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Statistical techniques in power systems fault diagnostic: Classifications, challenges, and strategic recommendations 电力系统故障诊断中的统计技术:分类、挑战和战略建议
IF 3.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-11-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111279
Ali Reza Abbasi
Early fault diagnosis is crucial not only for ensuring the safety and efficiency of power systems but also for averting catastrophic failures and substantial economic losses. Although previous studies have made promising strides, developing an interpretable and dependable diagnostic strategy remains challenging. Over the last four decades, a variety of methods have been proposed to tackle this problem. A wide range of these studies have been undertaken recently on statistical techniques for fault detection and classification, but so far, no definitive method has been identified as the best. Therefore, our principal challenge is to review and classify the types of statistical methods used systematically and to choose the appropriate method in diagnosing faults of traditional and intelligent power systems to strengthen the validity of the research results. To bridge this 'gap', this research provides a systematic review that includes the following: (i) providing an overview of the cause and effect of faults in significant equipment of power systems; (ii) collecting studies pertinent to statistical methods in identifying faults; (iii) selecting fundamental studies to compile a collection of related literature; (iv) organizing the applied statistical tests and techniques for identifying faults according to their approach and framework; (v) a comparative evaluation of the classified techniques; (vi) discussion on how to choose the proper statistical techniques, as well as the consequences of choosing a wrong technique. The findings serve as a guide for engineers, scientists, and researchers, providing insights into the opportunities and challenges for future advancements in the field.
早期故障诊断不仅对确保电力系统的安全和效率至关重要,而且对避免灾难性故障和重大经济损失也至关重要。尽管之前的研究已经取得了可喜的进展,但制定可解释且可靠的诊断策略仍具有挑战性。在过去的四十年里,人们提出了各种方法来解决这一问题。最近,对故障检测和分类的统计技术进行了广泛的研究,但迄今为止,还没有确定哪种方法是最好的。因此,我们面临的主要挑战是对所使用的统计方法类型进行系统回顾和分类,并选择合适的方法来诊断传统和智能电力系统的故障,以加强研究成果的有效性。为弥补这一 "空白",本研究提供了系统性综述,包括以下内容:(i) 概述电力系统重要设备故障的原因和影响;(ii) 收集与识别故障的统计方法相关的研究;(iii) 挑选基础研究,汇编相关文献集;(iv) 根据其方法和框架,整理识别故障的应用统计测试和技术;(v) 对分类技术进行比较评估;(vi) 讨论如何选择适当的统计技术,以及选择错误技术的后果。研究结果可作为工程师、科学家和研究人员的指南,为该领域未来的发展提供机遇和挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Accurate Flashover assessment for coastal overhead lines based on volt-time criterion 基于伏特-时间准则的沿海架空线路精确闪络评估
IF 3.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-11-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111257
Amin Foroughi Nematollahi, Behrooz Vahidi
This study investigates the impact of considering insulation volt-time curves on estimating the annual flashover rate of overhead lines subjected to nearby lightning strikes in the presence of ocean-land environments. A method based on the 3D Finite Element Method is employed to compute induced voltages, while a Monte Carlo simulation determines the annual flashover occurrence. To detect Flashover occurrence a volt-time method is employed and the results are compared with the conventional 1.5CFO criterion. The influence of line proximity to the coastline, pole spacing, and various striking distance calculation methods on flashover predictions is evaluated. Results indicate that the 1.5CFO criterion underestimates the annual flashover rate due to indirect lightning in mixed ocean-land terrains compared to the volt-time curve approach. A novel analytical formula is proposed to estimate annual flashovers considering volt-time curves in such environments.
