Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.C08.02
N. Janzen, H. Weimar
Illegal Logging is one of the major global causes of deforestation and degradation of forests. To combat the negative effects of illegal logging, the European Union (EU) introduced various forest related policies and measures. Among them is the EU Timber Regulation (EUTR). The objective of the presented analysis is to identify the percentage share that the EUTR applies to wood and wood-based products. We analysed the imports into the EU by using different reference units: the import value in Euro, the roundwood equivalent and the wood fibre equivalent. Our results show that about 90% of the imported quantities and 74% of the imported values are covered by the EUTR. This means, that in 2013 the EU imported a total wood quantity of 6 million m³ wood fibre equivalents (or 17 million m³ roundwood equivalents, respectively) which is not covered by the EUTR. This amount is almost equally distributed between wood products and paper products. Coverage ratios for further differentiated product groups differ. Typically, raw materials have a higher coverage ratio, and finished products have a lower coverage ratio. The wood quantities that are not covered by the EUTR are highly concentrated between a few commodities like wood charcoal, other articles of wood, recovered paper, printed books and brochures.
{"title":"Market coverage of the EUTR - what share of wood imports into the EU is covered by the EUTR?","authors":"N. Janzen, H. Weimar","doi":"10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.C08.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.C08.02","url":null,"abstract":"Illegal Logging is one of the major global causes of deforestation and degradation of forests. To combat the negative effects of illegal logging, the European Union (EU) introduced various forest related policies and measures. Among them is the EU Timber Regulation (EUTR). The objective of the presented analysis is to identify the percentage share that the EUTR applies to wood and wood-based products. We analysed the imports into the EU by using different reference units: the import value in Euro, the roundwood equivalent and the wood fibre equivalent. Our results show that about 90% of the imported quantities and 74% of the imported values are covered by the EUTR. This means, that in 2013 the EU imported a total wood quantity of 6 million m³ wood fibre equivalents (or 17 million m³ roundwood equivalents, respectively) which is not covered by the EUTR. This amount is almost equally distributed between wood products and paper products. Coverage ratios for further differentiated product groups differ. Typically, raw materials have a higher coverage ratio, and finished products have a lower coverage ratio. The wood quantities that are not covered by the EUTR are highly concentrated between a few commodities like wood charcoal, other articles of wood, recovered paper, printed books and brochures.","PeriodicalId":50566,"journal":{"name":"Drewno","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66331370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.067.07
E. Eri̇şi̇r, E. Gümüşkaya, H. Kirci, N. Misir
The study determined and compared the yield, viscosity, and chemical and physical properties of the pulps obtained as a result of Alkaline Sulfite–Anthraquinone (AS-AQ) pulping of Caucasian spruce wood with and without the addition of sodium borohydride (ASAB process) and ethanol (ASAE). It was found that the addition of ethanol to the AS-AQ pulping had a favourable influence on the screened yield and kappa number of the pulps. The addition of NaBH4 to the AS-AQ pulping in general also had a favourable influence on these pulps’ indices, provided that the amount added was not higher than 1–2% and the time of pulping was 180 mins. The higher yield of the ASAE pulps resulted from the higher retention of both cellulose and hemicelluloses, while the higher yield of ASAB pulps resulted from the higher retention of hemicelluloses and lignin. Regarding the AS-AQ pulping conditions, a distinct negative effect of modification on the viscosity of the pulps was observed in the case of the NaBH4 a additions to this pulping process. The viscosity reduction was, however, lower with extended pulping time. The static strength properties (tensile index and burst index) of the ASAB and ASAE pulps were in general lower than the AS-AQ pulps. In the case of the tear index, the tendency was similar. The addition of ethanol and especially NaBH4 to the AS-AQ pulping had a distinctly unfavourable influence on the whiteness and brightness of the pulps.
