Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i84349
V. Kousalya, K. T. Prasanna
Aims: This study investigates the sulfur content in biodiesel produced from Calophyllum inophyllum L. seeds collected from various regions in Southern Karnataka. Place and Duration of Study: The study area selected was Southern Karnataka region viz., Bengaluru (Plateau), Hassan (Plain) and Udupi (Coast). Methodology: Calophylum kernels collected at four different places in each district were subjected to the oil extraction process and an acid-base catalyzed transesterification process produced biodiesel due to the high acid value in oil. NaOH was used as a catalyst, and methanol served as the analytical solvent for transesterification reaction. During the process, a 1: 6 oil to methanol ratio was used at 60ºC reaction temperature. The sulfur content in soil, oil and biodiesel was analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) through the CaCl2 extractant method(turbidimetry). Results: The study revealed better biodiesel quality was observed in the Udupi region, followed by Bengaluru and Hassan, as Udupi (coast) is native to this species and rainfall determines the growth performance. Also, biodiesel produced in these three regions met ASTM D6751 and BIS (ISO 15607) standards. The sulphur content in CIME was 7 ppm, 46 ppm and 46 ppm in Bengaluru, Hassan, and Udupi regions, respectively. The soil samples reveal that the total sulfur in the study area ranged from 10.31 ppm to 53.47 ppm. The samples collected from the Udupi region have shown higher sulfur content (42.49 to 53.47 ppm). The higher concentration of sulfur in biodiesel is due to the influence of edaphic factors. Conclusion: Calophyllum is found to be a suitable feedstock for biodiesel production by developing methods for purifying the elements that hinder its quality. The study highlights regional differences in sulfur content, which could impact biodiesel quality standards. These predictions, however, need further work to validate reliability.
{"title":"Influence of Soil Sulfur Content and Other Edaphic Factors on Sulfur Levels in Calophyllum inophyllum L. Biodiesel","authors":"V. Kousalya, K. T. Prasanna","doi":"10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i84349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i84349","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This study investigates the sulfur content in biodiesel produced from Calophyllum inophyllum L. seeds collected from various regions in Southern Karnataka. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: The study area selected was Southern Karnataka region viz., Bengaluru (Plateau), Hassan (Plain) and Udupi (Coast). \u0000Methodology: Calophylum kernels collected at four different places in each district were subjected to the oil extraction process and an acid-base catalyzed transesterification process produced biodiesel due to the high acid value in oil. NaOH was used as a catalyst, and methanol served as the analytical solvent for transesterification reaction. During the process, a 1: 6 oil to methanol ratio was used at 60ºC reaction temperature. The sulfur content in soil, oil and biodiesel was analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) through the CaCl2 extractant method(turbidimetry). \u0000Results: The study revealed better biodiesel quality was observed in the Udupi region, followed by Bengaluru and Hassan, as Udupi (coast) is native to this species and rainfall determines the growth performance. Also, biodiesel produced in these three regions met ASTM D6751 and BIS (ISO 15607) standards. The sulphur content in CIME was 7 ppm, 46 ppm and 46 ppm in Bengaluru, Hassan, and Udupi regions, respectively. The soil samples reveal that the total sulfur in the study area ranged from 10.31 ppm to 53.47 ppm. The samples collected from the Udupi region have shown higher sulfur content (42.49 to 53.47 ppm). The higher concentration of sulfur in biodiesel is due to the influence of edaphic factors. \u0000Conclusion: Calophyllum is found to be a suitable feedstock for biodiesel production by developing methods for purifying the elements that hinder its quality. The study highlights regional differences in sulfur content, which could impact biodiesel quality standards. These predictions, however, need further work to validate reliability.","PeriodicalId":506431,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"50 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141928069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i84348
Faruk Hadžić
This study presents a comprehensive and insightful exploration of climate justice and climate injustice and their social, geopolitical, legal, security, visual and moral dimensions. It contributes perspectives on the global climate crisis and its implications. Theoretically and practically, the paper adds insight into global climate and environmental processes, concepts of climate justice and injustice, environmental and human security, climate visuals, and legal and moral approaches to the observed topics. The study explores contemporary academic scientific literature's methodological trends and critical themes. Besides a meta-analysis, content analysis, thematic analysis, a descriptive method, and an in-depth literature review of various scientific and expert-based data forms, the study incorporated the representation and analysis of visual expressions of climate change consequences and injustice. It also included human-centric aspects and perceptions of youth climate activists. Accordingly, the paper analyzes the essence and goals of climate justice, the consequences of climate injustice, and the positions of wealthy and poorer countries - mainly and severely affected by climate change, and offers normative solutions. Climate injustice processes and occurrences generate social injustice, inequalities, inequities, and exclusions while jeopardizing critical human security.
