and resilience patterns","authors":"Monica Schuster, Ibrahima Diouf","doi":"10.1093/erae/jbaf032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf032","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the impact of the 2022 war in Ukraine on small farm enterprises in global value chains. Drawing on nationally representative survey data, we assess initial disruptions to market access, productivity, damages, labor supply, and coping strategies. We analyze how pre-war characteristics—such as farm scale, adaptive capacity, and market orientation—shaped resilience. Results reveal significant disruptions, mainly from productivity losses. The findings underscore the complex interplay between structural features and resilience, identifying scale and adaptive capacity as key mitigating factors, while nuancing the view that diversification always strengthens resilience. The study offers insights to enhance farm resilience amid shocks.","PeriodicalId":50476,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Agricultural Economics","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145295673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ownership of multiple plots by a farmer leads to hierarchical structure of data on production. Researchers use averaging of plot-level technical efficiency scores for computing the farm-level technical efficiency score. With Monte Carlo simulation, we checked the performance of averaging and that of the linear mixed effects model in estimating the true farm efficiency. We generated true efficiency scores under half-normal, normal, and skew-normal distributions of the farm-level random effect. Plot-level score averaging did not estimate the true efficiency. The linear mixed effects model preserved the ranking as well as estimated the true farm-level efficiency score.
{"title":"Estimating technical efficiency at farm level when plot-level data are available","authors":"Yashree Mehta, Bernhard Brümmer","doi":"10.1093/erae/jbaf022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf022","url":null,"abstract":"Ownership of multiple plots by a farmer leads to hierarchical structure of data on production. Researchers use averaging of plot-level technical efficiency scores for computing the farm-level technical efficiency score. With Monte Carlo simulation, we checked the performance of averaging and that of the linear mixed effects model in estimating the true farm efficiency. We generated true efficiency scores under half-normal, normal, and skew-normal distributions of the farm-level random effect. Plot-level score averaging did not estimate the true efficiency. The linear mixed effects model preserved the ranking as well as estimated the true farm-level efficiency score.","PeriodicalId":50476,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Agricultural Economics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145295672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haiyan Deng, Changxin Yu, Yanhong Jin, Carl E Pray, Chunqing Liu, Lianwu Deng
China’s global expansion of state-owned enterprises, like ChemChina and Longping High-Tech (LPHT), along with agricultural policy reforms, is revolutionizing global food supply chains. This study investigates the evolution of China’s domestic seed industry, and its growing presence in the global seed market, assesses how Chinese acquisitions and the rise of local companies, such as Syngenta and LPHT, are changing the global market structure, and explores the challenges and opportunities for China and the global seed industry. The findings suggest China’s current global influence is limited, mainly affecting South America’s corn seed sector, though ongoing international collaborations suggest long-term potential for greater global influence.
{"title":"How is China shaping global food supply chains? Insights from the seed industry","authors":"Haiyan Deng, Changxin Yu, Yanhong Jin, Carl E Pray, Chunqing Liu, Lianwu Deng","doi":"10.1093/erae/jbaf017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf017","url":null,"abstract":"China’s global expansion of state-owned enterprises, like ChemChina and Longping High-Tech (LPHT), along with agricultural policy reforms, is revolutionizing global food supply chains. This study investigates the evolution of China’s domestic seed industry, and its growing presence in the global seed market, assesses how Chinese acquisitions and the rise of local companies, such as Syngenta and LPHT, are changing the global market structure, and explores the challenges and opportunities for China and the global seed industry. The findings suggest China’s current global influence is limited, mainly affecting South America’s corn seed sector, though ongoing international collaborations suggest long-term potential for greater global influence.","PeriodicalId":50476,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Agricultural Economics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144566025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Le Chen, Roderick M Rejesus, Zachary S Brown, Christopher N Boyer, James A Larson
This paper develops a stochastic dynamic programming model to investigate optimal cover crop adoption policies, accounting for cumulative effects on soil fertility, uncertain future fertilizer and output prices, irreversibility of sunk machinery costs and flexibility in the timing of adoption over time. Based on data from a 35-year cotton field experiment in West Tennessee (1984–2018), we first estimate the static and dynamic yield effects of cover crop adoption and then use these estimates to evaluate the decision of a representative cotton farmer to adopt three cover cropping practices—hairy vetch, winter wheat and crimson clover—under conventional till and no-till production systems. Econometric estimates imply significant cumulative effects of cover crops on yields, as well as static and dynamic substitution effects between cover crops and nitrogen fertilizer inputs. With these substitution effects implying increasing marginal profit from soil fertility, our analysis suggests a threshold level of soil fertility level, above which it is optimal to adopt cover crops and below which it is not. Adoption of cover crops is more favored if no-till practices have been implemented. Moreover, in the presence of sunk costs that have not yet been incurred, the optimal strategy is to postpone the adoption of cover crops in both conventional till and no-till fields until crop prices improve, the cost of adoption decreases, or fertilizer prices increase. Our results also indicate that when fertilizer prices are higher, cover crop adoption in no-till systems can lead to substantial fertilizer cost savings, with the amount of those fertilizer cost savings increasing over time as soil health further improves.