本研究探讨了在海洋-陆地环境下,考虑绝缘电压-时间曲线对估算附近遭受雷击的架空线路年闪络率的影响。采用基于三维有限元法的方法计算感应电压,并通过蒙特卡罗模拟确定年闪络发生率。为了检测闪络的发生,采用了伏特时间法,并将结果与传统的 1.5CFO 标准进行了比较。评估了线路与海岸线的距离、电杆间距以及各种冲击距离计算方法对闪络预测的影响。结果表明,与伏特-时间曲线法相比,1.5CFO 标准低估了海洋-陆地混合地形中间接闪电引起的年闪络率。提出了一种新的分析公式,用于估算在这种环境下考虑伏-时曲线的年闪络率。
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引用次数: 0
Two-stage stochastic robust optimization for capacity allocation and operation of integrated energy systems 综合能源系统容量分配和运行的两阶段随机稳健优化
IF 3.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-11-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111253
Huhu Zheng , Jianhua Ye , Fengzhang Luo
To address the challenges posed by various uncertainties in integrated energy systems (IES) for planning and operation, this paper considers the capacity configuration of IES equipment with energy storage systems under a stepped carbon trading mechanism, as well as the planning of electric vehicle (EV) charging stations under different charging modes. A two-stage stochastic robust planning method is proposed, taking into account both short- and long-term uncertainties in renewable energy generation and electric, thermal, and cooling loads. In the first stage, planning decisions are made with the objective of minimizing investment costs, while accounting for the seasonal characteristics of the “source-load” relationship in the planning phase. Stochastic programming is employed to handle long-term uncertainties. In the second stage, operational simulation is performed with the goal of minimizing energy dispatch costs and carbon trading costs, and short-term uncertainties in “source-load” operations are described using robust optimization. The nested column-and-constraint generation (NC&CG) algorithm is used to solve this two-stage model. Finally, the proposed model is applied to an IES in northern China. The results show that orderly EV charging within the IES can reduce both investment and operational costs, as well as carbon emissions. The consideration of a stepped carbon trading mechanism can reduce system carbon emissions and enhance environmental sustainability. IES planning with multiple energy storage types is more economical than with a single energy storage type, and the proposed stochastic robust planning method, which considers both long- and short-term uncertainties, demonstrates stronger reliability and economic performance under extreme conditions.
为了应对综合能源系统(IES)规划和运行中各种不确定性带来的挑战,本文考虑了阶梯碳交易机制下带有储能系统的综合能源系统设备的容量配置,以及不同充电模式下电动汽车(EV)充电站的规划。考虑到可再生能源发电以及电力、热力和制冷负荷的短期和长期不确定性,本文提出了一种两阶段随机稳健规划方法。在第一阶段,规划决策的目标是最大限度地降低投资成本,同时在规划阶段考虑到 "源-负载 "关系的季节性特征。采用随机程序设计来处理长期的不确定性。在第二阶段,以能源调度成本和碳交易成本最小化为目标进行运行模拟,并利用稳健优化描述 "源-负载 "运行中的短期不确定性。嵌套列和约束生成(NC&CG)算法用于求解这个两阶段模型。最后,将所提出的模型应用于中国北方的一个 IES。结果表明,在 IES 内进行有序的电动汽车充电既能降低投资和运营成本,也能减少碳排放。考虑阶梯式碳交易机制可以减少系统碳排放,提高环境可持续性。采用多种储能类型的 IES 规划比采用单一储能类型更经济,而所提出的随机鲁棒规划方法同时考虑了长期和短期的不确定性,在极端条件下表现出更高的可靠性和经济性。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond traditional conductors: Aluminium conductor composite core's role in next-generation high temperature-low sag technologies – A review 超越传统导体:铝导体复合芯材在下一代高温低陷技术中的作用 - 综述
IF 3.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111251
Pooya Parvizi , Milad Jalilian , Karl D Dearn
The Aluminium Conductor Composite Core (ACCC) conductor, a type of High Temperature-Low Sag (HTLS) conductor, is designed to offer superior mechanical and electrical performance for modern power grids. The structural composition and properties of the hybrid composite rod at the core of the ACCC conductors, which is comprised of carbon and glass fibers with an epoxy resin matrix, are reviewed in this work. Key findings include the increased ampacity, improved tensile strength, low thermal expansion, and excellent corrosion resistance of ACCC conductors which make them ideal for high temperature operation with little sag. This review also discusses environmental and economic benefits of ACCC conductors in reducing energy losses and CO2 emissions. The review ends with a discussion of challenges and opportunities for future research, including on thermal aging, mechanical performance and manufacturing innovation.
