Xiaolin Yang, Jianfeng Zheng, Wolfgang Kainz, Xuemin Chen, Ji Chen
This study investigates variations in radiofrequency- (RF-) induced energy absorption by orthopedic plates within the human body during 1.5T and 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, considering diverse postures. Using the poseable Duke model, we developed typical postures (O-posture, X-posture, Y-posture, and Z-posture) and placed anatomically correct representations of various orthopedic plates within these postures. Numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate electromagnetic fields and RF-induced energy absorption in these postures near orthopedic plates during MRI scans. Comparing RF-induced energy absorption (peak spatial averaged SAR over 1 g, pSAR1g) in postured models to the original posture reveals substantial variations. The pSAR1g differences for X-posture, Y-posture, and Z-posture reach 48%, 134%, and 32% at 1.5T, and 36%, 83%, and 101% at 3T, respectively. Changing posture can lead to higher or lower pSAR1g. These findings underscore the impact of patient posture on RF-induced energy absorption in orthopedic plates on the ulna bone. The study recommends considering representative body postures in future evaluations for MR conditional labeling of passive implants. Until then, maintaining a neutral posture during MR scans is advised to mitigate unforeseen RF-induced heating risks.
{"title":"Impact of Patient Body Posture on RF-Induced Energy Absorption by Orthopedic Plates","authors":"Xiaolin Yang, Jianfeng Zheng, Wolfgang Kainz, Xuemin Chen, Ji Chen","doi":"10.1155/2024/7418643","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/7418643","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates variations in radiofrequency- (RF-) induced energy absorption by orthopedic plates within the human body during 1.5T and 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, considering diverse postures. Using the poseable Duke model, we developed typical postures (O-posture, X-posture, Y-posture, and Z-posture) and placed anatomically correct representations of various orthopedic plates within these postures. Numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate electromagnetic fields and RF-induced energy absorption in these postures near orthopedic plates during MRI scans. Comparing RF-induced energy absorption (peak spatial averaged SAR over 1 g, pSAR<sub>1g</sub>) in postured models to the original posture reveals substantial variations. The pSAR<sub>1g</sub> differences for X-posture, Y-posture, and Z-posture reach 48%, 134%, and 32% at 1.5T, and 36%, 83%, and 101% at 3T, respectively. Changing posture can lead to higher or lower pSAR<sub>1g</sub>. These findings underscore the impact of patient posture on RF-induced energy absorption in orthopedic plates on the ulna bone. The study recommends considering representative body postures in future evaluations for MR conditional labeling of passive implants. Until then, maintaining a neutral posture during MR scans is advised to mitigate unforeseen RF-induced heating risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":50623,"journal":{"name":"Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part B-Magnetic Resonance Engineering","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/7418643","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140839639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joseph Busher, Edith Touchet-Valle, Chenhao Sun, S. Wright, M. McDougall
The utility of interleaved odd-number leg birdcage coils is demonstrated for decoupling in double- and triple-tuned multinuclear applications. The birdcage was designed to geometrically decouple from a planar double-tuned (1H-23Na) array and from a 31P saddle coil insert to create a triple-tuned configuration. Comparisons between an actively detuned coil and a purely geometrically decoupled architecture were used to demonstrate the capabilities of the design. In particular cases, the simplicity and adaptability of the interleaved nine-leg design for multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) offer a straightforward alternative to the often complex and lossy designs currently available for multinuclear birdcages and volume coils.