{"title":"Dynamically optimal cover crop adoption","authors":"Le Chen, Roderick M Rejesus, Zachary S Brown, Christopher N Boyer, James A Larson","doi":"10.1093/erae/jbaf018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf018","url":null,"abstract":"This paper develops a stochastic dynamic programming model to investigate optimal cover crop adoption policies, accounting for cumulative effects on soil fertility, uncertain future fertilizer and output prices, irreversibility of sunk machinery costs and flexibility in the timing of adoption over time. Based on data from a 35-year cotton field experiment in West Tennessee (1984–2018), we first estimate the static and dynamic yield effects of cover crop adoption and then use these estimates to evaluate the decision of a representative cotton farmer to adopt three cover cropping practices—hairy vetch, winter wheat and crimson clover—under conventional till and no-till production systems. Econometric estimates imply significant cumulative effects of cover crops on yields, as well as static and dynamic substitution effects between cover crops and nitrogen fertilizer inputs. With these substitution effects implying increasing marginal profit from soil fertility, our analysis suggests a threshold level of soil fertility level, above which it is optimal to adopt cover crops and below which it is not. Adoption of cover crops is more favored if no-till practices have been implemented. Moreover, in the presence of sunk costs that have not yet been incurred, the optimal strategy is to postpone the adoption of cover crops in both conventional till and no-till fields until crop prices improve, the cost of adoption decreases, or fertilizer prices increase. Our results also indicate that when fertilizer prices are higher, cover crop adoption in no-till systems can lead to substantial fertilizer cost savings, with the amount of those fertilizer cost savings increasing over time as soil health further improves.","PeriodicalId":50476,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Agricultural Economics","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144202048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruslana Rachel Palatnik, Michael Borowitzka, Gal Hochman, David Zilberman
Establishing new bio-based sectors requires effective implementation of innovation and production supply chains, often competing with established synthetic technologies. Our analytical model conceptualizes the competition between an incumbent industry and a competitive fringe, each producing differentiated products. Although motivated by the β-carotene case, the model is versatile and applicable to other contexts involving novel products entering markets dominated by established technologies. Developed by university researchers and commercialized by start-ups, natural β-carotene was eventually integrated into major synthetic corporations. Initially niche and costly, it gained market competitiveness through innovation and expanded applications, driving technological advancements and significantly benefiting the broader algae-based industry.
{"title":"Evolution of innovation and production supply chains: the case of microalgae-based β-carotene","authors":"Ruslana Rachel Palatnik, Michael Borowitzka, Gal Hochman, David Zilberman","doi":"10.1093/erae/jbaf019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf019","url":null,"abstract":"Establishing new bio-based sectors requires effective implementation of innovation and production supply chains, often competing with established synthetic technologies. Our analytical model conceptualizes the competition between an incumbent industry and a competitive fringe, each producing differentiated products. Although motivated by the β-carotene case, the model is versatile and applicable to other contexts involving novel products entering markets dominated by established technologies. Developed by university researchers and commercialized by start-ups, natural β-carotene was eventually integrated into major synthetic corporations. Initially niche and costly, it gained market competitiveness through innovation and expanded applications, driving technological advancements and significantly benefiting the broader algae-based industry.","PeriodicalId":50476,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Agricultural Economics","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144113912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crop diversification has gained interest due to its role in climate change adaptation. While previous studies have focused on farm productivity and income variability, this study examines the relationship between crop diversification and farm performance, considering farm size, socio-economic status and location. Using French Farm Accountancy Data Network data from 2010 to 2022, we analyse 19,822 observations from 3,246 crop-focused farms. Results show that small farms benefit from crop diversification, while large farms face income challenges from diversification. Additionally, crop diversification increases the efficiency of larger farms. The results highlight the need for flexible policies to balance economic viability with environmental objectives.
{"title":"Relationship between crop diversification and farm efficiency: Does farm size matter?","authors":"Toho Hien","doi":"10.1093/erae/jbaf016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf016","url":null,"abstract":"Crop diversification has gained interest due to its role in climate change adaptation. While previous studies have focused on farm productivity and income variability, this study examines the relationship between crop diversification and farm performance, considering farm size, socio-economic status and location. Using French Farm Accountancy Data Network data from 2010 to 2022, we analyse 19,822 observations from 3,246 crop-focused farms. Results show that small farms benefit from crop diversification, while large farms face income challenges from diversification. Additionally, crop diversification increases the efficiency of larger farms. The results highlight the need for flexible policies to balance economic viability with environmental objectives.","PeriodicalId":50476,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Agricultural Economics","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144066841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since 2002, the Community Connect Grants (CCG) Program has provided financial assistance to provide broadband service in rural, economically challenged communities where service does not exist. We employ the event study model to show that a zip code receiving the grant experiences a 9.3 per cent increase in crop productivity after three years. This positive effect is predominantly driven by low-income areas that see a consistently positive increase in crop productivity, ranging from 6.3 to 13.8 per cent. Our findings conclude that policies designed to expand high-speed broadband infrastructure in rural areas can further develop the agricultural sector through gains in productivity.