铝导体复合芯(ACCC)导体是一种高温低损(HTLS)导体,旨在为现代电网提供卓越的机械和电气性能。ACCC 导体核心的混合复合材料棒由碳纤维和玻璃纤维以及环氧树脂基体组成,本研究对其结构组成和性能进行了综述。主要发现包括 ACCC 导体具有更高的电容量、更强的抗拉强度、较低的热膨胀率和出色的耐腐蚀性,因此非常适合在高温条件下运行,且几乎不会出现下垂。本综述还讨论了 ACCC 导体在减少能源损耗和二氧化碳排放方面的环境和经济效益。综述最后讨论了未来研究的挑战和机遇,包括热老化、机械性能和制造创新。
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引用次数: 0
Application of imitated frequency droop technique and predictive control for power sharing in DC microgrid comprising SMES and PV systems 在由 SMES 和光伏系统组成的直流微电网中应用模仿频率下降技术和预测控制以实现功率共享
IF 3.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111188
Seyed Mohammad Taher , Mohsen Hamzeh , Seyed Abbas Taher , Zahra Dehghani Arani
This paper represents an efficient decentralized control approach for standalone ring-bus low-voltage direct current (DC) microgrids comprising photovoltaic (PV) and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems. The proposed method addresses three challenging issues; effects of inner control loop on transient and steady-state performance, power sharing, and operating mode selection. Since the conventional proportional-integral (PI) controllers as internal control loop of DC-DC converters provide slow and unstable response, finite control set-model predictive control (FCS-MPC) schemes with exact discretization method are designed for PV boost and SMES D-class converters. Furthermore, by modifying the classic droop control method in alternating current (AC) microgrids, an imitated angular frequency droop method is presented for power sharing and voltage stabilization in ring-bus low-voltage DC microgrid. The proposed proficient state selection (PS2) strategy effectively determines PV-SMES operating modes by utilizing the SoC of local SMES and the output voltage of corresponding DG. Simulation studies performed in MATLAB/SIMULINK under load change, irradiance variation of PV system, operating mode transition, topology change, and DG outage conditions confirm the effectiveness of the proposed MPC-based approach in accurate voltage regulation, power sharing among distributed generations (DGs), as well as minimizing the effects of these disturbances and uncertainties compared to conventional PI controllers with pulse-width modulation (PWM) method.
本文介绍了一种高效的分散控制方法,适用于由光伏(PV)和超导磁储能(SMES)系统组成的独立环形总线低压直流(DC)微电网。所提出的方法解决了三个具有挑战性的问题:内部控制环对瞬态和稳态性能的影响、功率共享和运行模式选择。由于作为直流-直流转换器内部控制环的传统比例-积分(PI)控制器响应缓慢且不稳定,因此针对光伏升压和 SMES D 级转换器设计了采用精确离散化方法的有限控制集-模型预测控制(FCS-MPC)方案。此外,通过修改交流微电网中的经典下垂控制方法,提出了一种模仿角频率下垂方法,用于环形总线低压直流微电网中的功率共享和电压稳定。通过利用本地 SMES 的 SoC 和相应 DG 的输出电压,所提出的精通状态选择 (PS2) 策略可有效确定 PV-SMES 运行模式。在 MATLAB/SIMULINK 中对负载变化、光伏系统辐照度变化、运行模式转换、拓扑变化和 DG 停机条件下进行的仿真研究证实,与采用脉宽调制 (PWM) 方法的传统 PI 控制器相比,所提出的基于 MPC 的方法在精确电压调节、分布式发电 (DG) 之间的功率共享以及最大限度地减少这些干扰和不确定性的影响方面非常有效。
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引用次数: 0
Integrated robust generation and transmission network expansion planning considering time duration uncertainty 考虑时间长度不确定性的稳健发电和输电网络扩展综合规划
IF 3.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111269
Fawzy A. Bukhari, Khalid A. Alnowibet
This study presents an integrated generation and transmission network expansion planning (GTEP) model to identify the optimal size and site of generators and lines. Electricity load and production capacity uncertainties are managed using robust optimization (RO), resulting in a robust GTEP problem. Another crucial uncertainty is the load block's time duration (LBTD), which has been thoroughly ignored in planning studies. Thus, this paper constructs a robust GTEP model that captures the uncertainty of LBTD using RO. The formulation forms a trilevel structure representing the investment and operational decisions in the first and third levels and the uncertainty realizations in the second. To solve the trilevel framework, the primal Benders decomposition (PBD) is first employed to divide the model into a master problem (MP) and a subproblem (SP). Due to including LBTD uncertainty, the subproblem cannot be solved for each load block, leading to a large optimization problem. Hence, the dual Benders decomposition (DBD) is applied to decompose the SP into an MP and several SPs. This way, the SPs can be solved independently for each load block. The proposed robust GTEP model is validated using a standard power system to show the method's efficiency.
