Pub Date : 2024-05-20DOI: 10.1177/09544089241253973
Ashutosh Tripathi, N. K. Jha, R. Hota, Ajay Kumar, Rashi Tyagi
Natural fibers are recently seen as a replacement for synthetic fibers as core material to produce sound-absorbent materials. These are biodegradable and renewable, and using them as sound-absorbent material brings many environmental benefits as it is much greener compared to existing inorganic and synthetic fibers. Present exploration serves the purpose of investigation and comparison of the acoustic absorption characteristics of individual and mixed natural fibers; jute, coconut coir, and bamboo. Each fiber is reinforced with natural rubber in a certain weight ratio during the fabricating stage. The fibers are then compressed with the help of mould and ram piston in a hydraulic press. The compression is done in the form of cylindrical samples of 40 mm diameter. Each specimen is kept 36 mm thick, according to the given standards. The impedance tube technique is used to evaluate acoustical performances. Multilayered composites made of layers of coir, jute, and bamboo performed better in all the frequency ranges than composites made of individual fibers. Results establish that these fibers are promising and a viable option for light and environment-friendly sound absorption materials.
{"title":"Green sound-absorbing material prepared by using natural fiber for building acoustics","authors":"Ashutosh Tripathi, N. K. Jha, R. Hota, Ajay Kumar, Rashi Tyagi","doi":"10.1177/09544089241253973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544089241253973","url":null,"abstract":"Natural fibers are recently seen as a replacement for synthetic fibers as core material to produce sound-absorbent materials. These are biodegradable and renewable, and using them as sound-absorbent material brings many environmental benefits as it is much greener compared to existing inorganic and synthetic fibers. Present exploration serves the purpose of investigation and comparison of the acoustic absorption characteristics of individual and mixed natural fibers; jute, coconut coir, and bamboo. Each fiber is reinforced with natural rubber in a certain weight ratio during the fabricating stage. The fibers are then compressed with the help of mould and ram piston in a hydraulic press. The compression is done in the form of cylindrical samples of 40 mm diameter. Each specimen is kept 36 mm thick, according to the given standards. The impedance tube technique is used to evaluate acoustical performances. Multilayered composites made of layers of coir, jute, and bamboo performed better in all the frequency ranges than composites made of individual fibers. Results establish that these fibers are promising and a viable option for light and environment-friendly sound absorption materials.","PeriodicalId":506108,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering","volume":"67 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141121506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-25DOI: 10.1177/09544089241248430
S. Wituschek, Leonie Elbel, Michael Lechner
The increasing significance of ecological responsibility, stricter political regulations and economic objectives are driving innovation in research fields such as lightweight construction. One of the most important popular methods is the use of multi-material systems. Due to the different geometric and mechanical properties of the various materials used, resource efficient applications and utilizations are possible. Great challenges arise for the joining processes to realize these multi-material systems, since conventional joining processes reach their limits. In the field of mechanical joining processes, there are continuously new approaches, such as superimposing the punch in a self-piercing riveting process with a tumbling kinematic, to increase the number of adaptable process parameters and enhance the process control. Through various preliminary tests, a good understanding of the process has been developed, which allows to directly control the geometric joint parameters by configuring the tumbling strategy. A major challenge, particularly with regard to future industrial applications, is the process time, which is comparatively high due to the tumbling kinematics. In the investigations, a reduction of approximately 90% of the process time is targeted by adapting the joining and tumbling strategy. Therefore, the correlation of the traverse velocity and the tumbling velocity are examined in a gradual series of experiments. To represent realistic applications, the experiments are carried out with a dual-phase steel and a precipitation-hardening aluminum alloy. For identifying the influence of the process parameters on the joining process, a constant rivet–die combination is applied. Further, the examination of force–displacement curves is conducted. Moreover, the determination of geometric joint parameters is reliant upon macrographs to assess the influence of the joining time on the geometric joint formation. The test results show that a significant increase in joining speed with a resulting reduction in process time is feasible. Although the joining properties are affected, reliable joining is possible. In particular, the shaft thickness of the rivet is influenced by the varying proportion of the tumbling process in the joining operation and increases with higher joining speeds.
