Economics & Human Biology最新文献

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Are preadolescent and adolescent physical growth failures related to poorer adolescent cognitive and socioemotional skills in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam? 在埃塞俄比亚、印度、秘鲁和越南，青春期前和青春期身体发育失败是否与较差的青少年认知和社会情感技能有关？

IF 2.2 3区医学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Economics & Human Biology

Pub Date : 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2025.101493

Le Thuc Duc , Jere R. Behrman

This study uses longitudinal data from Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam to assess the associations between adolescent skills and their physical growth in life-cycle periods that are overlapping or following puberty growth spurts. In place of total growth over a life-cycle period, our analysis uses conditional growth, which is the part of height change that is uncorrelated with height at the start of the period. The adolescents’ cognitive achievements are based on their test results in math, receptive vocabulary, and reading comprehension, and their socioemotional skills are based on their self-efficacy, self-esteem, and peer relations. The main findings include: (1) adolescent cognitive achievements are associated with preadolescence and early adolescence growth; (2) the association between cognitive skills and physical growth continues into late adolescence for boys in poor regions; (3) significant associations are found between adolescents’ socioemotional skills and their growth in preadolescence, adolescence or both; and (4) across adolescent groups by sex and poor versus nonpoor regions, growth between ages 12 and 15 is associated with their socioemotional skills. The findings of this study provide additional insights to support age-specific investments in the health and nutrition of preadolescents and adolescents.

本研究使用了来自埃塞俄比亚、印度、秘鲁和越南的纵向数据，以评估青少年技能与他们在青春期生长高峰重叠或之后的生命周期中身体发育之间的关系。我们的分析使用的是条件增长，而不是整个生命周期的总增长，这是身高变化的一部分，与该时期开始时的身高无关。青少年的认知成就是基于他们在数学、接受性词汇和阅读理解方面的测试成绩，而他们的社会情感技能是基于他们的自我效能感、自尊和同伴关系。主要研究结果包括：(1)青少年认知成就与青春期前和青春期早期发育相关；(2)贫困地区男孩认知技能与身体发育的关系持续到青春期后期；(3)青少年的社会情绪技能与其青春期前、青春期或两者均有显著相关；(4)按性别和贫困地区与非贫困地区划分的青少年群体，12至15岁之间的成长与他们的社会情感技能有关。这项研究的结果为支持在青春期前和青少年的健康和营养方面进行针对年龄的投资提供了额外的见解。

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引用次数: 0

State-led regional development strategy and multidimensional health poverty of the residents: Evidence from the China’s great western development program

IF 2.2 3区医学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Economics & Human Biology

Pub Date : 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2025.101494

Yihan Wu , Xingmin Zhang

This study systematically examines the impact of China's Great Western Development (GWD) program on residential multidimensional health poverty from an institutional beneficiary perspective. Using macro and micro data, we employ a spatial regression discontinuity (SRD) approach to identify causal effects. The results indicate that the GWD program reduces both health poverty incidence and intensity, with findings remaining robust across multiple tests. However, the program shows no significant effects on rural residents, the elderly, residents of small- and medium-sized districts, or those in non-priority districts, likely due to size, urban, political, and efficiency biases. Mechanism analysis suggests that education, social security, healthcare, employment, transportation, energy and environmental management, and economics (at the macro level) drive the program's impact on health poverty. Finally, we identify higher education and physician supply as areas for further improvement. Given these findings, we recommend continued promotion of the GWD program to address its limitations and advance the goal of common prosperity.

本研究从制度受益人的角度系统考察了中国西部大开发（GWD）计划对居民多维健康贫困的影响。使用宏观和微观数据，我们采用空间回归不连续（SRD）方法来确定因果关系。结果表明，GWD计划降低了健康贫困的发生率和强度，多项测试的结果仍然稳健。然而，该计划对农村居民、老年人、中小地区居民或非优先地区的居民没有显著影响，可能是由于规模、城市、政治和效率方面的偏见。机制分析表明，教育、社会保障、医疗、就业、交通、能源和环境管理以及经济（宏观层面）推动了该计划对健康贫困的影响。最后，我们确定高等教育和医生供应是进一步改善的领域。鉴于这些发现，我们建议继续推进全球发展计划，以解决其局限性，推进共同繁荣的目标。