{"title":"Alkaline sulphite anthraquinone pulping of caucasian spruce (Picea orientalis L.) chips with added sodium borohydride and ethanol","authors":"E. Eri̇şi̇r, E. Gümüşkaya, H. Kirci, N. Misir","doi":"10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.067.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.067.07","url":null,"abstract":"The study determined and compared the yield, viscosity, and chemical and physical properties of the pulps obtained as a result of Alkaline Sulfite–Anthraquinone (AS-AQ) pulping of Caucasian spruce wood with and without the addition of sodium borohydride (ASAB process) and ethanol (ASAE). It was found that the addition of ethanol to the AS-AQ pulping had a favourable influence on the screened yield and kappa number of the pulps. The addition of NaBH4 to the AS-AQ pulping in general also had a favourable influence on these pulps’ indices, provided that the amount added was not higher than 1–2% and the time of pulping was 180 mins. The higher yield of the ASAE pulps resulted from the higher retention of both cellulose and hemicelluloses, while the higher yield of ASAB pulps resulted from the higher retention of hemicelluloses and lignin. Regarding the AS-AQ pulping conditions, a distinct negative effect of modification on the viscosity of the pulps was observed in the case of the NaBH4 a additions to this pulping process. The viscosity reduction was, however, lower with extended pulping time. The static strength properties (tensile index and burst index) of the ASAB and ASAE pulps were in general lower than the AS-AQ pulps. In the case of the tear index, the tendency was similar. The addition of ethanol and especially NaBH4 to the AS-AQ pulping had a distinctly unfavourable influence on the whiteness and brightness of the pulps.","PeriodicalId":50566,"journal":{"name":"Drewno","volume":"58 1","pages":"89-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66328913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.083.09
M. Juszczak
A study and further analysis of the two-stage process of burning pine wood logs (gasification and wood gas combustion) in a 25 kW heating boiler were performed. The air stream for combustion was set manually and was constant throughout the given test run. The values of the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitric oxide in the flue gas were measured. The correlation between the concentration level of these pollutants and the temperature in the wood gas firing nozzle was established, as well as the link between the nitric oxide and carbon monoxide concentrations and the influence of the oxygen concentration in the combustion air on the carbon monoxide emission.
{"title":"Pollutant concentrations from two-stage thermal conversion of pine wood logs in a 25 kW boiler with fixed air supply.","authors":"M. Juszczak","doi":"10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.083.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.083.09","url":null,"abstract":"A study and further analysis of the two-stage process of burning pine wood logs (gasification and wood gas combustion) in a 25 kW heating boiler were performed. The air stream for combustion was set manually and was constant throughout the given test run. The values of the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitric oxide in the flue gas were measured. The correlation between the concentration level of these pollutants and the temperature in the wood gas firing nozzle was established, as well as the link between the nitric oxide and carbon monoxide concentrations and the influence of the oxygen concentration in the combustion air on the carbon monoxide emission.","PeriodicalId":50566,"journal":{"name":"Drewno","volume":"58 1","pages":"115-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66329149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.117.12
R. Pamić, F. Pohleven
{"title":"Protection through construction of a wooden monument in Radomlje (Slovenia)","authors":"R. Pamić, F. Pohleven","doi":"10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.117.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.117.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50566,"journal":{"name":"Drewno","volume":"58 1","pages":"135-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66329519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.125.11
C. Cremonini, F. Negro, R. Zanuttini
Wood-based panels are widely used in the transport sector, thanks in particular to their properties in terms of lightness and mechanical strength. Furthermore, they offer additional benefits, such as sound insulation or fire resistance. The present paper takes into account the different wood-based p anels used for building the main typologies of land transport vehicles: buses an d cars, trucks and other commercial vehicles, motorhomes and caravans, and railw ays vehicles. The aim here is to give an overview of these products, thei r historical and current uses, as well as taking into account future developments.