{"title":"Influence of the process time on a self-piercing riveting process with tumbling kinematic","authors":"S. Wituschek, Leonie Elbel, Michael Lechner","doi":"10.1177/09544089241248430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544089241248430","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing significance of ecological responsibility, stricter political regulations and economic objectives are driving innovation in research fields such as lightweight construction. One of the most important popular methods is the use of multi-material systems. Due to the different geometric and mechanical properties of the various materials used, resource efficient applications and utilizations are possible. Great challenges arise for the joining processes to realize these multi-material systems, since conventional joining processes reach their limits. In the field of mechanical joining processes, there are continuously new approaches, such as superimposing the punch in a self-piercing riveting process with a tumbling kinematic, to increase the number of adaptable process parameters and enhance the process control. Through various preliminary tests, a good understanding of the process has been developed, which allows to directly control the geometric joint parameters by configuring the tumbling strategy. A major challenge, particularly with regard to future industrial applications, is the process time, which is comparatively high due to the tumbling kinematics. In the investigations, a reduction of approximately 90% of the process time is targeted by adapting the joining and tumbling strategy. Therefore, the correlation of the traverse velocity and the tumbling velocity are examined in a gradual series of experiments. To represent realistic applications, the experiments are carried out with a dual-phase steel and a precipitation-hardening aluminum alloy. For identifying the influence of the process parameters on the joining process, a constant rivet–die combination is applied. Further, the examination of force–displacement curves is conducted. Moreover, the determination of geometric joint parameters is reliant upon macrographs to assess the influence of the joining time on the geometric joint formation. The test results show that a significant increase in joining speed with a resulting reduction in process time is feasible. Although the joining properties are affected, reliable joining is possible. In particular, the shaft thickness of the rivet is influenced by the varying proportion of the tumbling process in the joining operation and increases with higher joining speeds.","PeriodicalId":506108,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering","volume":"47 35","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140657025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.1177/09544089241248129
Latchupatula Ananya, Vivek Kumar Patel
For industries using multi-phase transportation pipelines, erosion has been identified as one of the main challenges. Thus, extensive experimental and computational studies on slurry erosion wear have been conducted already for smooth pipes, particularly bends and junctions which were more susceptible to erosion wear because of the flow of multi-phase, but findings of erosive wear rate on the unbounded flexible pipe are not yet established. The purpose of the current study is to examine the effects of slurry wear on the unbounded flexible pipe material using CFD analysis when multi-phase fluid is flowing in the UFP at different curvature angles (30°, 50°, 70°, 90°). Flow speed (2 ms−1, 4 ms−1, 6 ms−1, 8 ms−1, 10 ms−1) and concentration (5%, 10%, 15%) were the key variables taken into account, and is discovered that these characteristics had a substantial effect on the flexible pipe. Further, to analyze how particle collision tendency affects the erosion wear rate of UPF when compared to smooth pipe, the streamlines for the UFP and smooth pipe are extracted.