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引用次数: 0

Equity in use and financing of assisted reproductive technologies: Does income matter? 辅助生殖技术使用和融资的公平性：收入重要吗？

IF 2.2 3区医学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Economics & Human Biology

Pub Date : 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2025.101491

Aarushi Dhingra , Brenda Gannon , Luke Connelly , Gita Mishra

This study estimates inequity for a relatively low frequency-of-use and expensive health service, Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) in Australia, that nevertheless has health and well-being related consequences. Although the universal healthcare system provides rebates, a policy to put a monetary cap was introduced in 2010, thereby increasing the co-payments for consumers. These government co-financing decisions include a trade-off between subsidising ART for the wealthy and prioritising insurance for low-income households. Such decisions require careful consideration since they may have profound equity implications. This study produces empirical evidence on inequity in the use and financing of ARTs, using linked administrative data from the years before the policy change, 2006, 2009 and after the policy change, 2012. The results indicate that there is pro-rich inequity in the use of ARTs, which decreases post-policy change and the financing of ART is regressive for the year 2009 pre-policy change and is less regressive after the policy change.

这项研究估计了澳大利亚辅助生殖技术（ART）这一使用频率相对较低且价格昂贵的保健服务的不平等，尽管如此，它仍具有与健康和福祉相关的后果。虽然全民医疗保健系统提供回扣，但2010年引入了一项货币上限政策，从而增加了消费者的共同支付额。这些政府共同融资决策包括在为富人提供抗逆转录病毒治疗补贴和优先为低收入家庭提供保险之间做出权衡。这些决定需要仔细考虑，因为它们可能对公平产生深远影响。本研究利用政策变化前（2006年、2009年）和政策变化后（2012年）的相关行政数据，得出了有关抗逆转录病毒药物使用和融资不平等的经验证据。结果表明，在抗逆转录病毒治疗的使用中存在有利于富人的不平等，这减少了政策变化后的抗逆转录病毒治疗的融资在政策变化前的2009年是递减的，而在政策变化后的2009年是递减的。

引用次数: 0

Obesity And Cash Rewards 肥胖与现金奖励

IF 2.2 3区医学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Economics & Human Biology

Pub Date : 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2025.101492

Boris Augurzky , Thomas K. Bauer , Arndt R. Reichert , Christoph M. Schmidt , Harald Tauchmann

In a multi-phase randomized controlled trial, we examine the impacts of cash rewards of EUR 150 and EUR 300 for reducing body weight on the likelihood of weight loss and weight-related behavioral change among 700 obese individuals. We find effects during all experimental phases, including 18 months after exposure to the incentives. Additional monetary rewards of EUR 250 and EUR 500 provided to participants who had lost a substantial amount of body weight exerted only short-term effects.

在一项多阶段随机对照试验中，我们研究了700名肥胖个体中，150欧元和300欧元的减肥现金奖励对减肥可能性和体重相关行为改变的影响。我们在所有的实验阶段都发现了效果，包括接触刺激后的18个月。额外的250欧元和500欧元的金钱奖励给那些体重减轻了很多的参与者，只会产生短期效果。

引用次数: 0

Bridging the pulse: Exploring inequalities in diabetes and hypertension medication prescriptions in Spain’s immigrant and native communities 弥合脉搏：探索不平等的糖尿病和高血压药物处方在西班牙移民和土著社区

IF 2.2 3区医学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Economics & Human Biology

Pub Date : 2025-04-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2025.101489

Luigi Boggian , Joan E. Madia , Catia Nicodemo

Migrants often face barriers in accessing high quality healthcare, leading to unequal treatment. This research investigates the disparities in medication utilization for cardiovascular risk factors between immigrant and native-born populations in Spain. The study specifically examines differences in drug prescriptions for managing diabetes and hypertension, two key contributors to cardiovascular disease. We analyze administrative healthcare records to examine the probability of patients receiving prescriptions for antidiabetic and antihypertensive medications. Additionally, we assess the likelihood of patients undergoing tests to measure glycated hemoglobin levels and blood pressure, two crucial indicators for monitoring diabetes and hypertension management.The analysis is stratified across different levels of medical needs, by also controlling for individual socioeconomic status, physician diagnoses, biometric data and primary care centers fixed effects. The findings reveal that all immigrant groups have lower probabilities of being prescribed medications for diabetes and hypertension and this is especially true for people with higher levels of healthcare needs. These findings underscore the importance of addressing healthcare disparities to achieve more equitable outcomes for immigrant communities.

