Economics & Human Biology最新文献

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Gender differences in the duration of sick leave: Economics or biology? 请病假时间的性别差异：经济学还是生物学？

IF 1.8 3区医学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Economics & Human Biology

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2026.101573

Ángel L. Martín-Román , Alfonso Moral , Sara Pinillos-Franco

This study addresses the gender gap in workplace sick leave duration, focusing on the underlying economic and biological factors that contribute to this disparity. Using a novel methodological approach, we combine the stochastic frontier technique with an Oaxaca-Blinder-type decomposition to separate sick leave into medically justified and "opportunistic" days. Our analysis, based on detailed administrative data of workplace accidents in Spain, reveals that men and women recover at different rates for the same injuries, with biological differences explaining the majority of the observed gender gap. Additionally, we identify that men tend to use more sick leave days for reasons unrelated to health recovery. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and employers, providing an empirical foundation for targeted policies that reduce gender-based discrimination in the workplace and ensure fairer resource allocation. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the gender gap in occupational health and offers implications for improving workplace equality.

本研究解决了工作场所病假时间的性别差异，重点关注导致这种差异的潜在经济和生物因素。采用一种新颖的方法，我们将随机前沿技术与瓦哈卡-布林德式分解相结合，将病假分为医学上合理的和“机会主义”的天数。我们的分析基于西班牙工作场所事故的详细行政数据，揭示了同样的伤害，男性和女性的恢复率不同，生理差异解释了观察到的性别差距的大部分。此外，我们发现男性往往会因为与健康恢复无关的原因而使用更多的病假。研究结果为政策制定者和雇主提供了宝贵的见解，为有针对性的政策提供了经验基础，以减少工作场所的性别歧视，确保更公平的资源分配。本研究有助于更深入地了解职业健康方面的性别差距，并为改善工作场所平等提供启示。

引用次数: 0

Female heights and sexual dimorphism in Argentina: Data from inmates of a Buenos Aires prison, 1865–1952 阿根廷女性身高和性别二态性：布宜诺斯艾利斯监狱囚犯1865-1952年的数据

IF 1.8 3区医学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Economics & Human Biology

Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2026.101572

Ricardo D. Salvatore

This contribution examines new data on female heights extracted from records of a female prison near La Plata, Argentina. The data provides insights about the net-nutrition condition of lower-class women in Buenos Aires, Argentina’s wealthiest province. This data shows a remarkably poor growth in female stature: 1.8 cm over eight decades (from the 1870s to the 1940s). Yet Buenos Aires female prisoners were the tallest among a group of twelve Latin American countries. Their heights were equivalent to the 30th to 40th percentile of contemporary female standards of heights. This suggests that these women were relatively well-fed and relatively healthy. Compared with the heights of male prisoners, female heights seemed to have followed a similar path; in the long run the stature sexual gap remained rather stable.

这篇文章研究了从阿根廷拉普拉塔附近的一所女子监狱的记录中提取的关于女性身高的新数据。这些数据提供了对阿根廷最富有的布宜诺斯艾利斯省下层妇女净营养状况的见解。这些数据显示，女性身高的增长非常缓慢：在80年间（从19世纪70年代到40年代），女性身高增长了1.8 厘米。然而，布宜诺斯艾利斯的女囚犯在12个拉美国家中是最高的。她们的身高相当于当代女性身高标准的第30到40个百分位数。这表明这些女性的饮食相对较好，身体也相对健康。与男性囚犯的身高相比，女性囚犯的身高似乎也遵循着类似的规律；从长期来看，身高性别差距保持相当稳定。

引用次数: 0

Telecare and elderly mortality: Evidence from Italian municipalities 远程医疗和老年人死亡率：来自意大利各市的证据

IF 1.8 3区医学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Economics & Human Biology

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2026.101571

Nicola Matteucci , Matteo Picchio , Raffaella Santolini , Rostand Arland Yebetchou Tchounkeu

The growing ageing of the population in developed economies has necessitated the progressive use of advanced information and communication technologies for the home care of elderly individuals. The effect of these technologies on elderly health outcomes remains an open issue. This study analyzes the impact of telecare on the mortality rate of elderly people in Italy using data at the municipal level and a doubly robust difference-in-differences design. Our results show that telecare services significantly reduced the mortality rate of the elderly aged 65 and over by 1.7 individuals per 1000 inhabitants. This effect is sizeable, since it is a 4 % decrease in the elderly mortality rate relatively to the average elderly mortality rate in the treated municipalities. The effect was greater in municipalities with a large proportion of childless elderly people, suggesting that telecare may be particularly useful for the elderly who find it more difficult to rely on strong family ties. Moreover, it was larger in small municipalities, indicating that telecare may be more effective in areas where there is a greater need to compensate for a lower provision of traditional social and health care services.

