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Carbon Monoxide and Nitric Oxide Concentrations in Flue Gas During Combustion of Agricultural Biomass in the Residental Boiler 农业生物质在住宅锅炉燃烧过程中烟气中一氧化碳和一氧化氮的浓度
IF 0.8 4区 农林科学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.356.01
Katarzyna Pałaszyńska, M. Juszczak, Ryszard Ostrowski
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引用次数: 2
Particleboards with partially liquefied bark of different particle sizes 不同粒径树皮部分液化的刨花板
IF 0.8 4区 农林科学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.363.10
W. Jiang, S. Adamopoulos, M. Petrić, M. Šernek, S. Medved
This paper presents a novel method of partially liquefying bark sawmilling waste for use in making particleboards. Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) bark of different particle sizes (fine, medium, coarse, and mixed) was partially liquefied in the presence of ethylene glycol as a solvent and sulphuric acid as a catalyst at 180°C for 30 minutes. Single-layer particleboards were prepared by mixing partially liquefied bark (PLB) and wood chips at a ratio of 0.25 with no adhesives (group A) and at ratios of 0.25 or 0.1 with melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) adhesives for additional bonding (groups B and C respectively). Mechanical and physical properties of the particleboards were tested according to European standards. The results showed that the boards in group A had lower densities, inferior mechanical properties and higher moisture content than those in groups B and C. Bark particle size had a significant effect on the mechanical properties of particleboards within each group. Additional MUF bonding and avoidance of coarse bark particles had a positive effect on mechanical properties. The thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA) values of MUF-bonded boards were lower than those of boards without MUF, and greater addition of PLB produced particleboards with better water resistance. Bark particle size was not as critical for TS and WA as for mechanical properties. The overall results suggested using a bark particle size of < 2 mm for further studies.
本文介绍了一种将树皮锯木废料部分液化用于制造刨花板的新方法。将不同粒径的海松(Pinus pinaster Ait.)树皮(细、中、粗、混)以乙二醇为溶剂,硫酸为催化剂,在180℃下部分液化30分钟。将部分液化树皮(PLB)和木屑以0.25的比例混合,不添加粘合剂(a组),以0.25或0.1的比例添加三聚氰胺脲醛(MUF)粘合剂进行附加粘合(B组和C组),制备单层刨花板。刨花板的机械和物理性能按照欧洲标准进行了测试。结果表明:A组刨花板密度较低,力学性能较差,含水率高于B组和c组。树皮粒径对各组刨花板力学性能影响显著。额外的MUF粘接和避免粗糙的树皮颗粒对机械性能有积极的影响。MUF结合板的厚度膨胀(TS)和吸水率(WA)值低于未添加MUF的板,PLB添加量越大,刨花板的耐水性越好。树皮粒度对TS和WA的影响不如对力学性能的影响重要。总体结果建议使用树皮粒径< 2 mm进行进一步研究。
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引用次数: 3
The methodology of acquisition and statistical analysis of data from the process of drying thin wooden elements 薄木件干燥过程中数据的采集和统计分析方法
IF 0.8 4区 农林科学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.313.03
A. Kujawińska, M. Rogalewicz, M. Diering, K. Żywicki, P. Hoffmann
This paper presents an original methodology of acquisition and statistical analysis of data from the process of drying thin wooden items, without interference in the manufacturing schedule or process. The research was aimed at reducing the duration of the lamella drying process in a convectional drying chamber, and minimising non-conformities of dry lamellas. The authors discuss the effective application of convectional drying methods, taking into consideration non-homogeneous wood quality resulting from overor under-drying caused by uneven or insufficient exposure to the drying agent, long duration of the drying process serving to minimise the internal stress of the material, poor efficiency of the drying process, and relatively high operational costs. Based on the tests performed, a quick drying programme is recommended. To reduce the fraction of non-conforming lamellas, the authors suggest that the arrangement of lamellas in the cage be changed so that all lamellas are protected against unconstrained deformation.