{"title":"Computational analysis of erosion wear on unbounded flexible pipe of different curvature angles","authors":"Latchupatula Ananya, Vivek Kumar Patel","doi":"10.1177/09544089241248129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544089241248129","url":null,"abstract":"For industries using multi-phase transportation pipelines, erosion has been identified as one of the main challenges. Thus, extensive experimental and computational studies on slurry erosion wear have been conducted already for smooth pipes, particularly bends and junctions which were more susceptible to erosion wear because of the flow of multi-phase, but findings of erosive wear rate on the unbounded flexible pipe are not yet established. The purpose of the current study is to examine the effects of slurry wear on the unbounded flexible pipe material using CFD analysis when multi-phase fluid is flowing in the UFP at different curvature angles (30°, 50°, 70°, 90°). Flow speed (2 ms−1, 4 ms−1, 6 ms−1, 8 ms−1, 10 ms−1) and concentration (5%, 10%, 15%) were the key variables taken into account, and is discovered that these characteristics had a substantial effect on the flexible pipe. Further, to analyze how particle collision tendency affects the erosion wear rate of UPF when compared to smooth pipe, the streamlines for the UFP and smooth pipe are extracted.","PeriodicalId":506108,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering","volume":"37 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140665896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.1177/09544089241248428
Manish Kumar, Amrendra Kumar, Ajitesh Kumar, Amit Kumar, Devendra Kamble
In a piping system, pipe bends are more flexible than straight pipes because of their curved geometry, supplemented by higher stress and strain concentration, leading to one of the crucial components in piping industries. Therefore, safe design of pipe bends is essential for smooth running of the piping system, and plastic collapse moment is one of its criteria. This paper utilizes three-dimensional finite element analyses to model empirical solutions for the plastic collapse moment for different angled pipe bends subjected to combined pressure and in-plane closing, in-plane opening, and out-of-plane bending moments. Plastic collapse moments for 30∘ to 180∘ pipe bends are determined for elastic perfectly plastic and strain hardening materials, employing large geometry change option and internal pressure effect. It is observed from results that pressure effect is more prominent in thinner pipe bends of larger bend angle under all bending cases. For in-plane opening and out-of-plane bending moments, collapse moment increases and then decreases with increase in pressure intensity for all sizes of pipe bend. However, for in-plane opening bending moment, collapse moments keep on decreasing for thicker ([Formula: see text] = 11.33) pipe bends. Finally, the study presents new improved plastic collapse moment solutions for different angled pipe bends under bending moment and internal pressure, derived from the finite element results of elastic perfectly plastic and strain hardening material models.
{"title":"Development of new improved plastic collapse moment equations of pressurized different angled pipe bends under bending moments","authors":"Manish Kumar, Amrendra Kumar, Ajitesh Kumar, Amit Kumar, Devendra Kamble","doi":"10.1177/09544089241248428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544089241248428","url":null,"abstract":"In a piping system, pipe bends are more flexible than straight pipes because of their curved geometry, supplemented by higher stress and strain concentration, leading to one of the crucial components in piping industries. Therefore, safe design of pipe bends is essential for smooth running of the piping system, and plastic collapse moment is one of its criteria. This paper utilizes three-dimensional finite element analyses to model empirical solutions for the plastic collapse moment for different angled pipe bends subjected to combined pressure and in-plane closing, in-plane opening, and out-of-plane bending moments. Plastic collapse moments for 30∘ to 180∘ pipe bends are determined for elastic perfectly plastic and strain hardening materials, employing large geometry change option and internal pressure effect. It is observed from results that pressure effect is more prominent in thinner pipe bends of larger bend angle under all bending cases. For in-plane opening and out-of-plane bending moments, collapse moment increases and then decreases with increase in pressure intensity for all sizes of pipe bend. However, for in-plane opening bending moment, collapse moments keep on decreasing for thicker ([Formula: see text] = 11.33) pipe bends. Finally, the study presents new improved plastic collapse moment solutions for different angled pipe bends under bending moment and internal pressure, derived from the finite element results of elastic perfectly plastic and strain hardening material models.","PeriodicalId":506108,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering","volume":"49 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140664460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.1177/09544089241248150
Sujoy Kumar Dolui, A. Veeresh Babu, T. Srinivas Reddy
Nanofluid, a colloidal suspension of nonmetallic or metallic nanoparticles into conventional base fluid and used for heat transfer characteristics enhancement for many industrial applications. Cleanrooms are essential at various industries for controlling airborne contamination and environmental parameters. In this article, heat transfer properties of nanofluid (Al2O3 + water) at various nanoparticle concentrations (1%, 2%, and 3%) on a prototype cleanroom air handling chiller unit was investigated experimentally in laminar flow zone. Thermal conductivity ratio, Nusselt number, Peclet number, and pressure drop were obtained for above nanoparticle concentrations. Experimental investigations indicate the heat transfer properties improvement in a prototype cleanroom air handling chiller unit by using nanoparticle at base fluid. Experimental investigation on varying Al2O3 + water nanofluid concentrations in a cleanroom air handling chiller unit heat exchanger revealed a notable increase in heat transfer by reducing nanoparticle size from 50 to 10 nm and increasing concentration from 1% to 3% volume, resulting in a 17.70% rise in thermal conductivity ratio and a significant 9.23% increase in Nusselt number at higher Peclet numbers. However, this improvement in heat transfer was accompanied by a substantial 72.5% increase in pressure drops, particularly with increased Reynolds number and particle concentration. Manipulating nanoparticle characteristics resulted in substantial improvements in Nusselt number across a wide range of Reynolds numbers, with smaller particle sizes and higher volume concentrations yielding more significant heat transfer improvements. The novelty of this research lies in its investigation of the influence of variable Al2O3 + water nanofluid concentrations, encompassing different nanoparticle sizes, and volume concentrations, on dimensionless heat transfer parameters within a cleanroom air handling unit, offering valuable insights into optimizing heat transfer efficiency in a controlled and critical environment, addressing a significant research gap in the field.