本研究提出了一个综合发电和输电网络扩展规划(GTEP)模型,以确定发电机和线路的最佳规模和选址。电力负荷和生产能力的不确定性通过鲁棒优化(RO)进行管理,从而产生一个鲁棒的 GTEP 问题。另一个关键的不确定性是负荷块的持续时间 (LBTD),这在规划研究中一直被忽视。因此,本文构建了一个鲁棒 GTEP 模型,利用 RO 捕获 LBTD 的不确定性。该模型形成了一个三层结构,第一层和第三层代表投资和运营决策,第二层代表不确定性的实现。为了解决三层框架,首先采用了原始本德斯分解法(PBD),将模型分为主问题(MP)和子问题(SP)。由于包括 LBTD 的不确定性,子问题无法针对每个负载块进行求解,从而导致了一个庞大的优化问题。因此,采用对偶本德斯分解法(DBD)将 SP 分解为一个 MP 和多个 SP。这样,每个负载区块的 SP 都可以独立求解。所提出的鲁棒 GTEP 模型使用标准电力系统进行了验证,以显示该方法的效率。
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引用次数: 0
Towards the integration of interconnected microgrids to deregulated electricity markets 将互联微电网纳入放松管制的电力市场
IF 3.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111264
Konstantinos A. Moungos, Dimitra G. Kyriakou, Fotios D. Kanellos
In response to rising energy consumption and its adverse environmental impact, there is an urgent need to integrate innovative technologies in intelligent energy management systems (EMS). This work develops sophisticated systems to optimize energy management enabling Microgrids (MGs) to participate optimally in Peer-to-Peer (P2P) electricity markets. MGs under examination comprise residential buildings, including thermal and electrical loads, renewable energy sources (RES), and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). It presents a comprehensive framework for the economic operation of interconnected MGs, combining two strategies: 1) MG energy management and 2) MG participation to P2P electricity market. The energy management problem is solved at MG level to minimize its operation cost over a time horizon. P2P electricity market participation is achieved through a non-cooperative game where each MG can have its distinct objectives, which is a vital characteristic for liberalized markets. Within this framework, each MG adapts its operations to market dynamics, aligning with economic goals and operational efficiency. Notably, during P2P electricity market participation, MGs share information only about the offered energy and price, maintaining the highest possible confidentiality.