由于发达经济体系的人口日益老化，因此必须逐步采用先进的资讯和通讯技术，在家中照顾长者。这些技术对老年人健康结果的影响仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。本研究分析了远程医疗对意大利老年人死亡率的影响，使用了市级的数据和双重稳健的差异中差异设计。我们的结果表明，远程医疗服务大大降低了65岁及以上老年人的死亡率，每1000名居民降低了1.7人。这种影响是相当大的，因为与接受治疗的城市的平均老年人死亡率相比，老年人死亡率降低了4% %。在没有孩子的老年人占很大比例的城市，这种影响更大，这表明远程医疗可能对那些难以依赖牢固家庭关系的老年人特别有用。此外，在小城市的规模更大，这表明远程医疗在更需要弥补传统社会和保健服务不足的地区可能更有效。

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引用次数: 0

The effect of short videos on obesity: Evidence from China 短视频对肥胖的影响：来自中国的证据

IF 1.8 3区医学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Economics & Human Biology

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2025.101569

Chenxuan Chen , Qi Wang

Obesity rates have surged in recent years, particularly in developing countries, yet key drivers remain inadequately understood. We identify short videos as a novel and significant determinant of obesity. We use China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) microdata in China to examine the causal relationship between short videos and obesity by the fixed effect panel regression model. Our findings show that short videos increase BMI by 0.12 and the probability of obesity by 2.2 %, resulting in an additional CNY of 7.52 billion one year in healthcare costs nationwide. It can explain about 27 % of the growth in China’s obese population from 2020 to 2022, suggesting that it has become a major new driver of obesity. Further analysis reveals that short videos are addictive, displacing time for physical exercise, and we find no evidence supporting their positive impact on exercise by information channel. Other potential mechanisms, including mental health, sleep quality, and health-related habits, are found to be insignificant. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that men, individuals with lower education levels, those aged over 35, and urban residents are more likely to experience negative effects from short video addiction. This study contributes to the literature by highlighting short video platforms as emerging digital determinants of obesity, providing new perspectives for health policy and digital media regulation.

近年来，肥胖率激增，尤其是在发展中国家，但人们对其主要驱动因素仍知之甚少。我们认为短视频是肥胖的一个新颖而重要的决定因素。本文利用中国家庭面板研究（China Family Panel Studies， CFPS）在中国的微观数据，采用固定效应面板回归模型检验短视频与肥胖之间的因果关系。我们的研究结果表明，短视频使BMI增加0.12，肥胖概率增加2.2% %，导致全国每年额外增加75.2亿元的医疗费用。它可以解释从2020年到2022年中国肥胖人口增长的27% %，这表明它已成为肥胖的主要新驱动力。进一步的分析表明，短视频具有成瘾性，取代了体育锻炼的时间，我们没有发现证据支持信息渠道对运动的积极影响。其他潜在的机制，包括心理健康、睡眠质量和与健康相关的习惯，被发现是微不足道的。异质性分析表明，男性、受教育程度较低的个体、年龄在35岁以上的个体和城市居民更容易受到短视频成瘾的负面影响。这项研究通过强调短视频平台是新兴的肥胖数字决定因素，为卫生政策和数字媒体监管提供了新的视角，从而对文献做出了贡献。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of prescription drug monitoring programs on functional health 处方药监测项目对功能性健康的影响。

IF 1.8 3区医学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Economics & Human Biology

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2025.101570

Anca M. Cotet-Grecu, Danielle Zanzalari

In the United States, policy responses to the opioid epidemic shifted opioid prescribing patterns. Such changes may have far-reaching implications beyond opioid misuse, raising concerns of impaired access to effective pain management. Unlike previous studies that focus on opioid prescribing and overdoses, this paper uses a broad measure of quality-of-life to capture both the intended effects of PDMPs on individuals who abuse or misuse opioids and incidental effects on legitimate users affected by changes in their pain management regimen. We find that failure to account for the staggered adoption of must-access PDMPs underestimates the benefits of this policy. After accounting for differential trends by age group and the staggered adoption of PDMPs, we find suggestive evidence of improvements in functioning. These gains are larger among demographic categories known to have higher rates of prescription drug (Rx) prescribing: older individuals, and individuals without a college degree—and not among groups with higher rates of non-medical prescription drug use.