{"title":"Odd-Leg Birdcages for Geometric Decoupling in Multinuclear Imaging and Spectroscopy","authors":"Joseph Busher, Edith Touchet-Valle, Chenhao Sun, S. Wright, M. McDougall","doi":"10.1155/2023/7137889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7137889","url":null,"abstract":"The utility of interleaved odd-number leg birdcage coils is demonstrated for decoupling in double- and triple-tuned multinuclear applications. The birdcage was designed to geometrically decouple from a planar double-tuned (1H-23Na) array and from a 31P saddle coil insert to create a triple-tuned configuration. Comparisons between an actively detuned coil and a purely geometrically decoupled architecture were used to demonstrate the capabilities of the design. In particular cases, the simplicity and adaptability of the interleaved nine-leg design for multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) offer a straightforward alternative to the often complex and lossy designs currently available for multinuclear birdcages and volume coils.","PeriodicalId":50623,"journal":{"name":"Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part B-Magnetic Resonance Engineering","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82816480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To derive accurate diffusion metrics, both imaging and diffusion-sensitizing gradient pulses should be accounted for when calculating the diffusion-weighted b-matrix. However, it is complex to derive analytical solutions due to complicated interactions between gradient pulses, including orthogonal directions. This study proposes a general framework to calculate the b-matrix automatically (dubbed as Auto-b). Based on the divide-and-conquer approach, the b-matrix calculation is appropriately segmented, and the symbolic mathematical library is applied to handle integration operations for each interval. If the specifications of all gradient pulses are provided to Auto-b, an accurate b-matrix can be obtained. Three examples are explored to validate the accuracy of Auto-b and to detect b-value errors when using approximate calculations. (1) In the conventional spin-echo example, Auto-b exhibits high accuracy, as indicated by the maximum relative deviation of 1.68‰ between its calculated b-matrices and those obtained from analytical expressions. (2) Auto-b is applied to investigate the contribution of imaging gradients to the b-matrix in an optimized spin-echo echo planar imaging sequence at submillimeter resolution. Specifically, ignoring the contribution of imaging gradients results in a b-value error of 12.16 s/mm2 at the 0.8 × 0.8 × 0.8 mm3 resolution and 22.47 s/mm2 at the 0.6 × 0.6 × 0.8 mm3 resolution, respectively, when nominal b = 0. (3) Auto-b is also utilized to analyze the influence of approximate calculations in the spatiotemporally encoded sequence. The results showed that neglecting the contribution of phase-encoding blips causes large b-value errors up to 11.02 s/mm2. In addition, the rectangularization of trapezoidal waveforms led to a high relative b-value error of 39.91%. This study validates the high accuracy of Auto-b and underscores the importance of accurate b-value calculations in both submillimeter imaging and spatiotemporally encoded sequences. Attributed to its automation, accuracy, and broad applicability, Auto-b is helpful for developers of diffusion sequences.
{"title":"A General Framework for Automated Accurate Calculation of b-Matrix (Auto-b) in Diffusion MRI Pulse Sequences","authors":"Lisha Yuan, Dan Wu, Hongjian He, Jianhui Zhong","doi":"10.1155/2023/4610812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4610812","url":null,"abstract":"To derive accurate diffusion metrics, both imaging and diffusion-sensitizing gradient pulses should be accounted for when calculating the diffusion-weighted b-matrix. However, it is complex to derive analytical solutions due to complicated interactions between gradient pulses, including orthogonal directions. This study proposes a general framework to calculate the b-matrix automatically (dubbed as Auto-b). Based on the divide-and-conquer approach, the b-matrix calculation is appropriately segmented, and the symbolic mathematical library is applied to handle integration operations for each interval. If the specifications of all gradient pulses are provided to Auto-b, an accurate b-matrix can be obtained. Three examples are explored to validate the accuracy of Auto-b and to detect b-value errors when using approximate calculations. (1) In the conventional spin-echo example, Auto-b exhibits high accuracy, as indicated by the maximum relative deviation of 1.68‰ between its calculated b-matrices and those obtained from analytical expressions. (2) Auto-b is applied to investigate the contribution of imaging gradients to the b-matrix in an optimized spin-echo echo planar imaging sequence