移民在获得高质量的医疗保健服务方面常常面临障碍，从而导致不平等待遇。这项研究调查了西班牙移民和本地出生人口在心血管风险因素用药方面的差异。研究特别考察了糖尿病和高血压这两种心血管疾病主要诱因的药物处方差异。我们分析了行政医疗记录，研究了患者获得抗糖尿病和抗高血压药物处方的概率。此外，我们还评估了患者接受糖化血红蛋白水平和血压检测的可能性，这是监测糖尿病和高血压管理的两个重要指标。通过控制个人社会经济状况、医生诊断、生物特征数据和初级保健中心固定效应，我们对不同层次的医疗需求进行了分层分析。研究结果表明，所有移民群体获得糖尿病和高血压处方药的概率都较低，对于医疗需求水平较高的人群来说尤其如此。这些发现强调了解决医疗保健差距问题的重要性，以便为移民社区实现更公平的结果。

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引用次数: 0

Internet use and physical and mental health in old age during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from partners in SHARE 在 COVID-19 大流行期间，互联网的使用与老年人的身心健康：来自 SHARE 合作伙伴的证据

IF 2.2 3区医学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Economics & Human Biology

Pub Date : 2025-04-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2025.101487

Gianmaria Niccodemi , Alessandra Gaia , Mino Novello , David Consolazio

Using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), we investigate whether individuals aged 65 and older who were internet users prior to the COVID-19 pandemic experienced better physical and mental health, during the pandemic, than age peers who did not use the internet. We consider three health outcomes: self-reported health, overweight/obesity and depression. To account for household-shared determinants of health and reverse causality, we estimate household fixed effects regressions on samples of individuals grouped into households of cohabiting partners who exhibited identical pre-pandemic health outcomes. On average, our estimates point towards a non-significant effect of internet use on all health outcomes. The probability of depression varied by age: pre-pandemic internet users in the age-range 65-70 were more likely to experience depression, whereas those aged over 80 were less likely to be depressed, compared to internet nonusers in the same age-range. Moreover, we find that, among older pre-pandemic internet nonusers, those with stronger social ties had better access to remote medical consultations during the pandemic; this result suggests that social capital may play a protective role and may contribute to bridging the digital divide. We conclude that, although internet use holds significant potential benefits for older adults, its impact, particularly on mental health, is complex and multifaceted. Future interventions should be tailored to address these nuances, promoting beneficial uses of digital technology while mitigating its adverse effects.

利用欧洲健康、老龄和退休调查（SHARE）的数据，我们调查了在 COVID-19 大流行之前使用互联网的 65 岁及以上老年人在大流行期间是否比不使用互联网的同龄人拥有更好的身心健康。我们考虑了三种健康结果：自我健康报告、超重/肥胖和抑郁。为了考虑家庭共享的健康决定因素和反向因果关系，我们对同居伴侣家庭的个人样本进行了家庭固定效应回归估计，这些样本在大流行前表现出相同的健康结果。平均而言，我们的估计结果表明，互联网使用对所有健康结果的影响均不显著。患抑郁症的概率因年龄而异：与未使用互联网的同龄人相比，大流行前 65-70 岁年龄段的互联网用户更有可能患抑郁症，而 80 岁以上的用户患抑郁症的概率较低。此外，我们还发现，在大流行前的老年互联网非用户中，社会关系较强的人在大流行期间更容易获得远程医疗咨询；这一结果表明，社会资本可能起到保护作用，并有助于缩小数字鸿沟。我们的结论是，尽管互联网的使用对老年人有很大的潜在好处，但其影响，尤其是对心理健康的影响，是复杂和多方面的。未来的干预措施应针对这些细微差别量身定制，在促进数字技术的有益使用的同时减轻其负面影响。

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引用次数: 0

The effect of New York State’s Paid Family and Medical Leave Program on birth outcomes 纽约州的带薪家庭和医疗休假计划对生育结果的影响

IF 2.2 3区医学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Economics & Human Biology

Pub Date : 2025-04-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2025.101490