{"title":"Experimental studies on the effect of Al2O3 + water nanofluid concentrations on dimensionless heat transfer parameters in a cleanroom air handling unit","authors":"Sujoy Kumar Dolui, A. Veeresh Babu, T. Srinivas Reddy","doi":"10.1177/09544089241248150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544089241248150","url":null,"abstract":"Nanofluid, a colloidal suspension of nonmetallic or metallic nanoparticles into conventional base fluid and used for heat transfer characteristics enhancement for many industrial applications. Cleanrooms are essential at various industries for controlling airborne contamination and environmental parameters. In this article, heat transfer properties of nanofluid (Al2O3 + water) at various nanoparticle concentrations (1%, 2%, and 3%) on a prototype cleanroom air handling chiller unit was investigated experimentally in laminar flow zone. Thermal conductivity ratio, Nusselt number, Peclet number, and pressure drop were obtained for above nanoparticle concentrations. Experimental investigations indicate the heat transfer properties improvement in a prototype cleanroom air handling chiller unit by using nanoparticle at base fluid. Experimental investigation on varying Al2O3 + water nanofluid concentrations in a cleanroom air handling chiller unit heat exchanger revealed a notable increase in heat transfer by reducing nanoparticle size from 50 to 10 nm and increasing concentration from 1% to 3% volume, resulting in a 17.70% rise in thermal conductivity ratio and a significant 9.23% increase in Nusselt number at higher Peclet numbers. However, this improvement in heat transfer was accompanied by a substantial 72.5% increase in pressure drops, particularly with increased Reynolds number and particle concentration. Manipulating nanoparticle characteristics resulted in substantial improvements in Nusselt number across a wide range of Reynolds numbers, with smaller particle sizes and higher volume concentrations yielding more significant heat transfer improvements. The novelty of this research lies in its investigation of the influence of variable Al2O3 + water nanofluid concentrations, encompassing different nanoparticle sizes, and volume concentrations, on dimensionless heat transfer parameters within a cleanroom air handling unit, offering valuable insights into optimizing heat transfer efficiency in a controlled and critical environment, addressing a significant research gap in the field.","PeriodicalId":506108,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering","volume":"44 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140662782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.1177/09544089241247455
Jothilingam M, Balakrishnan N, Kannan T.K, Yuvarajan Devarajan
Solar desalination systems are crucial for generating fresh water, particularly in regions with water scarcity. They harness renewable solar energy, making them sustainable and cost-effective in remote areas. Solar desalination addresses water scarcity challenges with a sustainable, decentralized, and efficient approach. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of varying depths of basin water on the overall productivity of distillate in a solar distillation system. The research specifically investigates three distinct scenarios, focusing on the concentration of freshwater at different depths. The investigation extends to the analysis of temporal variations in heat transfer loss for three different phase change materials (PCMs) namely paraffin wax + nano CuO, paraffin wax, and lauric acid. This study also examines the impact of varying depths of basin water on the overall productivity of distillate in three distinct scenarios. In all instances, it has been observed that the more concentrated form of freshwater can be found at a depth of 20 mm. The water basin temperature lowered by 44.78% for paraffin wax + nano CuO composite, in comparison to paraffin wax (45.31%) and lauric acid (47.37%) when the water depth was increased from 20 mm to 60 mm. The equations pertaining to energy conservation and heat transfer in the solar distillation system are presented. The investigation also encompassed the analysis of temporal variations in heat transfer loss for three unique PCMs. The study recorded an increase in the total distillate freshwater of 3480, 1248.5, and 2637 ml/m2/day for paraffin wax + nano CuO, lauric acid, and paraffin wax correspondingly. Lauric acid has exhibited a level of performance in terms of total distillate.