at submillimeter resolution. Specifically, ignoring the contribution of imaging gradients results in a b-value error of 12.16 s/mm2 at the 0.8 × 0.8 × 0.8 mm3 resolution and 22.47 s/mm2 at the 0.6 × 0.6 × 0.8 mm3 resolution, respectively, when nominal b = 0. (3) Auto-b is also utilized to analyze the influence of approximate calculations in the spatiotemporally encoded sequence. The results showed that neglecting the contribution of phase-encoding blips causes large b-value errors up to 11.02 s/mm2. In addition, the rectangularization of trapezoidal waveforms led to a high relative b-value error of 39.91%. This study validates the high accuracy of Auto-b and underscores the importance of accurate b-value calculations in both submillimeter imaging and spatiotemporally encoded sequences. Attributed to its automation, accuracy, and broad applicability, Auto-b is helpful for developers of diffusion sequences.","PeriodicalId":50623,"journal":{"name":"Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part B-Magnetic Resonance Engineering","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81555555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kwon Choi, ChangUk Koo, JeongHun Oh, Jong In Park, H. Hirata, S. Ye
As part of a homebuilt continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer operating at 1.2 GHz, a magnet system for in vivo tooth dosimetry was developed. The magnet was designed by adopting NdFeB permanent magnet (PM) for the main magnetic field generation. For each pole of the magnet, 32 cylindrical PMs were arranged in 2 axially aligned ring arrays. The pole gap was 18 cm, which was wide enough for a human head breadth. The measured magnetic field was compared with the magnetic field distribution calculated in a finite element method (FEM) simulation. EPR spectra of intact human teeth irradiated 5 and 30 Gy were measured for the performance test with the developed magnet system and spectrometer. The measured mean magnetic flux density was estimated to be 44.45 mT with homogeneity of 1,600 ppm in a 2 cm diameter of the spherical volume of the XY plane, which was comparable to the FEM simulation results. The sweep coefficient of the magnetic field sweep coil was 0.35 mT per Ampere in both the measurement and FEM simulation. With ±9 A current, the sweep range was 5.7 mT, which was sufficiently wide to measure the tooth radiation-induced signal (RIS) and reference material. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the measured modulation field was 0.38 mT at the center of the magnet. With the developed magnet fully integrated into an EPR system, the EPR spectra of 5 and 30 Gy irradiated teeth were successfully acquired. The developed magnet system showed sufficiently acceptable performance in terms of magnetic flux density and homogeneity. The EPR spectrum of tooth RIS could be measured ex vivo. The RIS of 5 and 30 Gy irradiated teeth was clearly distinguishable from intact human teeth.
{"title":"Development of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Magnet System for In Vivo Tooth Dosimetry","authors":"Kwon Choi, ChangUk Koo, JeongHun Oh, Jong In Park, H. Hirata, S. Ye","doi":"10.1155/2022/7332324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7332324","url":null,"abstract":"As part of a homebuilt continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer operating at 1.2 GHz, a magnet system for in vivo tooth dosimetry was developed. The magnet was designed by adopting NdFeB permanent magnet (PM) for the main magnetic field generation. For each pole of the magnet, 32 cylindrical PMs were arranged in 2 axially aligned ring arrays. The pole gap was 18 cm, which was wide enough for a human head breadth. The measured magnetic field was compared with the magnetic field distribution calculated in a finite element method (FEM) simulation. EPR spectra of intact human teeth irradiated 5 and 30 Gy were measured for the performance test with the developed magnet system and spectrometer. The measured mean magnetic flux density was estimated to be 44.45 mT with homogeneity of 1,600 ppm in a 2 cm diameter of the spherical volume of the XY plane, which was comparable to the FEM simulation results. The sweep coefficient of the magnetic field sweep coil was 0.35 mT per Ampere in both the measurement and FEM simulation. With ±9 A current, the sweep range was 5.7 mT, which was sufficiently wide to measure the tooth radiation-induced signal (RIS) and reference material. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the measured modulation field was 0.38 mT at the center of the magnet. With the developed magnet fully integrated into an EPR system, the EPR spectra of 5 and 30 Gy irradiated teeth were successfully acquired. The developed magnet system showed sufficiently acceptable performance in terms of magnetic flux density and homogeneity. The EPR spectrum of tooth RIS could be measured ex vivo. The RIS of 5 and 30 Gy irradiated teeth was clearly distinguishable from intact human teeth.","PeriodicalId":50623,"journal":{"name":"Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part B-Magnetic Resonance Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79315690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The analysis of human brain fMRI subjects can research neuro-related diseases and explore the related rules of human brain activity. In this paper, we proposed an algorithm framework to analyze the functional connectivity network of the whole brain and to distinguish Alzheimer’s disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and cognitively normal (CN). In other studies, they use algorithms to select features or extract abstract features, or even manually select features based on prior information. Then, a classifier is constructed to classify the selected features. We designed a concise algorithm framework that uses whole-brain functional connectivity for classification without feature selection. The algorithm framework is a two-hidden-layer neural network based on extreme learning machine (ELM), which overcomes the instability of classical ELM in high-dimensional data scenarios. We use this method to conduct experiments for AD, MCI, and CN data and perform 10-fold cross-validation. We found that it has several advantages: (1) the proposed method has excellent classification accuracy with high speed. The classification accuracy of AD vs. CN is 96.85%, and the accuracy of MCI vs. CN is 95.05%. Their AUC (area under curve) of ROC (receiver operating characteristic curve) reached 0.9891 and 0.9888, respectively. Their sensitivities are 97.1% and 94.7%, and specificities are 96.3% and 95.3%, respectively. (2) Compared with other studies, the proposed method is concise. Construction of a two-hidden-layer neural network is to learn features of the whole brain for the diagnosis of AD and MCI, without the feature screening. It avoids the negative effects of feature screening by algorithm or prior information. (3) The proposed method is suitable for small sample and high-dimensional data. It meets the requirements of medical image analysis. In other studies, its classifiers usually deal with several to dozens of feature dimensions. The proposed method deals with 4005 feature dimensions.
{"title":"Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease with Extreme Learning Machine on Whole-Brain Functional Connectivity","authors":"Jia Lu, Weiming Zeng, Lu Zhang, Yuhu Shi","doi":"10.1155/2022/1047616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1047616","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of human brain fMRI subjects can research neuro-related diseases and explore the related rules of human brain activity. In this paper, we proposed an algorithm framework to analyze the functional connectivity network of the whole brain and to distinguish Alzheimer’s disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and cognitively normal (CN). In other studies, they use algorithms to select features or extract abstract features, or even manually select features based on prior information. Then, a classifier is constructed to classify the selected features. We designed a concise algorithm framework that uses whole-brain functional connectivity for classification without feature selection. The algorithm framework is a two-hidden-layer neural network based on extreme learning machine (ELM), which overcomes the instability of classical ELM in high-dimensional data scenarios. We use this method to conduct experiments for AD, MCI, and CN data and perform 10-fold cross-validation. We found that it has several advantages: (1) the proposed method has excellent classification accuracy with high speed. The classification accuracy of AD vs. CN is 96.85%, and the accuracy of MCI vs. CN is 95.05%. Their AUC (area under curve) of ROC (receiver operating characteristic curve) reached 0.9891 and 0.9888, respectively. Their sensitivities are 97.1% and 94.7%, and specificities are 96.3% and 95.3%, respectively. (2) Compared with other studies, the proposed method is concise. Construction of a two-hidden-layer neural network is to learn features of the whole brain for the diagnosis of AD and MCI, without the feature screening. It avoids the negative effects of feature screening by algorithm or prior information. (3) The proposed method is suitable for small sample and high-dimensional data. It meets the requirements of medical image analysis. In other studies, its classifiers usually deal with several to dozens of feature dimensions. The proposed method deals with 4005 feature dimensions.","PeriodicalId":50623,"journal":{"name":"Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part B-Magnetic Resonance Engineering","volume":"127 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85720951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bao-zhong Lv, K. Shang, Ke Wu, Yuanzhong Xie, Zhenghan Yang, Zhenchang Wang, E. Jin