Katherine Engel, Taryn W. Morrissey

Paid Family and Medical Leave (PFML) programs provide material resources and time away from the labor force around the time of a child’s birth. Past research indicates that the programs improve maternal and child health and may increase fertility. To date, 13 states and the District of Columbia have passed PFML laws, with varying lengths of leave, eligibility, job protections, and benefit levels. Programs in states other than California remain understudied. We examined the effects of New York State’s (NYS) PFML program on birth outcomes using difference-in-differences (DiD) models with data from the Centers for Disease and Prevention National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) on the universe of U.S. births from 2013 to 2019. We compared trends in multiple measures of birthweight and gestational age at birth between NYS and states lacking PFML benefits during this time period, exploring mechanisms and how markers of disadvantage moderate effects. Results indicate that NYS’s PFML program led to small decreases in gestational age and birthweight. We also find evidence that the program increased fertility, partially via reductions in fetal deaths. Findings suggest that PFML may increase live births, with these additional infants driving the observed declines in birth outcomes.

带薪家庭和医疗假（PFML）计划在孩子出生前后提供物质资源和远离劳动力的时间。过去的研究表明，这些项目改善了孕产妇和儿童的健康，并可能提高生育率。到目前为止，13个州和哥伦比亚特区已经通过了PFML法律，规定了不同的休假时间、资格、工作保护和福利水平。加州以外的其他州的项目仍未得到充分研究。我们使用差异中的差异（DiD）模型，利用疾病和预防中心国家生命统计系统（NVSS）对2013年至2019年美国出生人口的数据，研究了纽约州PFML计划对出生结果的影响。在此期间，我们比较了纽约州和缺乏PFML福利的州的多种出生体重和胎龄指标的趋势，探讨了机制以及不利因素如何调节影响。结果表明，NYS的PFML计划导致胎龄和出生体重的小幅下降。我们还发现有证据表明，该计划提高了生育率，部分原因是减少了胎儿死亡。研究结果表明，PFML可能会增加活产，这些额外的婴儿导致观察到的出生结果下降。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of individuals’ preventive behaviours on health and healthcare utilisation 个人预防行为对健康和医疗使用的影响

IF 2.2 3区医学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Economics & Human Biology

Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2025.101486

Aarushi Dhingra , Gianluca Fiorentini , Luke Connelly

We investigate the impact of preventative health behaviour of an individual, colon screening, on health outcomes and healthcare utilisation. We employ an instrumental variable approach to address the circularity in this relationship, using eye examination as our instrument. Our instrument exploits the fact that individuals who comply with recommendations or exhibit positive health behaviours tend to cluster and comply with recommendations for other positive health behaviours as well. We use two-stage least square regressions using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. The results show that undertaking colon screening increases the probability of hospitalisations, especially those that are planned. It also leads to an increase in the probability of a diagnosis of cancer and colon cancer, while reducing the probability of death in the subsequent period. Heterogeneity checks provide evidence that these results are driven mostly by females, unmarried individuals, people with more than two co-morbidities and people with lower education and income. The results highlight the need to promote targeted information and preventive medicine to enhance early detection of cancer which may increase the probability of survival, and reduce avoidable burden on the healthcare system, especially, amongst the vulnerable groups.

我们调查个人的预防性健康行为，结肠筛查，对健康结果和医疗保健利用的影响。我们采用工具变量方法来解决这种关系中的循环性，使用眼睛检查作为我们的工具。我们的工具利用了这样一个事实，即遵守建议或表现出积极健康行为的个人也倾向于聚集并遵守其他积极健康行为的建议。我们使用来自欧洲健康、老龄化和退休调查的数据，使用两阶段最小二乘回归。结果表明，进行结肠筛查增加了住院的可能性，特别是那些计划住院的可能性。它还会增加癌症和结肠癌的诊断概率，同时降低随后时期的死亡概率。异质性检查提供的证据表明，这些结果主要是由女性、未婚个体、患有两种以上合并症的人以及受教育程度和收入较低的人造成的。结果强调，需要促进有针对性的信息和预防医学，以提高癌症的早期发现，这可能会增加生存的可能性，并减少医疗保健系统，特别是在弱势群体中可避免的负担。

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引用次数: 0

Towering Intellects? Sizing up the relationship between height and academic success 高耸的智力吗?评估身高和学业成绩之间的关系

IF 2.2 3区医学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Economics & Human Biology