本文提出了一种原始的方法,从干燥薄木制品的过程中获取和统计分析数据,而不干扰制造计划或过程。该研究旨在减少在对流干燥室中薄片干燥过程的持续时间,并最大限度地减少干燥薄片的不一致性。作者讨论了对流干燥方法的有效应用,考虑到由于不均匀或不充分暴露于干燥剂而导致的过度干燥或欠干燥导致的木材质量不均匀,干燥过程的持续时间长,以尽量减少材料的内应力,干燥过程的效率低,以及相对较高的操作成本。根据所进行的试验,建议采用快速干燥方案。为了减少不合格片层的比例,作者建议改变片层在笼中的排列,使所有片层都受到保护,以防止无约束变形。
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引用次数: 2
Economic analysis of the collection and transportation of pruned branches from orchards for energy production. 果园剪枝采运用于能源生产的经济分析。
IF 0.8 4区 农林科学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.284.01
A. Dyjakon, J. Boer, G. Gebresenbet, T. Bosona, F. Adamczyk
This economic analysis contains a case study for a 100 ha apple orchard where a pruning-to-energy (PtE) strategy is employed. Technical aspects of pruned biomass harvesting in apple orchards are outlined, with emphasis on the efficient harvesting of pruning residues using a dedicated baling machine. Economic aspects are approached using economic performance metrics such as the net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR). It is found, for a 10-year project on the 100 ha orchard, that the NPV is €5650, the IRR is 8.71% and the payback time is about 8.0 years. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the economic metrics are highly influenced by the quantity of prunings, orchard area, and the price of pruning residues at the final user. The distance from the orchard to the final user (6 km in the analysed case) and orchard labour costs are both less impactful. The analysis shows that pruned biomass harvesting is technologically feasible in apple orchards, while the obtained values of the economic metrics indicate the economic feasibility of such bioenergy solutions.
这个经济分析包含了一个100公顷苹果园的案例研究,其中采用了修剪能源(PtE)策略。概述了苹果果园修剪生物量收获的技术方面,重点是使用专用打捆机有效收获修剪残留物。经济方面采用经济绩效指标,如净现值(NPV)和内部收益率(IRR)。以100公顷果园为例,10年项目的净现值为5650欧元,内部收益率为8.71%,投资回收期约为8.0年。敏感性分析表明,经济指标受修剪数量、果园面积和最终用户修剪残留物价格的高度影响。从果园到最终用户的距离(在分析的案例中为6公里)和果园劳动力成本的影响都较小。分析表明,修剪后的生物质收获在苹果果园技术上是可行的,而获得的经济指标值表明了这种生物能源解决方案的经济可行性。
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引用次数: 5
Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide concentrations in the flue gas during the combustion of agricultural biomass briquettes in a 25 kW log gasification boiler 25kw原木气化锅炉中农业生物质型煤燃烧过程中烟气中的一氧化碳和一氧化氮浓度
IF 0.8 4区 农林科学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.315.04
Katarzyna Pałaszyńska, M. Juszczak, Tomasz Grobelny, Filip Andrzejczak
A study was made of the two-stage combustion of agricultural biomass briquettes (rye straw, miscanthus, hay, corn stover) in a 25 kW wood log gasification boiler. The following correlations for selected fuel loads and biomass types were shown: fluctuation of temperature over time both in the gasification chamber and in the combustion zone, variation over time of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide concentrations, correlation between nitric oxide and carbon monoxide concentrations in the flue gas, and variation of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide concentrations versus oxygen concentration and temperature in the combustion zone. Two-stage combustion of agricultural biomass proved to be efficient, as slag was not generated. Relatively high carbon monoxide concentrations in the flue gas resulted from the lack of automated regulation of air supply to the gasification chamber and the combustion zone.