{"title":"Climate Justice or Climate Injustice on the Planet Earth: Social, Geopolitical, Legal, Security, Visual, and Moral Dimensions","authors":"Faruk Hadžić","doi":"10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i84348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i84348","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a comprehensive and insightful exploration of climate justice and climate injustice and their social, geopolitical, legal, security, visual and moral dimensions. It contributes perspectives on the global climate crisis and its implications. Theoretically and practically, the paper adds insight into global climate and environmental processes, concepts of climate justice and injustice, environmental and human security, climate visuals, and legal and moral approaches to the observed topics. The study explores contemporary academic scientific literature's methodological trends and critical themes. Besides a meta-analysis, content analysis, thematic analysis, a descriptive method, and an in-depth literature review of various scientific and expert-based data forms, the study incorporated the representation and analysis of visual expressions of climate change consequences and injustice. It also included human-centric aspects and perceptions of youth climate activists. Accordingly, the paper analyzes the essence and goals of climate justice, the consequences of climate injustice, and the positions of wealthy and poorer countries - mainly and severely affected by climate change, and offers normative solutions. Climate injustice processes and occurrences generate social injustice, inequalities, inequities, and exclusions while jeopardizing critical human security.","PeriodicalId":506431,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141929070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-27DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74323
Ratagskiégré Joseph Bonkoungou, A. Doumounia, Moumouni Djibo, Serge Roland Sanou, François Zougmoré
Electromagnetic waves emitted between antennas interact with the atmosphere, undergoing absorption, scattering, and emission processes. Previous studies have shown that the relationship between specific attenuation (K) due to rain of these microwaves and the precipitation rate (R) can be modeled by an empirical power law. The coefficients "a" and "b" of this relationship, linking microwave signal attenuation to precipitation rate, vary depending on frequency, temperature, raindrop size distribution, and other parameters. Thus, it is crucial to obtain data adapted to specific geographical and environmental conditions for accurate rainfall rate assessment. In this study, we determined for the first time in Burkina Faso, the values of "a" and "b" using data from a disdrometer installed in Nazinga. These Data were collected from October 1, 2016, to September 26, 2017, over a period of about one year. These values were used in the relationship to determine rainfall rates. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the different series of values of the rain is over 0.9. A comparison of the cumulative rainfall rates determined with the data from a rain gauge at Bobo Dioulasso airport was made. There is a perfect correlation between the values determined in Nazinga and those of Doumounia et al., 2019 with bias values ranging between -3,31 and 0.61 depending on the frequency value and its polarization. The discrepancy between the series of values and those of the rain gauge highlights the need to take local conditions into account when determining the values of "a" and "b" for a better determination of rainfall rates.