Pub Date : 2025-03-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2025.101488

Stephanie Coffey , Amy Ellen Schwartz

Do tall students do better in school? A robust literature documents higher earnings among taller people and suggests that differences in adult labor market outcomes may reflect prior differences in academic outcomes. In this paper, we use unique student-level longitudinal data from New York City (NYC) to examine the link between height and achievement, shedding light on underlying mechanisms. The centerpiece of our empirical work is a regression linking test scores to height, measured as a z-score normalized to same grade/sex peers within schools. We estimate a meaningful height gradient for both boys and girls in English Language Arts (ELA) and math achievement in all grades 3–8. Controlling for observed student characteristics, a one standard deviation (sd) increase in height for grade is associated with .03 and .039 sd higher performance in math and ELA, respectively, for boys and .034 and .04 sd in math and ELA, respectively, for girls. While the average gradient is small in magnitude, it is sufficiently large to generate meaningful differences in achievement between the tallest and shortest students. For example, the tallest 2.5 % boys and girls within grade perform .18 and .194 sd better in ELA, respectively, than the shortest ones. We also find evidence that ordinal height rank relative to peers may have a small effect on ELA achievement conditional on cardinal height. Thus, there is an academic height premium for both absolute and relative height.

高个子的学生在学校表现更好吗？大量文献证明高个子的人收入更高，并表明成人劳动力市场结果的差异可能反映了先前学术成果的差异。在本文中，我们使用来自纽约市的独特的学生水平纵向数据来检验身高与成就之间的联系，揭示潜在的机制。我们实证工作的核心是将考试成绩与身高联系起来的回归，以z分数衡量，标准化到学校内的同年级/性别同龄人。我们估计在所有3-8年级的英语语言艺术（ELA）和数学成绩中，男孩和女孩都有一个有意义的身高梯度。控制观察到的学生特征，一个标准偏差（sd）的身高增加与年级有关，男孩的数学和语文成绩分别提高0.03和0.039个标准差，女孩的数学和语文成绩分别提高0.034和0.04个标准差。虽然平均梯度的大小很小，但它足以在最高和最矮的学生之间产生有意义的成绩差异。例如，年级内最高的2.5 %的男孩和女孩在ELA上分别比最矮的男孩和女孩高0.18和0.194 sd。我们也发现证据表明，相对于同伴的顺序身高排名可能对以基数身高为条件的ELA成绩有较小的影响。因此，无论是绝对身高还是相对身高，都有学术身高溢价。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of extreme high temperatures on ADRD hospitalization in Guangdong, China, 2017–2019 2017-2019年中国广东省极端高温对ADRD住院的影响

IF 2.2 3区医学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Economics & Human Biology

Pub Date : 2025-03-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2025.101485

Caiyi Zhao , Xin Zhang , Chao Ma , Wei Xu

Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) have emerged as a major global health challenge due to the aging population. This study is among the first to investigate the impact of extreme high temperatures on ADRD hospitalization in a developing country, leveraging individual-level inpatient medical records. We found that both transient and cumulative exposure to heat waves significantly increased total hospitalization expenses and the length of hospital stay for ADRD patients. Specifically, an additional day with a daily mean temperature exceeding 30 °C in the preceding 7 days, compared to a moderate day with a temperature between 14–18 °C, was associated with a 1.5 % (200.2 yuan) increase in total hospitalization expenses and a 1.8 % (0.2 days) increase in the length of hospital stay. These effects were largely driven by out-of-pocket expenditures on nursing care and were particularly pronounced among male patients and those aged over 75.

由于人口老龄化，阿尔茨海默病和相关痴呆症（ADRD）已成为全球健康的一大挑战。本研究利用个人住院医疗记录，首次调查了极端高温对发展中国家阿兹海默症和相关痴呆症住院治疗的影响。我们发现，热浪的短暂暴露和累积暴露都会显著增加 ADRD 患者的住院总费用和住院时间。具体来说，与气温介于 14-18 ° C 之间的中度日相比，前 7 天内日平均气温超过 30 ° C 的日数每增加一天，住院总费用就会增加 1.5 %（200.2 元），住院时间就会增加 1.8 %（0.2 天）。这些影响主要由自付护理费用引起，在男性患者和 75 岁以上的患者中尤为明显。

引用次数: 0

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