研究了农业生物质型煤(黑麦秸秆、芒草、干草、玉米秸秆)在25kw原木气化锅炉上的两段燃烧。所选燃料负荷和生物质类型的以下相关性显示:气化室和燃烧区温度随时间的波动,一氧化碳和一氧化氮浓度随时间的变化,烟气中一氧化氮和一氧化碳浓度之间的相关性,以及一氧化碳和一氧化氮浓度随燃烧区氧气浓度和温度的变化。农业生物质的两段燃烧被证明是有效的,因为不产生渣。烟气中相对较高的一氧化碳浓度是由于气化室和燃烧区的空气供应缺乏自动调节造成的。
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引用次数: 0
The influence of surface modification of wood particles with carbon nanotubes on properties of particleboard glued with phenol-formaldehyde resin. 碳纳米管对木材表面改性对酚醛树脂胶合刨花板性能的影响。
IF 0.8 4区 农林科学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.265.03
Damian Łukawski, W. Grześkowiak, Dorota Drukarska, B. Mazela, Agnieszka Lekawa-Raus, A. Dudkowiak
Research was carried out on a newly manufactured particleboard (PB) containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to determine the effect of the CNTs on physical, mechanical and combustion properties of the board. The experiment consisted of two stages. In the first, wood particles were treated with an aqueous suspension of CNTs (0.2% w/w) and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (0.2% w/w) as a dispersant. After drying to constant weight, a modified form of the ASTM E69 method was used to determine the effectiveness of fire protection provided by CNT-modified wood chips. The rate of wood decomposition decreased significantly, and the time to complete combustion increased from 18 to 22.5 min for the reference and CNT-modified wood particles respectively. In the second stage of the experiment a particleboard bonded with phenyl-formaldehyde resin was produced, in which the particles were modified with CNTs using the method described in the first stage. Selected physical and mechanical properties of the final board were determined. Samples of the board were tested using a mass loss calorimeter in accordance with the ISO 13927 standard, and mechanical tests were performed by applicable standard methods. However, no significant improvement in the properties of the PB were observed.
对一种新型含碳纳米管刨花板(PB)进行了研究,以确定碳纳米管对刨花板物理、机械和燃烧性能的影响。实验包括两个阶段。首先,用碳纳米管(0.2% w/w)水悬浮液和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(0.2% w/w)作为分散剂处理木材颗粒。干燥至恒重后,采用ASTM E69方法的改进形式来确定碳纳米管改性木片提供的防火效果。碳纳米管改性木材颗粒的分解速率显著降低,完全燃烧时间分别从18 min增加到22.5 min。在实验的第二阶段,制作了与苯甲醛树脂粘合的刨花板,其中使用第一阶段描述的方法用CNTs对颗粒进行改性。确定了最终板的选定物理和机械性能。根据ISO 13927标准使用质量损失量热计对电路板样品进行了测试,并采用适用的标准方法进行了机械测试。然而,没有观察到PB性能的显著改善。
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引用次数: 6
The influence of number and size of sample plots on modelling growing stock volume based on airborne laser scanning 基于机载激光扫描的样地数目和大小对生长量建模的影响
IF 0.8 4区 农林科学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.D11.04
K. Stereńczak, Marek Lisańczuk, K. Parkitna, Krzysztof Mitelsztedt, P. Mroczek, S. Miścicki
Current forest growing stock inventory methods used in Poland are based on statistical methods using field measurements of trees on circular sample plots. Such measurements are carried out with traditional equipment, i.e. callipers and range finders. Nowadays, remote sensing based inventory techniques are becoming more popular and have already been applied in North America and some Scandinavian countries. Remote sensing based forest inventories require a certain amount of ground sample plots, which serve either as reference data used for model calibration and/or as a validation dataset for the assessment of the accuracy of modelled variables. Using a set of 900 ground sample plots and Airborne Laser Scanner (ALS) from the Milicz forest district, a statistical model for the estimation of plot growing stock volume was developed. Next, the developed model was once again fitted to different variants of sample plot size and number of sample plots. Each variant was selected from a full 900 sample plot set. The selection started from 800, 700, 600, ..., down to 25 plots, respectively, and was carried out in proportion to the dominant tree age range. To account for the area effect, each plot number variant was similarly tested with various sample plot areas, i.e. 500, 400, ..., 100 m2. Sampling in each variant was repeated in order to take into account the effect of a single selection. The results showed a strong relationship between obtained modelling errors and the size and number of used sample plots. It has been demonstrated that the number of sample plots has no influence on the accuracy of GSV estimation above about 300-400 sample plots (about 500 sample plots for bias), whereas sample plot size has a visible impact on estimation accuracy,