{"title":"Determination of the Coefficients \"a\" and \"b\" of the K-R Relationship for Accurate Measurement of Water Quantity Using Cellular Links in Burkina Faso","authors":"Ratagskiégré Joseph Bonkoungou, A. Doumounia, Moumouni Djibo, Serge Roland Sanou, François Zougmoré","doi":"10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74323","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic waves emitted between antennas interact with the atmosphere, undergoing absorption, scattering, and emission processes. Previous studies have shown that the relationship between specific attenuation (K) due to rain of these microwaves and the precipitation rate (R) can be modeled by an empirical power law. The coefficients \"a\" and \"b\" of this relationship, linking microwave signal attenuation to precipitation rate, vary depending on frequency, temperature, raindrop size distribution, and other parameters. Thus, it is crucial to obtain data adapted to specific geographical and environmental conditions for accurate rainfall rate assessment. \u0000In this study, we determined for the first time in Burkina Faso, the values of \"a\" and \"b\" using data from a disdrometer installed in Nazinga. These Data were collected from October 1, 2016, to September 26, 2017, over a period of about one year. These values were used in the relationship to determine rainfall rates. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the different series of values of the rain is over 0.9. A comparison of the cumulative rainfall rates determined with the data from a rain gauge at Bobo Dioulasso airport was made. There is a perfect correlation between the values determined in Nazinga and those of Doumounia et al., 2019 with bias values ranging between -3,31 and 0.61 depending on the frequency value and its polarization. The discrepancy between the series of values and those of the rain gauge highlights the need to take local conditions into account when determining the values of \"a\" and \"b\" for a better determination of rainfall rates.","PeriodicalId":506431,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"6 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141797258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-27DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74324
Ahmed Al Nashrey
As an alternative to fossil fuels-based power generation, hydropower offers cheap operating and maintenance costs, a clean, and sustainable domestic energy source. Currently, hydro resources account for about more than 15% of the global electricity, with renewables accounting for 70% of the total. While 150 countries produce hydropower, the kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has around 559 dams that could have the capacity for hydropower energy production. KSA can meet its internal demand, produce an excess for export, and create jobs for its people by utilising its renewable resource. Therefore, this paper reviews KSA’s current dams and assesses their environmental and socioeconomic impacts and then, it is conducted out technical feasibility study if is sustainable to retrofit Hydroelectric Power (HEP) to existing dams.
{"title":"A Review of the Impact of Impounded Rivers in KSA and as an Assessment of their Potential for Hydroelectric Power Generation","authors":"Ahmed Al Nashrey","doi":"10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74324","url":null,"abstract":"As an alternative to fossil fuels-based power generation, hydropower offers cheap operating and maintenance costs, a clean, and sustainable domestic energy source. Currently, hydro resources account for about more than 15% of the global electricity, with renewables accounting for 70% of the total. While 150 countries produce hydropower, the kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has around 559 dams that could have the capacity for hydropower energy production. KSA can meet its internal demand, produce an excess for export, and create jobs for its people by utilising its renewable resource. Therefore, this paper reviews KSA’s current dams and assesses their environmental and socioeconomic impacts and then, it is conducted out technical feasibility study if is sustainable to retrofit Hydroelectric Power (HEP) to existing dams.","PeriodicalId":506431,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"88 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141798088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-27DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74322
Sakthiselvi T, Thomas George, Visal Kumar S, R. B., Anith K N, A. B., Gowri Priya
Flonicamid is extensively used to manage rice crop from sucking insect pests owing to its high efficacy and relatively non-hazardous nature. Frequent sprayings over the course of the crop season elevate concerns regarding the possibility of residues on crops and soils. The study aimed to investigate the dissipation of foliar-applied flonicamid in rice ecosystem after single, double and triple application frequencies using a modified QuEChERS method combined with UHPLC-MS/MS. Recoveries of 74.34-116.36% were obtained for flonicamid in rice and soil matrices with relative standard deviation less than 7 and Horwitz ratio within 0.3. In the field experiment, flonicamid had half-lives of 2.75 to 3.15 days in leaves and 9.01 days in grains. No significant differences in residues were found after each application frequency owing to the similar environmental conditions prevailed during the growing season. A waiting period of 25 days is recommended for flonicamid when considering crop use for fodder purposes. In soil, no residues were detected regardless of the frequency of application. Upon harvest, residues were detected only in grains treated three times with flonicamid. Dietary risk assessment indicated that risk quotient values were below 1, suggesting no associated risks.