{"title":"Experimental investigation of a solar still system with a preheater and nanophase change materials","authors":"Jothilingam M, Balakrishnan N, Kannan T.K, Yuvarajan Devarajan","doi":"10.1177/09544089241247455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544089241247455","url":null,"abstract":"Solar desalination systems are crucial for generating fresh water, particularly in regions with water scarcity. They harness renewable solar energy, making them sustainable and cost-effective in remote areas. Solar desalination addresses water scarcity challenges with a sustainable, decentralized, and efficient approach. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of varying depths of basin water on the overall productivity of distillate in a solar distillation system. The research specifically investigates three distinct scenarios, focusing on the concentration of freshwater at different depths. The investigation extends to the analysis of temporal variations in heat transfer loss for three different phase change materials (PCMs) namely paraffin wax + nano CuO, paraffin wax, and lauric acid. This study also examines the impact of varying depths of basin water on the overall productivity of distillate in three distinct scenarios. In all instances, it has been observed that the more concentrated form of freshwater can be found at a depth of 20 mm. The water basin temperature lowered by 44.78% for paraffin wax + nano CuO composite, in comparison to paraffin wax (45.31%) and lauric acid (47.37%) when the water depth was increased from 20 mm to 60 mm. The equations pertaining to energy conservation and heat transfer in the solar distillation system are presented. The investigation also encompassed the analysis of temporal variations in heat transfer loss for three unique PCMs. The study recorded an increase in the total distillate freshwater of 3480, 1248.5, and 2637 ml/m2/day for paraffin wax + nano CuO, lauric acid, and paraffin wax correspondingly. Lauric acid has exhibited a level of performance in terms of total distillate.","PeriodicalId":506108,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering","volume":"32 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140665708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.1177/09544089241248918
Selva Kumar Shanmugaya Pandian, G. Balachandran, Hariharasudhan Thangaraj, Mariaamalraj Samykannu
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is a highly polar aprotic solvent that is frequently utilized across a broad range of applications in industry. The composition of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride is commonly flame-resistant and mechanically strong. In this research, the central composite design technique uses response surface methodology to perform a parametric study. The effect of the input variables wt.% (16%, 20%, 24%), stirring speed (300, 600, 900 r/min), and stirring time (20 min, 30 min, 40 min) on the output responses (dielectric strength kV/mm, and viscosity Pascal) were examined. The output responses were recorded during the experiments according to the experimental design. The factors impacting the response were identified through analysis of variance. According to the predicted vs. actual diagram, the confirmed experiments fit well with the predictions. Based on the response surface, the parameter interaction profile was analyzed. According to the contour plots related to each interaction, the maximum value can be achieved within different stirring parameters. Based on the result of optimization, the optimum values of dielectric strength and viscosity were found in (wt.% of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride—18.101%), (stirring speed—664 r/min), (stirring time—21.860 min). The output response obtained from the response surface methodology is the dielectric strength (18.5 kV/mm) and viscosity (37.67 Pa).