波兰目前使用的森林生长量清查方法是基于圆形样地树木实地测量的统计方法。这种测量是用传统设备进行的,即卡尺和测距仪。如今,基于遥感的盘存技术越来越流行,并已在北美和一些斯堪的纳维亚国家得到应用。基于遥感的森林清查需要一定数量的地面样地,这些样地可以作为模型校准的参考数据和/或作为评估模拟变量准确性的验证数据集。利用Milicz林区900个地面样地和机载激光扫描仪(机载激光扫描仪),建立了估算样地蓄积量的统计模型。接下来,将开发的模型再次拟合到样本地块大小和样本地块数量的不同变体中。每个变体都是从一个完整的900个样本图集中选择的。从800、700、600……,分别减少到25个样地,并按优势树龄比例进行。为了解释面积效应,每个样地数目的变化都用不同的样地面积进行了类似的测试,即500、400、…, 100平方米。为了考虑到单一选择的影响,每个变体的抽样都是重复的。结果表明,所获得的建模误差与使用的样本地块的大小和数量之间存在很强的关系。研究表明,在300-400个样本地(约500个样本地为偏差)以上,样本地数量对GSV估计精度没有影响,而样本地大小对估计精度有明显影响。
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引用次数: 17
An evaluation of the influence of heat treatment on the preservative retention in ash wood (Fraxinus excelsior L.) 热处理对白蜡木保鲜率影响的评价
IF 0.8 4区 农林科学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.205.01
T. Zielenkiewicz, J. Gawron, I. Florczak
As high temperature followed by preservation may cause many different, sometimes contrary changes in wood properties, the aim of this paper was to determine the retention and possible distribution of copper containing preservative in ash wood with an X-ray spectrometer. Two solutions corresponding to the final retention 2 and 4 kg/m3 were applied as preservative for model laboratory scale low-pressure preservation of ash wood. Before preservation was made, samples were heat treated for 2 or 6 hours at 180°C, apart from the control samples. The mapping option of the X-ray spectrometer was applied and the surface on the half-cut cross-section was analysed. Copper was acknowledged as the retention indicator. On the basis of the results obtained, it can be assumed that the heat treatment improves the treatability of samples with the parameters used. Longer treatment durations increase the uptake of the preparation solutions.
由于高温后的保存可能会导致木材性能的许多不同的,有时是相反的变化,本文的目的是用x射线光谱仪确定含铜防腐剂在白蜡木中的保留和可能的分布。采用最终保留量2和4 kg/m3对应的两种溶液作为防腐剂,进行模型实验室规模的灰分木低压保存。在保存前,除对照样品外,样品在180°C下热处理2或6小时。采用x射线谱仪作图选项,对半切截面表面进行了分析。铜被认为是保留指标。根据得到的结果,可以假设热处理提高了所用参数下样品的可加工性。较长的处理时间增加了制剂溶液的吸收。
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引用次数: 1
Mathematical modelling of wooden biomass torrefaction 木质生物质烘烤的数学模型
IF 0.8 4区 农林科学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.199.06
Paweł Stępień, A. Białowiec
Torrefaction is used for initial biomass valorisation prior to energetic utilization. The produced biocarbon is characterized by high energy density, and high calorific value. Moreover, it contains less moisture, and has hydrophobic character. Due to that, this technology is being found perspective, but the relation between process parameters, and biomass, and biocarbon properties should be still optimized. The presented work shows the mathematical modelling of torrefaction of the wooden biomass particle. The dependence between technological parameters (process temperature, and retention time), and biomass properties (density, calorific value of the biomass), and calorific value of biocarbon has been examined. The parameters of IInd degree polynomial functions, allowing the estimation of the required retention time or required process temperature to achieve desired calorific value of biocarbon have been determined. The modelling showed, that the process temperature and retention time are the most significant factors influencing the torrefaction efficiency. Also, the calorific value of biocarbon may be an important parameter, but biomass properties are not significant, with recommendation to neglect the biomass density.