为应对日益增长的能源消耗及其对环境的不利影响,迫切需要在智能能源管理系统(EMS)中集成创新技术。这项研究开发了先进的系统来优化能源管理,使微电网(MGs)能够以最佳方式参与点对点(P2P)电力市场。所研究的微电网包括住宅建筑(包括热负荷和电负荷)、可再生能源(RES)和插电式电动汽车(PEV)。它为互联的 MG 的经济运行提出了一个综合框架,结合了两种策略:1) MG 能源管理和 2) MG 参与 P2P 电力市场。能源管理问题是在 MG 层面上解决的,目的是最大限度地降低其在一定时间跨度内的运营成本。P2P 电力市场的参与是通过非合作博弈实现的,在这种博弈中,每个 MG 都有自己独特的目标,这是自由化市场的一个重要特征。在这一框架内,每个市场导向机制都会根据市场动态调整自己的运营,使其与经济目标和运营效率保持一致。值得注意的是,在参与 P2P 电力市场的过程中,MG 只共享有关所提供能源和价格的信息,尽可能保持最高的保密性。
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引用次数: 0
A local enhanced Var/Watt control scheme for overvoltage mitigation in PV-integrated distribution network 用于光伏一体化配电网过电压缓解的局部增强型变压/瓦特控制方案
IF 3.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111256
Mohamad Amin Ghasemi , Seyed Fariborz Zarei
Overvoltage (OV) in distribution networks (DNs) poses a significant challenge to the high penetration of photovoltaic systems (PVSs). Utilizing the active/reactive power control capabilities of PVSs (PV-ARPC) is a well-established method for OV prevention. Among PV-ARPC schemes, local schemes are the most reliable and cost-effective solutions, offering high plug-and-play capabilities. Conversely, non-local schemes provide superior performance with reduced PV-ARPC effort. This creates a research gap in developing a local PV-ARPC scheme that matches the optimal performance of non-local schemes. To address this gap, this paper introduces an enhanced local optimal PVS active power curtailment (PV-APC) scheme that autonomously identifies the most efficient PVSs and determines the optimal PV-APC value without requiring communication. Additionally, an enhanced PVS reactive power control (PV-RPC) scheme is integrated to maximize OV mitigation benefits while minimizing the need for PV-APC. The functionality and optimal performance of the proposed schemes are validated through contradiction proof, stability analysis, and various comparative time-domain simulations under diverse operating conditions. The proposed method achieves a 15 % reduction in PV-APC compared to existing local droop-based methods during peak generation, maintaining all bus voltages within allowable limits while also achieving active power curtailment levels equal to non-local fully-optimal schemes.
配电网络(DN)中的过电压(OV)对光伏系统(PVS)的高渗透率构成了巨大挑战。利用光伏系统的有功/无功功率控制能力(PV-ARPC)是一种行之有效的过电压预防方法。在 PV-ARPC 方案中,本地方案是最可靠、最具成本效益的解决方案,具有很高的即插即用能力。相反,非本地方案在减少 PV-ARPC 工作的同时还能提供卓越的性能。这就造成了在开发与非本地方案的最佳性能相匹配的本地 PV-ARPC 方案方面的研究空白。为弥补这一差距,本文介绍了一种增强型本地最优 PVS 有功功率削减(PV-APC)方案,该方案可自主识别最高效的 PVS,并在无需通信的情况下确定最优 PV-APC 值。此外,还集成了增强型 PVS 无功功率控制(PV-RPC)方案,以最大限度地提高有功功率削减效益,同时最大限度地减少对 PV-APC 的需求。通过矛盾证明、稳定性分析以及不同运行条件下的各种比较时域仿真,验证了所提方案的功能和最佳性能。与现有的基于本地下垂的方法相比,所提出的方法可在高峰发电期间将 PV-APC 降低 15%,将所有母线电压保持在允许范围内,同时还能达到与非本地全优化方案相同的有功功率削减水平。
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引用次数: 0
Head variation adaptive control of small-scale doubly-fed pumped storage units 小型双馈抽水蓄能装置的水头变化自适应控制
IF 3.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111277
Weidong Guan , Jinshuai Zhang , Peng Wang , Ning Zhou , Bowen Shang , Changhao Xu , Jingyan Cui , Yue Wang , Linjuan Yuan , Ran Tao
Compared to conventional hydropower units, small-scale pumped storage units have smaller reservoir capacities, and the water heads are sensitive to seasons, climate, and loads, thereby prejudice control performance of the pumped storage system. Conventional control strategies, e.g. PID controllers, of pumped storage units are usually deployed with fixed parameters, thus is likely to encounter control performance degeneration in the form of rotor speed fluctuations with varying water head from time to time. This paper proposes a water head variation adaptive control of small-scale doubly fed pumped storage units. Firstly, linearized models of the pump-turbine, doubly-fed induction motor, excitation control system alongside related control systems are established for deriving feasible stable regions of PI controller parameters via root locus analysis. A hyper-heuristic algorithm is then utilized to optimize the controller's PI parameters within the derived stable regions besides converter speed limitations entailed by a doubly-fed system. The objective of the optimization model is set to be maximization of speed regulation capability under varying water head conditions. Matlab/Simulink simulation analysis demonstrates the superior performance of the proposed method applied to small-scale pumped storage units, on suppressing speed oscillations and expediting speed recovery under varying water head conditions.