{"title":"Selection of performance indicators on dielectric strength and viscosity for chlorinated polyvinyl chloride with N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone: Optimization using central composite design-response surface methodology","authors":"Selva Kumar Shanmugaya Pandian, G. Balachandran, Hariharasudhan Thangaraj, Mariaamalraj Samykannu","doi":"10.1177/09544089241248918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544089241248918","url":null,"abstract":"N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is a highly polar aprotic solvent that is frequently utilized across a broad range of applications in industry. The composition of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride is commonly flame-resistant and mechanically strong. In this research, the central composite design technique uses response surface methodology to perform a parametric study. The effect of the input variables wt.% (16%, 20%, 24%), stirring speed (300, 600, 900 r/min), and stirring time (20 min, 30 min, 40 min) on the output responses (dielectric strength kV/mm, and viscosity Pascal) were examined. The output responses were recorded during the experiments according to the experimental design. The factors impacting the response were identified through analysis of variance. According to the predicted vs. actual diagram, the confirmed experiments fit well with the predictions. Based on the response surface, the parameter interaction profile was analyzed. According to the contour plots related to each interaction, the maximum value can be achieved within different stirring parameters. Based on the result of optimization, the optimum values of dielectric strength and viscosity were found in (wt.% of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride—18.101%), (stirring speed—664 r/min), (stirring time—21.860 min). The output response obtained from the response surface methodology is the dielectric strength (18.5 kV/mm) and viscosity (37.67 Pa).","PeriodicalId":506108,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering","volume":"40 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140662422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.1177/09544089241247454
Reymark D. Maalihan, John Carlo V Aggari, Alvin S Alon, Roy B Latayan, F. J. P. Montalbo, Alvin D Javier
Efficient optimization of polymeric materials in fused filament fabrication 3D printing (FFF 3DP) is crucial for productivity, cost reduction, resource conservation, consistency, and enhanced part performance. This study employed a multiresponse central composite design of experiments (CCD-DOE) with the desirability function algorithm (DFA) to optimize printing settings on polylactic acid (PLA) using a commercial FFF 3D printer. The goal was to identify optimal parameters for faster build time and reduced material usage in PLA part fabrication. The fabrication process involved computer-aided design and modeling of standard PLA dogbone specimens, meeting ASTM-D638 Type 1 tensile test standards. These specimens were then 3D printed using Ultimaker Green RAL 6018 PLA filament and a 2+ model printer set at varying print parameters. Reduced second-order polynomial models for printing time and PLA weight were generated using stepwise regression, eliminating noninfluential parameters. The models revealed that higher layer thickness, increased print speed, and lower infill density resulted in faster printing times, while lower infill density and higher layer thickness led to lighter PLA prints. DFA analysis determined the optimal settings as a layer thickness of 0.26–0.30 mm and an infill density of 35% for minimizing printing time and PLA weight. The stress–strain curves displayed characteristic high-strength, brittle behavior under tension, while tensile testing of optimized PLA parts revealed increased strength with low strain at the break when layers were aligned parallel to the applied force. These findings advance additive manufacturing and provide practical guidelines for high-quality 3D-printed PLA components. Optimizing FFF 3DP parameters enables efficient production with reduced time and material usage, enhancing cost-effectiveness and the fabrication of high-performance 3D printed products.