Introduction. In clinical settings, nodular projection (NP) and cord sign (CS) at the tumor edge and irregular nodules (IN) in the mesorectum often appeared together with extramural vascular invasion (EMVI). We aim to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of the MRI morphology of primary tumor in predicting EMVI in patients with rectal cancer (RC). Methods. This retrospective study included 156 patients with RC. Clinical and imaging factors including NP at the primary tumor’s edge, CS at the primary tumor’s edge, maximal extramural depth (EMD), IN in the mesorectum, growth pattern, tumor length, range of rectal wall invaded (RRWI) by tumor, peritoneal reflex invasion by surgery, and pathology-proven local node involvement (PLN) were evaluated. Then, ROC curve was drawn to depict the meaningful indicators in multivariate analyses. Results. There were 53 (34%) patients with pathological extramural venous invasion (pEMVI). Among the clinical and imaging factors evaluated, NP, CS, IN, EMD, PLN, differentiation, and peritoneal reflex invasion were significantly associated with pEMVI. NP and PLN were independent predictors of EMVI. Areas under the ROC curve (AUC) of NP for prediction of EMVI was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.74–0.90), with a sensitivity of 73.58%, a specificity of 90.29%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 75.59%, a negative predictive value (NPV) of 86.92%, and an accuracy of 84.62%, respectively. Conclusions. Patients with primary tumor with EMVI usually showed NP and CS. NP was an independent predictor of EMVI and helpful for the diagnosis of EMVI in RC patients.
{"title":"Study of Correlation between MRI Morphology of Primary Tumor and Extramural Vascular Invasion in Rectal Cancer","authors":"Bao-zhong Lv, K. Shang, Ke Wu, Yuanzhong Xie, Zhenghan Yang, Zhenchang Wang, E. Jin","doi":"10.1155/2022/9909636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9909636","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. In clinical settings, nodular projection (NP) and cord sign (CS) at the tumor edge and irregular nodules (IN) in the mesorectum often appeared together with extramural vascular invasion (EMVI). We aim to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of the MRI morphology of primary tumor in predicting EMVI in patients with rectal cancer (RC). Methods. This retrospective study included 156 patients with RC. Clinical and imaging factors including NP at the primary tumor’s edge, CS at the primary tumor’s edge, maximal extramural depth (EMD), IN in the mesorectum, growth pattern, tumor length, range of rectal wall invaded (RRWI) by tumor, peritoneal reflex invasion by surgery, and pathology-proven local node involvement (PLN) were evaluated. Then, ROC curve was drawn to depict the meaningful indicators in multivariate analyses. Results. There were 53 (34%) patients with pathological extramural venous invasion (pEMVI). Among the clinical and imaging factors evaluated, NP, CS, IN, EMD, PLN, differentiation, and peritoneal reflex invasion were significantly associated with pEMVI. NP and PLN were independent predictors of EMVI. Areas under the ROC curve (AUC) of NP for prediction of EMVI was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.74–0.90), with a sensitivity of 73.58%, a specificity of 90.29%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 75.59%, a negative predictive value (NPV) of 86.92%, and an accuracy of 84.62%, respectively. Conclusions. Patients with primary tumor with EMVI usually showed NP and CS. NP was an independent predictor of EMVI and helpful for the diagnosis of EMVI in RC patients.","PeriodicalId":50623,"journal":{"name":"Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part B-Magnetic Resonance Engineering","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74344930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aygun Nasibova, Rovshan Khalilov, Huseyn Abiyev, Taras Kavetskyy, Boris Trubitsin, Cumali Keskin, Elham Ahmadian, Aziz Eftekhari
Plant leaves (Eldar pine (Pinus eldarica M.), fig (Ficus carica L.), and olive (Olea europaea L.)), collected in territories with different ecological conditions, of the Absheron Peninsula (Azerbaijan Republic) were studied by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). The generation of nanophase iron oxide magnetic particles in biological systems under the influence of stress factors was revealed. It was found that the process of biomineralization plays a role in the formation of biogenic iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles in plants and the generation of magnetite crystals in biological tissues, and stress factors have a stimulating effect on this phenomenon.