{"title":"Bridging the rural divide: The impact of broadband grants on US agriculture","authors":"Minhae Kim, Jayash Paudel","doi":"10.1093/erae/jbaf015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf015","url":null,"abstract":"Since 2002, the Community Connect Grants (CCG) Program has provided financial assistance to provide broadband service in rural, economically challenged communities where service does not exist. We employ the event study model to show that a zip code receiving the grant experiences a 9.3 per cent increase in crop productivity after three years. This positive effect is predominantly driven by low-income areas that see a consistently positive increase in crop productivity, ranging from 6.3 to 13.8 per cent. Our findings conclude that policies designed to expand high-speed broadband infrastructure in rural areas can further develop the agricultural sector through gains in productivity.","PeriodicalId":50476,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Agricultural Economics","volume":"119 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143920281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meilin Ma, Shira Bukchin-Peles, Jeffery K Tomberlin, David Zilberman
Circular bioeconomy employs advanced life science technologies to utilize renewable natural resources to produce goods and is a key part of the sustainable development strategy. Most circular-bioeconomy supply chains, however, are still in their infancy. We propose a conceptual model that characterizes the farm decision to adopt the circular use of agricultural residues such as animal waste and corn stover. The model highlights the complementarity between farm outputs and the residue and pins down key determinants of adoption. We illustrate how the economic forces work by examining two budding circular-bioeconomy supply chains—biochar and black soldier fly.
{"title":"The economics of circular bioeconomy supply chains: Theory and case studies","authors":"Meilin Ma, Shira Bukchin-Peles, Jeffery K Tomberlin, David Zilberman","doi":"10.1093/erae/jbaf012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf012","url":null,"abstract":"Circular bioeconomy employs advanced life science technologies to utilize renewable natural resources to produce goods and is a key part of the sustainable development strategy. Most circular-bioeconomy supply chains, however, are still in their infancy. We propose a conceptual model that characterizes the farm decision to adopt the circular use of agricultural residues such as animal waste and corn stover. The model highlights the complementarity between farm outputs and the residue and pins down key determinants of adoption. We illustrate how the economic forces work by examining two budding circular-bioeconomy supply chains—biochar and black soldier fly.","PeriodicalId":50476,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Agricultural Economics","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143893139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examine the impact of the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea on global agricultural trade flows. Using a structural gravity model with a Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimator and intra-country sales, we differentiate the effects of the war from those of the sanctions on trade. We estimate conditional General Equilibrium PPML counterfactual scenarios and apply a “conventional two-step approach” to assess trade potential for Russia, Ukraine and European Union members. Our results suggest that while both Russia’s and Ukraine’s trade flows benefited during the post-annexation period, sanctions had a negative impact, with Russia experiencing more severe effects.
{"title":"The impact of the Crimea annexation on agricultural trade: A structural gravity approach","authors":"Dimitrios Dadakas, Renáta Pitoňáková, Evangelos Ioannidis","doi":"10.1093/erae/jbaf010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf010","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the impact of the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea on global agricultural trade flows. Using a structural gravity model with a Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimator and intra-country sales, we differentiate the effects of the war from those of the sanctions on trade. We estimate conditional General Equilibrium PPML counterfactual scenarios and apply a “conventional two-step approach” to assess trade potential for Russia, Ukraine and European Union members. Our results suggest that while both Russia’s and Ukraine’s trade flows benefited during the post-annexation period, sanctions had a negative impact, with Russia experiencing more severe effects.","PeriodicalId":50476,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Agricultural Economics","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143875949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Our study employs a stochastic frontier model that explains short- and long-run production risk and efficiency with respect to heat stress conditions and other farm specific characteristics. We use an unbalanced dataset of specialist Swiss dairy farmers between 2003 and 2014. We find that farms are not able to reduce production risk towards heat stress in the short run. We also find that farm-specific characteristics explain risk and efficiency patterns in short and long run. Our results hold important policy implications regarding sustainability and resilience of dairy farming towards heat stress, with generalizations in the European policy context.
{"title":"The effect of heat stress on risk and efficiency in dairy farming","authors":"Iordanis Parikoglou, Robert Finger","doi":"10.1093/erae/jbaf013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf013","url":null,"abstract":"Our study employs a stochastic frontier model that explains short- and long-run production risk and efficiency with respect to heat stress conditions and other farm specific characteristics. We use an unbalanced dataset of specialist Swiss dairy farmers between 2003 and 2014. We find that farms are not able to reduce production risk towards heat stress in the short run. We also find that farm-specific characteristics explain risk and efficiency patterns in short and long run. Our results hold important policy implications regarding sustainability and resilience of dairy farming towards heat stress, with generalizations in the European policy context.","PeriodicalId":50476,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Agricultural Economics","volume":"238 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143837134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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