在美国，针对阿片类药物流行的政策反应改变了阿片类药物的处方模式。这些变化可能会对阿片类药物滥用产生深远影响，引起人们对无法获得有效疼痛管理的担忧。与以往专注于阿片类药物处方和过量使用的研究不同，本文使用广泛的生活质量衡量标准来捕捉PDMPs对滥用或误用阿片类药物的个体的预期影响，以及受疼痛管理方案变化影响的合法使用者的附带影响。我们发现，如果不考虑强制性PDMPs的交错采用，就低估了这一政策的好处。在考虑了不同年龄组的不同趋势和错开采用pdmp后，我们发现了功能改善的暗示性证据。这些收益在已知处方药（Rx）使用率较高的人口类别中更大：老年人和没有大学学位的人，而在非医疗处方药使用率较高的群体中则没有。

引用次数: 0

Mental hospitalisation and its impact on mortality 精神病院及其对死亡率的影响。

IF 1.8 3区医学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Economics & Human Biology

Pub Date : 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2025.101566

Govert E. Bijwaard

This paper investigates how severe mental problems (mental hospitalisation) affects mortality for males. We account for the selection into mental hospitalisation (both admittance and discharge) by using a correlated multistate model for the mental hospitalisation process and mortality.

The empirical analyses, based on data for men from the Swedish Military Conscription Data linked to administrative Swedish registers, reveal that ignoring the endogeneity of the mental hospitalisation process would substantially overestimate the effect of being in a mental hospital on the mortality hazard and (slightly) underestimate the effect of hospital experience on mortality.

We also investigate how the effect of mental hospitalisation changes by birth cohort and by education level. The empirical analyses show that the effect of mental hospitalisation increases over time and that high educated men are affected the most by mental hospitalisation.

To investigate whether mental hospitalisation affects different causes of death differently we also estimate a timing-of-events model with cause-specific mortality rates, distinguishing five different causes of death. The model is an extension of the timing-of-events model. The empirical results reveal that not only suicide and death due to external causes are affected by mental hospitalisation but also death due to cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and death due to other natural causes.

本文调查了严重的精神问题（精神住院治疗）如何影响男性的死亡率。我们通过使用精神住院过程和死亡率的相关多状态模型来考虑精神住院（包括入院和出院）的选择。根据与瑞典行政登记相联系的瑞典军事征兵数据中的男性数据进行的实证分析表明，忽视精神病院过程的内生性将大大高估在精神病院对死亡率危险的影响，并（略微）低估住院经历对死亡率的影响。我们还调查了精神住院治疗的影响如何随出生队列和教育水平的变化而变化。实证分析表明，精神病院的影响随着时间的推移而增加，受过高等教育的男性受精神病院的影响最大。为了调查精神病院对不同死因的影响是否不同，我们还估计了一个具有特定死因死亡率的事件时间模型，区分了五种不同的死亡原因。该模型是事件定时模型的扩展。实证结果表明，精神病院不仅影响自杀和外因死亡，还影响心血管疾病、癌症和其他自然原因死亡。

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引用次数: 0

Self-employment, health, and health care: When the going gets tough, the tough gets going? 自主创业、健康和医疗保健：当事情变得艰难时，艰难的事情就会变得艰难？

IF 1.8 3区医学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Economics & Human Biology

Pub Date : 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2025.101567

Clémentine Garrouste , Alain Paraponaris , Nicolas Sirven

This study provides a life-course analysis of the relationship between self-employment, health, and health care use among individuals aged 50 and older in Europe. Using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), we apply first-difference and dynamic panel data models that go beyond standard approaches in mitigating endogeneity concerns. Our findings show that the self-employed enjoy better health at younger ages, consistent with a selection effect. In addition, they experience a steeper decline in physical health over time. We also document two distinct phases of health care use: during working life, the self-employed are more likely to be hospitalised, suggesting delayed care until acute needs arise; after retirement, the number of medical visits increases, consistent with a lower opportunity cost of care.

本研究对欧洲50岁及以上个体自营职业、健康和医疗保健使用之间的关系进行了生命历程分析。使用来自欧洲健康、老龄化和退休调查（SHARE）的数据，我们应用第一差异和动态面板数据模型，这些模型在减轻内生性问题方面超越了标准方法。我们的研究结果表明，自雇者在更年轻的时候拥有更好的健康状况，这与选择效应是一致的。此外，随着时间的推移，他们的身体健康状况会急剧下降。我们还记录了医疗保健使用的两个不同阶段：在工作期间，自雇人士更有可能住院，这表明延迟护理，直到出现急性需求；退休后，就诊次数增加，与较低的护理机会成本相一致。

引用次数: 0

In the shadow of a pandemic: Informality and COVID-19 diffusion in Europe 大流行阴影下：欧洲的非正式行为与COVID-19传播