利用电子顺磁共振波谱技术(EPR)对阿塞拜疆阿布sheron半岛不同生态条件下的三种植物(Eldar pine (Pinus eldarica M.)、无花果(Ficus carica L.)和橄榄(Olea europaea L.)进行了研究。揭示了生物系统中在应力因素影响下纳米氧化铁磁性颗粒的生成过程。研究发现，生物矿化过程在植物体内生物源氧化铁磁性纳米颗粒的形成和生物组织中磁铁矿晶体的生成中起作用，胁迫因素对这一现象有刺激作用。
{"title":"Study of Endogenous Paramagnetic Centers in Biological Systems from Different Areas","authors":"Aygun Nasibova, Rovshan Khalilov, Huseyn Abiyev, Taras Kavetskyy, Boris Trubitsin, Cumali Keskin, Elham Ahmadian, Aziz Eftekhari","doi":"10.1155/2021/6787360","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2021/6787360","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Plant leaves (Eldar pine (<i>Pinus eldarica</i> M.), fig (<i>Ficus carica</i> L.), and olive (<i>Olea europaea</i> L.)), collected in territories with different ecological conditions, of the Absheron Peninsula (Azerbaijan Republic) were studied by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). The generation of nanophase iron oxide magnetic particles in biological systems under the influence of stress factors was revealed. It was found that the process of biomineralization plays a role in the formation of biogenic iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles in plants and the generation of magnetite crystals in biological tissues, and stress factors have a stimulating effect on this phenomenon.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50623,"journal":{"name":"Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part B-Magnetic Resonance Engineering","volume":"2021 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2021/6787360","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76847990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hamza Raki, Kevin Tse Ve Koon, Henri Souchay, Fraser Robb, Olivier Beuf
With the objective of improving MR endoluminal imaging of the colonic wall, electromagnetic simulations of different configurations of single-layer and double-layer, and double-turn endoluminal coil geometries were run. Indeed, during colon navigation, variations in coil orientation with respect to B0 are bound to occur, leading to impaired image acquisition due to a loss of signal uniformity. In this work, three typical coil orientations encountered during navigation were chosen and the resulting signal uniformity of the different geometries was investigated through the simulated values. Sampling this quantity over a circle of radius r enabled us to calculate the coefficient of variation (= standard deviation/mean) for this given distance. This procedure was repeated for r ∈ [5; 15] mm, which represents the region of interest in the colon. Our results show that single-loop and double-layer geometries could provide complementary solutions for improved signal uniformity. Finally, using four microelectromechanical system switches, we proposed the design of a reconfigurable endoluminal coil able to switch between those two geometries while also ensuring the active decoupling of the endoluminal coil during the RF transmission of an MR experiment.