{"title":"Degradation Dynamics of Flonicamid Insecticide Residues in Rice Crop and Soil in Southern Kerala and Its Dietary Risk Assessment","authors":"Sakthiselvi T, Thomas George, Visal Kumar S, R. B., Anith K N, A. B., Gowri Priya","doi":"10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74322","url":null,"abstract":"Flonicamid is extensively used to manage rice crop from sucking insect pests owing to its high efficacy and relatively non-hazardous nature. Frequent sprayings over the course of the crop season elevate concerns regarding the possibility of residues on crops and soils. The study aimed to investigate the dissipation of foliar-applied flonicamid in rice ecosystem after single, double and triple application frequencies using a modified QuEChERS method combined with UHPLC-MS/MS. Recoveries of 74.34-116.36% were obtained for flonicamid in rice and soil matrices with relative standard deviation less than 7 and Horwitz ratio within 0.3. In the field experiment, flonicamid had half-lives of 2.75 to 3.15 days in leaves and 9.01 days in grains. No significant differences in residues were found after each application frequency owing to the similar environmental conditions prevailed during the growing season. A waiting period of 25 days is recommended for flonicamid when considering crop use for fodder purposes. In soil, no residues were detected regardless of the frequency of application. Upon harvest, residues were detected only in grains treated three times with flonicamid. Dietary risk assessment indicated that risk quotient values were below 1, suggesting no associated risks.","PeriodicalId":506431,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"66 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141798296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-27DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74321
Satish, Sunil Shirwal, Veerangouda, M, Sushilendra, Ananda N
The experiment was conducted to study the operational parameters drone mounted sprayer to determine the actual application rate required. The hexa-copter drone mounted sprayer of 10 L was selected to for pre-field test. The treatment plot size of 15mx20m area was marked. The drone mounted sprayer operated at autonomous mode. The experiments were conducted at five different levels of independent parameters, viz, forward speed (1, 2, 3.5 5 and 6 m) and height of spray (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 m). Dependent parameters like as swath width, application rate and field capacity were determined. The design expert software RSM central composite design was sused for optimal number of experiments. The total combinations of 13 experiment treatments were conducted. The results obtained at the maximum and minimum application rate of drone mounted sprayer was found to be 133 and 33.1 l ha-1. The swath width of drone mounted sprayer was in the range of 1.8 to 6 m.
{"title":"Studies on Operational Parameters of Drone Mounted Sprayer to Determine the Application Rate for Herbicide Application in Crops","authors":"Satish, Sunil Shirwal, Veerangouda, M, Sushilendra, Ananda N","doi":"10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74321","url":null,"abstract":"The experiment was conducted to study the operational parameters drone mounted sprayer to determine the actual application rate required. The hexa-copter drone mounted sprayer of 10 L was selected to for pre-field test. The treatment plot size of 15mx20m area was marked. The drone mounted sprayer operated at autonomous mode. The experiments were conducted at five different levels of independent parameters, viz, forward speed (1, 2, 3.5 5 and 6 m) and height of spray (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 m). Dependent parameters like as swath width, application rate and field capacity were determined. The design expert software RSM central composite design was sused for optimal number of experiments. The total combinations of 13 experiment treatments were conducted. The results obtained at the maximum and minimum application rate of drone mounted sprayer was found to be 133 and 33.1 l ha-1. The swath width of drone mounted sprayer was in the range of 1.8 to 6 m.","PeriodicalId":506431,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"9 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141797749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74320
Raushan Kumar Yadav, Shefali Kesarwani, V. Dhawan, P. Sinha, Arpana Pandey
Forests plays important role in ecosystem. Forest shows a variety of ecosystem services, one of the most important ones being absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and converting it into biomass. Biomass refers to the mass of the living organism within a tree. Forests play a major role in sequestering carbon and regulating the global carbon and energy cycles. Accurately estimating forest biomass is crucial for understanding carbon stock and sequestration, forest degradation, and climate change mitigation. The primary objective of this research paper is to find out above ground biomass as well as carbon stock of coniferous species of Chakrata forest division also known as “Jaunsar Bawar” located in the state Uttarakhand. Sample plots are selected on random basis in 