IF 1.8 3区医学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Economics & Human Biology

Pub Date : 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2025.101568

Vincenzo Alfano

This article investigates whether the shadow economy influenced the diffusion of COVID-19 during the first wave in Europe. Using a hybrid econometric model and data from 26 European countries, we test the hypothesis that larger informal sectors acted as amplifiers of contagion by weakening compliance with non-pharmaceutical interventions and limiting state enforcement capacity. The results confirm a strong and positive association between shadow economy size and new COVID-19 cases. Each additional 1 % of GDP in the shadow economy corresponds to approximately 0.17 more daily cases per million inhabitants, while an extra 1 % of workforce in the informal sector corresponds to approximately 0.26 more daily cases per million inhabitants. Taken together, the findings suggest that informality constitutes a structural vulnerability for pandemic management, though its impact is mediated by institutional and regional contexts. The broader implication is that the shadow economy can undermine containment policies, even in relatively high-capacity European settings. These results highlight that the costs of informality extend beyond fiscal inefficiency to public health risks, underscoring the importance of long-term strategies that integrate economic formalization, social protection, and institutional trust into pandemic preparedness.

本文考察了影子经济是否影响了新冠肺炎在欧洲的第一波传播。使用混合计量经济模型和来自26个欧洲国家的数据，我们检验了这样一个假设，即较大的非正式部门通过削弱对非药物干预的遵守和限制国家执法能力，充当了传染的放大器。研究结果证实，影子经济规模与新发COVID-19病例之间存在强烈的正相关关系。影子经济GDP每增加1 %，相当于每百万居民每天新增约0.17例病例，而非正规部门劳动力每增加1 %，相当于每百万居民每天新增约0.26例病例。综上所述，调查结果表明，非正式性构成了大流行管理的结构性脆弱性，尽管其影响受到体制和区域背景的调节。更广泛的含义是，影子经济可能破坏遏制政策，即使是在产能相对较高的欧洲国家。这些结果突出表明，非正规行为的代价不仅限于财政效率低下，还涉及公共卫生风险，强调了将经济正规化、社会保护和机构信任纳入大流行防范的长期战略的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Climate change and birth outcomes – Evidence from Brazil 气候变化与生育结果——来自巴西的证据

IF 1.8 3区医学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Economics & Human Biology

Pub Date : 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2025.101565

Tallys Kalynka Feldens , Victor Rodrigues de Oliveira

Background

Newborn health effects from climate change are a serious threat to the future generations. However, little is known about its estimates for Brazil, a country which still struggles with deep inequalities and poverty.

Methods

We used a dataset of almost 45 million observations to ascertain whether there is any impact of both hotter temperatures and shifts from the historical averages on newborns’ birth weights across Brazilian municipalities during the period of 2000–2020.

Results

According to our results, both additional hotter days and shifts from the established weather are capable of decreasing birthweight across our samples. Although positive shocks were more frequent, also cold shocks are damaging to perinatal health; and the third trimester was found the most sensitive to weather shocks. Results for precipitation, however, remain unclear. The estimates are especially higher for the population living in isolated and underserved areas.

Conclusions

Our results imply that climate change effects have already arrived in Brazil. In a country that suffers from severe social problems, vulnerable populations should be protected, and coping mechanisms should be widespread to decrease the damaging risks of climatic exposure.

气候变化对新生儿健康的影响是对子孙后代的严重威胁。然而，对于巴西这个仍在与严重的不平等和贫困作斗争的国家，人们对它的估计知之甚少。方法：我们使用了近4500万次观测数据集，以确定2000-2020年期间巴西各城市的新生儿出生体重是否受到高温和历史平均温度变化的影响。根据我们的研究结果，额外的热天气和从既定天气的变化都能够降低我们样本的出生体重。虽然正面电击更为频繁，但冷电击也损害围产期健康；最后三个月被发现对天气冲击最敏感。然而，降水的结果仍不清楚。生活在偏远和服务不足地区的人口的估计数字尤其高。研究结果表明，气候变化的影响已经到达巴西。在一个遭受严重社会问题困扰的国家，弱势群体应该得到保护，应对机制应该广泛推广，以减少气候暴露的破坏性风险。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to "The impact of Long-term Care Insurance on household income inequality: Evidence from China" [Econ. Hum. Biol. 59 (2025) 101519]. “长期护理保险对家庭收入不平等的影响：来自中国的证据”[经济学]。嗡嗡声。生物学报，59 (2025)101519 [j]。

IF 1.8 3区医学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Economics & Human Biology

Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2025.101549

Yuanyuan Chi, Qiang Zhang

引用次数: 0

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