为了提高MR腔内结肠壁成像水平，对不同构型的单层、双层和双匝腔内线圈几何形状进行了电磁模拟。事实上，在结肠导航过程中，线圈方向相对于B0的变化必然会发生，由于信号均匀性的丧失，导致图像采集受损。在这项工作中，选择了导航过程中遇到的三种典型线圈方向，并通过模拟b1 x, y / I R t值来研究不同几何形状的信号均匀性。在半径为r的圆上对这个数量进行采样，使我们能够计算出给定距离的变异系数(=标准差/平均值)。对r∈5重复此过程;15mm，代表结肠的目标区域。我们的研究结果表明，单回路和双层几何结构可以为改善信号均匀性提供互补的解决方案。最后，利用四个微机电系统开关，我们提出了一种可重构腔内线圈的设计，能够在这两种几何形状之间切换，同时确保腔内线圈在MR实验的射频传输过程中主动去耦。
{"title":"Electromagnetic Simulation of Signal Distribution of Various RF Endoluminal Loop Geometries with Coil Orientation: Towards a Reconfigurable Design","authors":"Hamza Raki, Kevin Tse Ve Koon, Henri Souchay, Fraser Robb, Olivier Beuf","doi":"10.1155/2021/6614696","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2021/6614696","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>With the objective of improving MR endoluminal imaging of the colonic wall, electromagnetic simulations of different configurations of single-layer and double-layer, and double-turn endoluminal coil geometries were run. Indeed, during colon navigation, variations in coil orientation with respect to B<sub>0</sub> are bound to occur, leading to impaired image acquisition due to a loss of signal uniformity. In this work, three typical coil orientations encountered during navigation were chosen and the resulting signal uniformity of the different geometries was investigated through the simulated <span></span><math></math> values. Sampling this quantity over a circle of radius <i>r</i> enabled us to calculate the coefficient of variation (= standard deviation/mean) for this given distance. This procedure was repeated for <i>r</i> ∈ [5; 15] mm, which represents the region of interest in the colon. Our results show that single-loop and double-layer geometries could provide complementary solutions for improved signal uniformity. Finally, using four microelectromechanical system switches, we proposed the design of a reconfigurable endoluminal coil able to switch between those two geometries while also ensuring the active decoupling of the endoluminal coil during the RF transmission of an MR experiment.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50623,"journal":{"name":"Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part B-Magnetic Resonance Engineering","volume":"2021 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2021/6614696","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88062673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When using ultrahigh-field MR systems (7T), the variations in the RF magnetic field can lead to significant loss in image uniformity. To optimize the overall MR image quality, the image region is divided into multiple smaller regions of interest (the ROIs), which can be independently optimized using transmit array optimization techniques including RF shimming, to improve RF magnetic fields and image intensity. Electromagnetic numerical simulations and corresponding transverse magnetization (|Mt|) acquired using the Bloch equation-based MRI simulator are used to evaluate the proposed method. Compared to the simulation results of quadrature driving method, mean and standard deviation (SD) of |Mt| in the full image (an inner diameter of 500 mm) were improved 47% (mean) and 48% (SD), whereas 94% (max) and 97% (mean) improved in the unaveraged SAR using the proposed method. The uniformity of |Mt| acquired using the method was especially improved in the peripheral region of the selected phantom image compared to that of other methods. The proposed method using multiple independently optimized ROIs and numerical simulations significantly improved the uniformity of |Mt| body images at 7T. This technique would be generally applicable to any high-field strength MR systems, which generate short RF wavelengths compared to the field of view.
{"title":"Novel Method to Improve the Uniformity of 7T Body MR Images","authors":"Bu S. Park, Sunder S. Rajan","doi":"10.1155/2021/6673923","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2021/6673923","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>When using ultrahigh-field MR systems (7T), the variations in the RF magnetic field can lead to significant loss in image uniformity. To optimize the overall MR image quality, the image region is divided into multiple smaller regions of interest (the ROIs), which can be independently optimized using transmit array optimization techniques including RF shimming, to improve RF magnetic fields and image intensity. Electromagnetic numerical simulations and corresponding transverse magnetization (|M<sub>t</sub>|) acquired using the Bloch equation-based MRI simulator are used to evaluate the proposed method. Compared to the simulation results of quadrature driving method, mean and standard deviation (SD) of |<i>M</i><sub>t</sub>| in the full image (an inner diameter of 500 mm) were improved 47% (mean) and 48% (SD), whereas 94% (max) and 97% (mean) improved in the unaveraged SAR using the proposed method. The uniformity of |<i>M</i><sub>t</sub>| acquired using the method was especially improved in the peripheral region of the selected phantom image compared to that of other methods. The proposed method using multiple independently optimized ROIs and numerical simulations significantly improved the uniformity of |<i>M</i><sub>t</sub>| body images at 7T. This technique would be generally applicable to any high-field strength MR systems, which generate short RF wavelengths compared to the field of view.