在熔融长丝制造三维打印（FFF 3DP）中有效优化聚合物材料对于提高生产率、降低成本、节约资源、保持一致性和增强部件性能至关重要。本研究采用多反应中心复合实验设计（CCD-DOE）和理想函数算法（DFA），使用商用 FFF 3D 打印机优化聚乳酸（PLA）的打印设置。其目的是确定最佳参数，以便在聚乳酸部件制造中加快构建时间并减少材料用量。制作过程包括对符合 ASTM-D638 1 类拉伸测试标准的标准聚乳酸狗骨试样进行计算机辅助设计和建模。然后使用 Ultimaker Green RAL 6018 聚乳酸长丝和 2+ 模型打印机以不同的打印参数进行 3D 打印。使用逐步回归法生成了打印时间和聚乳酸重量的还原二阶多项式模型，消除了非影响参数。模型显示，较高的层厚、较快的打印速度和较低的填充密度可加快打印时间，而较低的填充密度和较高的层厚则可使打印出的聚乳酸重量更轻。DFA 分析确定了最佳设置，即层厚度为 0.26-0.30 毫米，填充密度为 35%，以最大限度地减少打印时间和聚乳酸重量。应力-应变曲线显示了拉伸时的高强度脆性特征，而对优化后的聚乳酸部件进行的拉伸测试表明，当各层平行于外力排列时，强度增加，断裂应变降低。这些发现推动了增材制造技术的发展，并为高质量的三维打印聚乳酸部件提供了实用指南。优化 FFF 3DP 参数可实现高效生产，减少时间和材料用量，提高成本效益，制造出高性能的三维打印产品。
{"title":"On the optimized fused filament fabrication of polylactic acid using multiresponse central composite design and desirability function algorithm","authors":"Reymark D. Maalihan, John Carlo V Aggari, Alvin S Alon, Roy B Latayan, F. J. P. Montalbo, Alvin D Javier","doi":"10.1177/09544089241247454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544089241247454","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient optimization of polymeric materials in fused filament fabrication 3D printing (FFF 3DP) is crucial for productivity, cost reduction, resource conservation, consistency, and enhanced part performance. This study employed a multiresponse central composite design of experiments (CCD-DOE) with the desirability function algorithm (DFA) to optimize printing settings on polylactic acid (PLA) using a commercial FFF 3D printer. The goal was to identify optimal parameters for faster build time and reduced material usage in PLA part fabrication. The fabrication process involved computer-aided design and modeling of standard PLA dogbone specimens, meeting ASTM-D638 Type 1 tensile test standards. These specimens were then 3D printed using Ultimaker Green RAL 6018 PLA filament and a 2+ model printer set at varying print parameters. Reduced second-order polynomial models for printing time and PLA weight were generated using stepwise regression, eliminating noninfluential parameters. The models revealed that higher layer thickness, increased print speed, and lower infill density resulted in faster printing times, while lower infill density and higher layer thickness led to lighter PLA prints. DFA analysis determined the optimal settings as a layer thickness of 0.26–0.30 mm and an infill density of 35% for minimizing printing time and PLA weight. The stress–strain curves displayed characteristic high-strength, brittle behavior under tension, while tensile testing of optimized PLA parts revealed increased strength with low strain at the break when layers were aligned parallel to the applied force. These findings advance additive manufacturing and provide practical guidelines for high-quality 3D-printed PLA components. Optimizing FFF 3DP parameters enables efficient production with reduced time and material usage, enhancing cost-effectiveness and the fabrication of high-performance 3D printed products.","PeriodicalId":506108,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering","volume":"100 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140659221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.1177/09544089241248147
S. Uzuner
Several changes occur in both the cartilage's material properties and anatomical structure as osteoarthritis progresses. Unlike most numerical studies that solely consider individual changes, our study aimed to understand the impact on cartilage mechanics by considering the combined effect of material properties and cartilage thickness varied with osteoarthritis progression. In total, 3 three-dimensional finite element models, representing the intact, early, and late osteoarthritis conditions, were developed to simulate a load-bearing area in the knee. The articular cartilage was modelled as fluid-saturated linear biphasic poroelastic to incorporate solid-fluid interaction. All models underwent prolonged creep (50 N) and relaxation (0.3 mm) analyses for 600 s. In the early stage of osteoarthritis, the tibial cartilage demonstrated an overall stiffer behaviour attributed to cartilage swelling despite decreased stiffness at the material level. On the other hand, in the late stage of osteoarthritis, the decrease in cartilage thickness led to increased knee deformation. Additionally, increased permeability resulted in accelerated fluid exudation across all osteoarthritis models, and the elevation in void ratio further intensified fluid pressure within the cartilage to a higher magnitude. Furthermore, these changes collectively influenced both the magnitude and distribution of the outcomes. A holistic understanding of the material properties altered in osteoarthritis may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanical performance of cartilage during disease progression.