{"title":"WOOD-BASED PANELS FOR LAND TRANSPORT USES","authors":"C. Cremonini, F. Negro, R. Zanuttini","doi":"10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.125.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.125.11","url":null,"abstract":"Wood-based panels are widely used in the transport sector, thanks in particular to their properties in terms of lightness and mechanical strength. Furthermore, they offer additional benefits, such as sound insulation or fire resistance. The present paper takes into account the different wood-based p anels used for building the main typologies of land transport vehicles: buses an d cars, trucks and other commercial vehicles, motorhomes and caravans, and railw ays vehicles. The aim here is to give an overview of these products, thei r historical and current uses, as well as taking into account future developments.","PeriodicalId":50566,"journal":{"name":"Drewno","volume":"58 1","pages":"127-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66329246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.087.01
Piotr Rapp, Sławomir Fiszer
The purpose of this paper is to formulate an approximate numerical model for adhesive scarf joints in wooden beams under the assumption that the joint is deformable. This approximate model is founded on observations resulting from the general solution of the plane linear theory of elasticity. It is assumed that wood is orthotropic. The joint can be subjected to a complex load combination including an axial force, a shear force and a bending moment. Within this framework, analytical relations for stresses in the adhesive, as well as stresses and displacements of the adherends, were derived in a form useful for engineering practice. A numerical example proves the high accuracy of the approximate model when compared to the general model based on the plane linear theory of elasticity.
{"title":"APPROXIMATE NUMERICAL MODEL FOR ADHESIVE SCARF JOINTS IN WOODEN BEAMS","authors":"Piotr Rapp, Sławomir Fiszer","doi":"10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.087.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.087.01","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to formulate an approximate numerical model for adhesive scarf joints in wooden beams under the assumption that the joint is deformable. This approximate model is founded on observations resulting from the general solution of the plane linear theory of elasticity. It is assumed that wood is orthotropic. The joint can be subjected to a complex load combination including an axial force, a shear force and a bending moment. Within this framework, analytical relations for stresses in the adhesive, as well as stresses and displacements of the adherends, were derived in a form useful for engineering practice. A numerical example proves the high accuracy of the approximate model when compared to the general model based on the plane linear theory of elasticity.","PeriodicalId":50566,"journal":{"name":"Drewno","volume":"58 1","pages":"5-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66329280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.068.02
L. Li, H. Hu, C. Guo
The synergistic effect of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and boric acid (BA) on the flame retardancy and thermal degradation of pine needles was investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the presence of an ammonium polyphosphate and boric acid system increased the char residue and decreased the pyrolysis temperature of the pine needles. The derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) showed that the ammonium polyphosphate and boric acid had shifted the degradation peaks of the pine needles to lower temperatures. The cone calorimetry test results showed that the values of HRR, THR, SPR, TSP and the mass loss (%) of the pine needles treated with ammonium polyphosphate and boric acid (APP/BA = 3/2) were significantly lower than the other samples. Therefore, the APP and BA system had a better effect on the pine needles overall than the APP alone.
{"title":"THE SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF BORIC ACID AND AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE ON THE THERMAL DEGRADATION AND FLAMMABILITY OF PINE-NEEDLES","authors":"L. Li, H. Hu, C. Guo","doi":"10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.068.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.068.02","url":null,"abstract":"The synergistic effect of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and boric acid (BA) on the flame retardancy and thermal degradation of pine needles was investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the presence of an ammonium polyphosphate and boric acid system increased the char residue and decreased the pyrolysis temperature of the pine needles. The derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) showed that the ammonium polyphosphate and boric acid had shifted the degradation peaks of the pine needles to lower temperatures. The cone calorimetry test results showed that the values of HRR, THR, SPR, TSP and the mass loss (%) of the pine needles treated with ammonium polyphosphate and boric acid (APP/BA = 3/2) were significantly lower than the other samples. Therefore, the APP and BA system had a better effect on the pine needles overall than the APP alone.","PeriodicalId":50566,"journal":{"name":"Drewno","volume":"57 1","pages":"37-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66328965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.S08.03
Johan Brolund, R. Lundmark
The research employed a negative binominal count data model approach to analyse the determinants of bioenergy innovations with a special focus on the effect of energy and climate policies. A panel ...