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50623,"journal":{"name":"Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part B-Magnetic Resonance Engineering","volume":"2021 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2021/6673923","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73195890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose. Although full-wave simulations could be used to aid in RF coil design, the algorithms may be too slow for an iterative optimization algorithm. If quasistatic simulations are accurate within the design tolerance, then their use could reduce simulation time by orders of magnitude compared to full-wave simulations. This paper examines the accuracy of quasistatic and full-wave simulations at 3 Tesla. Methods. Three sets of eight coils ranging from 3–10 cm (24 total) were used to measure SNR on three phantoms with conductivities of 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 S/m. The phantom conductivities were chosen to represent those typically found in human tissues. The range of coil element sizes represents the sizes of coil elements seen in typical coil designs. SNR was determined using the magnetic and electric fields calculated by quasistatic and full-wave simulations. Each simulated SNR dataset was scaled to minimize the root mean squared error (RMSE) when compared against measured SNR data. In addition, the noise values calculated by each simulation were compared against benchtop measured noise values. Results. The RMSE was 0.285 and 0.087 for the quasistatic and full-wave simulations, respectively. The maximum and minimum quotient values, when taking the ratio of simulated to measured SNR values, were 1.69 and 0.20 for the quasistatic simulations and 1.29 and 0.75 for the full-wave simulations, respectively. The ratio ranges, for the calculated quasistatic and full-wave total noise values compared to benchtop measured noise values, were 0.83–1.06 and 0.27–3.02, respectively. Conclusions. Full-wave simulations were on average 3x more accurate than the quasistatic simulations. Full-wave simulations were more accurate in characterizing the wave effects within the sample, though they were not able to fully account for the skin effect when calculating coil noise.
{"title":"Quasistatic Solutions versus Full-Wave Solutions of Single-Channel Circular RF Receive Coils on Phantoms of Varying Conductivities at 3 Tesla","authors":"Michael J. Beck, Dennis L. Parker, J. Rock Hadley","doi":"10.1155/2021/6638576","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2021/6638576","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p><i>Purpose</i>. Although full-wave simulations could be used to aid in RF coil design, the algorithms may be too slow for an iterative optimization algorithm. If quasistatic simulations are accurate within the design tolerance, then their use could reduce simulation time by orders of magnitude compared to full-wave simulations. This paper examines the accuracy of quasistatic and full-wave simulations at 3 Tesla. <i>Methods</i>. Three sets of eight coils ranging from 3–10 cm (24 total) were used to measure SNR on three phantoms with conductivities of 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 S/m. The phantom conductivities were chosen to represent those typically found in human tissues. The range of coil element sizes represents the sizes of coil elements seen in typical coil designs. SNR was determined using the magnetic and electric fields calculated by quasistatic and full-wave simulations. Each simulated SNR dataset was scaled to minimize the root mean squared error (RMSE) when compared against measured SNR data. In addition, the noise values calculated by each simulation were compared against benchtop measured noise values. <i>Results</i>. The RMSE was 0.285 and 0.087 for the quasistatic and full-wave simulations, respectively. The maximum and minimum quotient values, when taking the ratio of simulated to measured SNR values, were 1.69 and 0.20 for the quasistatic simulations and 1.29 and 0.75 for the full-wave simulations, respectively. The ratio ranges, for the calculated quasistatic and full-wave total noise values compared to benchtop measured noise values, were 0.83–1.06 and 0.27–3.02, respectively. <i>Conclusions</i>. Full-wave simulations were on average 3x more accurate than the quasistatic simulations. Full-wave simulations were more accurate in characterizing the wave effects within the sample, though they were not able to fully account for the skin effect when calculating coil noise.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50623,"journal":{"name":"Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part B-Magnetic Resonance Engineering","volume":"2021 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8665417/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39595698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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