在能量利用之前,焙烧用于初始生物质增值。所制生物炭具有高能量密度、高热值的特点。此外,它含有较少的水分,并具有疏水性。因此,该技术正在发现前景,但工艺参数与生物质和生物碳性质之间的关系仍有待优化。所提出的工作显示了木质生物质颗粒烘烤的数学模型。研究了工艺参数(工艺温度和保留时间)、生物质特性(密度、生物质热值)和生物碳热值之间的依赖关系。已经确定了i度多项式函数的参数,允许估计所需的保留时间或所需的工艺温度以达到期望的生物碳热值。模拟结果表明,工艺温度和保温时间是影响焙烧效率最显著的因素。此外,生物碳的热值可能是一个重要的参数,但生物量特性并不显著,建议忽略生物量密度。
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引用次数: 0
Healing rate of logging wounds on broadleaf trees in Hyrcanian forest with some technological implications. 海卡尼亚森林阔叶树伐木伤的愈合率及其技术意义。
IF 0.8 4区 农林科学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.200.05
F. Tavankar, R. Picchio, Mehrdad Nikooy, A. Monaco, R. Venanzi, A. I. Bodaghi
The wound healing rate (WHR) was investigated in 234 wounded trees in Iranian forests and was found to range from 6.4 to 24.0 mm·yr -1 . Tree species, slope aspect, elevation, wound age, and wound type had significant effects on the WHR. The mean of the WHR in the Fraxinus excelsior (24 mm·yr -1 ), Alnus subcordata (18.9 mm·yr -1 ) and in the Fagus orientalis (17.9 mm·yr -1 ) were significantly higher than in the Acer insigne (15.7 mm·yr -1 ), Acer cappadocicum (14.6 mm·yr -1 ), Carpinus betulus (13.7 mm·yr -1 ), and Tilia begonifolia (6.4 mm·yr -1 ). In addition, the mean of the WHR on northern slopes (17.5 mm·yr -1 ) was significantly higher than on southern slopes. Moreover, the parameters that positively influenced tree growth showed a similar effect on the wound healing rate. The WHRs of 5-, 10- and 15-year-old wounds were 19.3, 16.9 and 10 mm·yr -1 , respectively. The WHR increased the higher the wound from ground level. The WHR for horizontal wounds (18.4 mm·yr -1 ) was significantly higher than for vertical wounds. The highest WHR was estimated in a stand with a canopy closure of 60-80%. The WHR decreased according to increasing wound width. Wounds affect future income, lowering the number of trees that potentially provide a higher quality of saw and veneer logs.
对伊朗森林234棵受伤树木的伤口愈合率(WHR)进行了调查,发现伤口愈合率在6.4 ~ 24.0 mm·yr -1之间。树种、坡向、海拔、伤龄和伤型对水净比有显著影响。白蜡树(24 mm·yr -1)、亚心桤木(18.9 mm·yr -1)和东方Fagus (17.9 mm·yr -1)的WHR平均值显著高于槭(15.7 mm·yr -1)、槭(14.6 mm·yr -1)、桦木(13.7 mm·yr -1)和秋海莲(6.4 mm·yr -1)。此外,北坡的平均水热比(17.5 mm·yr -1)显著高于南坡。此外,对树木生长有积极影响的参数对伤口愈合率也有类似的影响。5岁、10岁和15岁伤口的whr分别为19.3、16.9和10 mm·yr -1。离地高度越高,伤高比越高。水平创面的WHR (18.4 mm·yr -1)显著高于垂直创面。冠层封闭度为60 ~ 80%的林分,其净水比最高。随缠绕宽度的增加,腰宽比减小。创伤会影响未来的收入,减少树木的数量,而这些树木可能提供更高质量的锯木和贴面原木。
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引用次数: 23
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