22 compartments from where data is collected. Techniques used for assessment of biomass are traditional field measurement. Biomass has measured through collection of information on DBH, Number of tree species, tree height etc within sample plots. The present study demonstrates that Chakrata forest division is one of most floristic diverse forest area. Chakrata forest division is very diverse consisting of 5 major forest types from sub-tropical to alpine forest. Under Chakrata forest division Kanasar forest range is acclaimed in Asia for Deodar tree growth. Present study also illustrates the well growth of Deodar, Kail, Silver fir and Spruce. In this study highest average AGB 107.41 tonnes/ha is recorded in case of Cedrus deodara species with Average carbon stock of 226.7 tonnes/ha as compared to Fir and spruce which are 53.51 tones/ha and 113.29 tonnes/ha. In case of species Pinus wallichiana Average above ground biomass is 38.3 ton/ha and average carbon stock is 81.08 ton/ha.
{"title":"Comparative Study of Above Ground Biomass and Carbon Stock in Chakrata Forest Division","authors":"Raushan Kumar Yadav, Shefali Kesarwani, V. Dhawan, P. Sinha, Arpana Pandey","doi":"10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74320","url":null,"abstract":"Forests plays important role in ecosystem. Forest shows a variety of ecosystem services, one of the most important ones being absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and converting it into biomass. Biomass refers to the mass of the living organism within a tree. Forests play a major role in sequestering carbon and regulating the global carbon and energy cycles. Accurately estimating forest biomass is crucial for understanding carbon stock and sequestration, forest degradation, and climate change mitigation. The primary objective of this research paper is to find out above ground biomass as well as carbon stock of coniferous species of Chakrata forest division also known as “Jaunsar Bawar” located in the state Uttarakhand. Sample plots are selected on random basis in 22 compartments from where data is collected. Techniques used for assessment of biomass are traditional field measurement. Biomass has measured through collection of information on DBH, Number of tree species, tree height etc within sample plots. The present study demonstrates that Chakrata forest division is one of most floristic diverse forest area. Chakrata forest division is very diverse consisting of 5 major forest types from sub-tropical to alpine forest. Under Chakrata forest division Kanasar forest range is acclaimed in Asia for Deodar tree growth. Present study also illustrates the well growth of Deodar, Kail, Silver fir and Spruce. In this study highest average AGB 107.41 tonnes/ha is recorded in case of Cedrus deodara species with Average carbon stock of 226.7 tonnes/ha as compared to Fir and spruce which are 53.51 tones/ha and 113.29 tonnes/ha. In case of species Pinus wallichiana Average above ground biomass is 38.3 ton/ha and average carbon stock is 81.08 ton/ha.","PeriodicalId":506431,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"50 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141799734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74319
Falak Fayaz, Ramji Singh, Mohammad Waris Haider
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a soil-borne plant fungal pathogen with a broad host range and infects over 400 plant species at all growth and development stages. In chickpeas,it affects both the seedlings as they tend to collapse at the soil line and in grown up plants experience stem rot and non specific wilting. Trichoderma spp. act as an effective biocontrol agent for managing myriads of plant pathogens affecting various crops at different stages of growth. The research aimed to compare the antagonistic potential of lab-maintained Trichoderma harzianum strains (SV-1, SV-2, SV3, SV-14, SV-18, and IRRI-1) with those re-isolated from soil after intervals of 30, 60 and 90 days. Its already known that pathogens if subcultured for long suffer from attenuation in their virulence, on the similar lines we intended to determine whether some degree of loss in their antagonistic potential over the same strains inoculated and re-isolated from their natural ecological niche existed or so. In a dual culture assay, re-isolated strains demonstrated superior antagonistic effects on the pathogen's mycelial growth compared to lab-maintained counterparts. Notably, re-isolated strain SV-18 exhibited a 14.83% increase in antagonistic activity compared to the mother culture, while others showed an increase ranging from 6.99% to 9.32% after 30 days. Although the difference was slightly reduced after 60 days, it underscored the potential loss in antagonistic efficacy for Trichoderma harzianum strains subjected to decade long culturing and sub-culturing. Furthermore, a significant variation was reported in the inhibition %age between the re-isolations performed statistically as F(static) 46.3426 was reported to be much larger than the critical value. These findings highlight the significance of re-isolated strains outperforming in inhibiting the pathogen, emphasizing the importance of biocontrol agents functioning optimally in their natural ecological niches.