{"title":"Numerical analysis of a poroelastic cartilage model: Investigating the influence of changing material properties in osteoarthritis","authors":"S. Uzuner","doi":"10.1177/09544089241248147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544089241248147","url":null,"abstract":"Several changes occur in both the cartilage's material properties and anatomical structure as osteoarthritis progresses. Unlike most numerical studies that solely consider individual changes, our study aimed to understand the impact on cartilage mechanics by considering the combined effect of material properties and cartilage thickness varied with osteoarthritis progression. In total, 3 three-dimensional finite element models, representing the intact, early, and late osteoarthritis conditions, were developed to simulate a load-bearing area in the knee. The articular cartilage was modelled as fluid-saturated linear biphasic poroelastic to incorporate solid-fluid interaction. All models underwent prolonged creep (50 N) and relaxation (0.3 mm) analyses for 600 s. In the early stage of osteoarthritis, the tibial cartilage demonstrated an overall stiffer behaviour attributed to cartilage swelling despite decreased stiffness at the material level. On the other hand, in the late stage of osteoarthritis, the decrease in cartilage thickness led to increased knee deformation. Additionally, increased permeability resulted in accelerated fluid exudation across all osteoarthritis models, and the elevation in void ratio further intensified fluid pressure within the cartilage to a higher magnitude. Furthermore, these changes collectively influenced both the magnitude and distribution of the outcomes. A holistic understanding of the material properties altered in osteoarthritis may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanical performance of cartilage during disease progression.","PeriodicalId":506108,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering","volume":"85 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140659521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.1177/09544089241230878
Rajendra Prasad Meena, N. Yuvaraj, Vipin
The parameter selection is essential to achieving the desired bead geometry and minimizing the various defects such as discontinuous weld beads, cracks, porosity, and waviness during the fabrication of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) samples. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of three input process parameters (current, welding speed, and gas flow rate) at three distinct levels on the properties (weld bead width, bead height, and dilution) of samples fabricated using super Duplex 2507 stainless steel through the cold metal transfer (CMT)–WAAM process using response surface methodology (RSM). To create a design of experiment involving three process parameters, a central composite design (CCD) matrix was utilized, and adequacy was checked by ANOVA analysis. The maximum values for weld bead width and bead height were 6.57 mm and 3.43 mm, respectively; the minimum dilution observed was 31.30%. The predicted optimal input parameters were 190.46 A current, 8.94 mm/s welding speed, and 15 l/min shielding gas flow rate. The results indicated that current was the most influential factor in determining the multiple responses, followed by welding speed and gas flow rate. The microstructures were characterized by optical microscopy, and results indicated that the microstructure of weld bead region consisted of ferrite and austenite. The microhardness of the CMT-based WAAM fabricated samples was also evaluated. This study holds significant potential for the fabrication of stainless-steel additive manufacturing products using a CMT-based arc welding process.
{"title":"Optimization of process parameters of cold metal transfer welding-based wire arc additive manufacturing of super Duplex stainless steel using response surface methodology","authors":"Rajendra Prasad Meena, N. Yuvaraj, Vipin","doi":"10.1177/09544089241230878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544089241230878","url":null,"abstract":"The parameter selection is essential to achieving the desired bead geometry and minimizing the various defects such as discontinuous weld beads, cracks, porosity, and waviness during the fabrication of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) samples. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of three input process parameters (current, welding speed, and gas flow rate) at three distinct levels on the properties (weld bead width, bead height, and dilution) of samples fabricated using super Duplex 2507 stainless steel through the cold metal transfer (CMT)–WAAM process using response surface methodology (RSM). To create a design of experiment involving three process parameters, a central composite design (CCD) matrix was utilized, and adequacy was checked by ANOVA analysis. The maximum values for weld bead width and bead height were 6.57 mm and 3.43 mm, respectively; the minimum dilution observed was 31.30%. The predicted optimal input parameters were 190.46 A current, 8.94 mm/s welding speed, and 15 l/min shielding gas flow rate. The results indicated that current was the most influential factor in determining the multiple responses, followed by welding speed and gas flow rate. The microstructures were characterized by optical microscopy, and results indicated that the microstructure of weld bead region consisted of ferrite and austenite. The microhardness of the CMT-based WAAM fabricated samples was also evaluated. This study holds significant potential for the fabrication of stainless-steel additive manufacturing products using a CMT-based arc welding process.","PeriodicalId":506108,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139958676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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