与常规水电机组相比,小型抽水蓄能机组的水库容量较小,水头对季节、气候和负荷非常敏感,因此会影响抽水蓄能系统的控制性能。抽水蓄能机组的传统控制策略(如 PID 控制器)通常采用固定参数,因此很可能会出现控制性能下降的情况,表现为转子速度随水头变化而波动。本文提出了一种小型双馈抽水蓄能机组水头变化自适应控制方法。首先,建立了水泵-水轮机、双馈感应电机、励磁控制系统以及相关控制系统的线性化模型,通过根位点分析得出 PI 控制参数的可行稳定区域。然后利用超启发式算法,在得出的稳定区域内优化控制器的 PI 参数,同时考虑到双馈系统对变流器速度的限制。优化模型的目标设定为在不同水头条件下实现调速能力最大化。Matlab/Simulink 仿真分析表明,所提出的方法适用于小型抽水蓄能机组,在不同水头条件下可抑制转速振荡并加快转速恢复。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing frequency security for renewable-dominated power systems via distributionally robust frequency constrained unit commitment 通过分布式稳健频率受限机组承诺加强以可再生能源为主的电力系统的频率安全
IF 3.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111078
Danyang Xu, Zhigang Wu, Yanling Liu, Lin Zhu
The insufficient inertia and reserve in renewable energy source (RES)-dominated power systems significantly challenge frequency security. This paper introduces a distributionally robust frequency constrained unit commitment (DR-FCUC) scheme at the system operation level to tackle this issue, optimizing day-ahead unit commitment, generation dispatch, and demand-side reserve procurement. The proposed DR-FCUC accounts for frequency dynamic constraints under the most extensive power disturbance scenarios and employs a DR chance constrained (DRCC) approach using a Wasserstein-metric ambiguity set to manage RES uncertainty. Furthermore, we utilize alternate support vector machine decision trees (ASVMTREE) to convert the high-dimensional frequency nadir constraint into a set of linear constraints and introduce a two-stage sampling method to enhance the ASVMTREE training dataset. Consequently, the proposed DR-FCUC is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model. Case studies on modified IEEE 39-bus and IEEE 118-bus test systems demonstrate the necessity of incorporating frequency constraints into dispatch schemes, the critical role of demand-side frequency support, the effectiveness of the proposed DR-FCUC scheme, and the accuracy of the constraint convexification method.
以可再生能源(RES)为主的电力系统的惯性和储备不足对频率安全构成了巨大挑战。本文在系统运行层面引入了分布式稳健频率约束机组承诺(DR-FCUC)方案来解决这一问题,优化了日前机组承诺、发电调度和需求侧储备采购。拟议的 DR-FCUC 考虑了最广泛的电力扰动情况下的频率动态约束,并采用了一种 DR 机会约束 (DRCC) 方法,使用 Wasserstein 计量模糊集来管理 RES 的不确定性。此外,我们利用交替支持向量机决策树(ASVMTREE)将高维频率低点约束转换为线性约束集,并引入两阶段采样方法来增强 ASVMTREE 训练数据集。因此,所提出的 DR-FCUC 被表述为混合整数线性规划(MILP)模型。通过对修改后的 IEEE 39 总线和 IEEE 118 总线测试系统进行案例研究,证明了将频率约束纳入调度方案的必要性、需求方频率支持的关键作用、建议的 DR-FCUC 方案的有效性以及约束凸化方法的准确性。
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引用次数: 0
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Electric Power Systems Research
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