{"title":"Bioenergy innovations and their determinants: a negative binominal count data analysis","authors":"Johan Brolund, R. Lundmark","doi":"10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.S08.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.S08.03","url":null,"abstract":"The research employed a negative binominal count data model approach to analyse the determinants of bioenergy innovations with a special focus on the effect of energy and climate policies. A panel ...","PeriodicalId":50566,"journal":{"name":"Drewno","volume":"57 1","pages":"41-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66331286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.053.11
S. Adamopoulos, C. Passialis, E. Voulgaridis, J. V. O. Villanueva
Corrugated packaging production is currently facing the challenge to ensure a satisfactory strength of packaging despite the continuous increase in recycled paper as the main fibrous component. Thi ...
{"title":"GRAMMAGE AND STRUCTURAL DENSITY AS QUALITY INDEXES OF PACKAGING GRADE PAPER MANUFACTURED FROM RECYCLED PULP","authors":"S. Adamopoulos, C. Passialis, E. Voulgaridis, J. V. O. Villanueva","doi":"10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.053.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.053.11","url":null,"abstract":"Corrugated packaging production is currently facing the challenge to ensure a satisfactory strength of packaging despite the continuous increase in recycled paper as the main fibrous component. Thi ...","PeriodicalId":50566,"journal":{"name":"Drewno","volume":"57 1","pages":"145-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66328869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.S05.01
D. Botkin, M. Ngugi, D. Doley
A half-century of forest inventory research involving statistically-valid field measurements (using statistically representative sample size and showing confiden ce limits) and well-validated forecasting methods are reviewed in this paper. Some current procedures overestimate global and large-scale forest biomass, carbon storage, and carbon sequestering rates because they are based on statistically-invalid methods (errors in estimates are unavailable and unreported), or they fail to consider key dynamic characteristics of forests. It is sometimes assumed that old-growth forests can serve as fixed, steady-state storage of biomass and carbon for indefinitely long periods, but it is shown by both modelling and remote sensing that forests are dynamic systems, the state of which can change considerably over as short a time as a decade. Forecasting methods show that maximum biomass and carbon storage in some important forest types occurs in mid-succession, not in old-growth. It is proposed, therefore, that realistic biomass and carbon storage estimates used for carbon credits and offsets be determined as the statistical mean minus the confidence interval and that practical carbon sequestering programs include specific timeframes, not indefinitely long periods of time.
{"title":"ESTIMATES AND FORECASTS OF FOREST BIOMASS AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN NORTH AMERICA AND AUSTRALIA: A FORTY-FIVE YEAR QUEST","authors":"D. Botkin, M. Ngugi, D. Doley","doi":"10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.S05.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12841/WOOD.1644-3985.S05.01","url":null,"abstract":"A half-century of forest inventory research involving statistically-valid field measurements (using statistically representative sample size and showing confiden ce limits) and well-validated forecasting methods are reviewed in this paper. Some current procedures overestimate global and large-scale forest biomass, carbon storage, and carbon sequestering rates because they are based on statistically-invalid methods (errors in estimates are unavailable and unreported), or they fail to consider key dynamic characteristics of forests. It is sometimes assumed that old-growth forests can serve as fixed, steady-state storage of biomass and carbon for indefinitely long periods, but it is shown by both modelling and remote sensing that forests are dynamic systems, the state of which can change considerably over as short a time as a decade. Forecasting methods show that maximum biomass and carbon storage in some important forest types occurs in mid-succession, not in old-growth. It is proposed, therefore, that realistic biomass and carbon storage estimates used for carbon credits and offsets be determined as the statistical mean minus the confidence interval and that practical carbon sequestering programs include specific timeframes, not indefinitely long periods of time.","PeriodicalId":50566,"journal":{"name":"Drewno","volume":"57 1","pages":"7-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66331147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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