{"title":"Comparative Study of Antagonistic Effect of Soil-Derived Strains of Trichoderma harzianum Against Sclerotinia sclerotium (Lib). de Bary under In vitro Conditions","authors":"Falak Fayaz, Ramji Singh, Mohammad Waris Haider","doi":"10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74319","url":null,"abstract":"Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a soil-borne plant fungal pathogen with a broad host range and infects over 400 plant species at all growth and development stages. In chickpeas,it affects both the seedlings as they tend to collapse at the soil line and in grown up plants experience stem rot and non specific wilting. Trichoderma spp. act as an effective biocontrol agent for managing myriads of plant pathogens affecting various crops at different stages of growth. The research aimed to compare the antagonistic potential of lab-maintained Trichoderma harzianum strains (SV-1, SV-2, SV3, SV-14, SV-18, and IRRI-1) with those re-isolated from soil after intervals of 30, 60 and 90 days. Its already known that pathogens if subcultured for long suffer from attenuation in their virulence, on the similar lines we intended to determine whether some degree of loss in their antagonistic potential over the same strains inoculated and re-isolated from their natural ecological niche existed or so. In a dual culture assay, re-isolated strains demonstrated superior antagonistic effects on the pathogen's mycelial growth compared to lab-maintained counterparts. Notably, re-isolated strain SV-18 exhibited a 14.83% increase in antagonistic activity compared to the mother culture, while others showed an increase ranging from 6.99% to 9.32% after 30 days. Although the difference was slightly reduced after 60 days, it underscored the potential loss in antagonistic efficacy for Trichoderma harzianum strains subjected to decade long culturing and sub-culturing. Furthermore, a significant variation was reported in the inhibition %age between the re-isolations performed statistically as F(static) 46.3426 was reported to be much larger than the critical value. These findings highlight the significance of re-isolated strains outperforming in inhibiting the pathogen, emphasizing the importance of biocontrol agents functioning optimally in their natural ecological niches.","PeriodicalId":506431,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"116 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141802238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74317
Sujatha G S, Gadde Anil Kumar, Katta Subramanya Sai Teja, Dharanikota Lalithambica Devi, V. E, Aradhana Panda, R. J S, Saransh Kumar Gautam
Sericulture, the practice of silkworm cultivation to produce silk, has been around for thousands of years and is even a part of cultural significance in Asia. But, the changes in climate change have created so many problems due to physical and physiological factors that are affecting silkworm larvae (Bombyx mori) as well as mulberry plants which is primary food of silkworm. In this review, we address about the influence of climate change on sericulture by discussing pertinent studies in relation to rising temperatures and temperature changes; self-defensive responses related with heat waves; precipitation changes. Growth and cocoon quality in the optimal range for silkworm are so critical to temperature and humidity, that deviating from them lowers silk production while higher numbers can deteriorate death rates. In addition, climate change results in shifts of mulberry plant physiology and pest dynamics which are additional complications to sericulture practices.In alignment with the above, research and development is oriented toward climate-resilient silkworm breeding lines, improved mulberry cultivation practices, and modern technologies like remote sensing and GIS for efficient resource management. Works of planned future interest include bettering the quality of genetic research for the development of more resilient silkworm strains and the performance of comprehensive vulnerability assessments to formulate suitable adaptation strategies. Ensuring the resilience and economic viability of the sericulture industry in the face of climate change is crucial for sustaining long-term silk production if the mitigation measures discussed in this paper are put in place.
{"title":"A Comprehensive Review of the Effect and Mitigation of Climate Change on Sericulture","authors":"Sujatha G S, Gadde Anil Kumar, Katta Subramanya Sai Teja, Dharanikota Lalithambica Devi, V. E, Aradhana Panda, R. J S, Saransh Kumar Gautam","doi":"10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74317","url":null,"abstract":"Sericulture, the practice of silkworm cultivation to produce silk, has been around for thousands of years and is even a part of cultural significance in Asia. But, the changes in climate change have created so many problems due to physical and physiological factors that are affecting silkworm larvae (Bombyx mori) as well as mulberry plants which is primary food of silkworm. In this review, we address about the influence of climate change on sericulture by discussing pertinent studies in relation to rising temperatures and temperature changes; self-defensive responses related with heat waves; precipitation changes. Growth and cocoon quality in the optimal range for silkworm are so critical to temperature and humidity, that deviating from them lowers silk production while higher numbers can deteriorate death rates. In addition, climate change results in shifts of mulberry plant physiology and pest dynamics which are additional complications to sericulture practices.In alignment with the above, research and development is oriented toward climate-resilient silkworm breeding lines, improved mulberry cultivation practices, and modern technologies like remote sensing and GIS for efficient resource management. Works of planned future interest include bettering the quality of genetic research for the development of more resilient silkworm strains and the performance of comprehensive vulnerability assessments to formulate suitable adaptation strategies. Ensuring the resilience and economic viability of the sericulture industry in the face of climate change is crucial for sustaining long-term silk production if the mitigation measures discussed in this paper are put in place.","PeriodicalId":506431,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"57 51","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141804836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74315
Md. Touhidul Islam, Nusrat Jahan, N. Das, Md. Asibur Rahman Abir, Abdullah Al Ferdaus, M. S. Islam, Mohammed Mizanur Rahman, A. Adham
Flood risk management is essential in Bangladesh, frequently affected by severe flooding due to its location at the confluence of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers. This study assesses the effectiveness of Gumbel and Log-Pearson Type III (LP3) probability distributions for flood frequency analysis at the Bhairab Bazar station in the Upper Meghna River. Using 32 years (1990-2021) of annual peak discharge data from the Bangladesh Water Development Board, flood magnitudes were predicted for various return periods. The Gumbel distribution predicted discharges from 10,709.71 m³/s for a 2-year return period to 24,519.62 m³/s for a 200-year return period, while LP3 estimates ranged from 10,701.51 m³/s to 22,911.84 m³/s for the same periods. The peak over threshold (POT) approach yielded higher discharge estimates, showing its sensitivity to extreme events. For a 200-year return period, the Gumbel-POT and LP3-POT estimates were 22,117.40 m³/s and 21,964.07 m³/s, respectively. Goodness-of-fit tests, including Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anderson-Darling, and Chi-squared, favored the LP3 distribution for both extreme value series (EVS) and POT data, especially in critical tail regions. A rating curve was also developed using the generalized reduced gradient algorithm to better understand the river's hydraulic behavior. These findings are crucial for local flood management strategies. Discharges exceeding critical thresholds, like the 5.8-m danger level and 6.8-m severe flood level, highlight the need for robust measures. This analysis offers essential insights for designing hydraulic structures, planning flood mitigation, and improving prediction models to enhance flood risk assessments in the Upper Meghna River basin.
{"title":"Enhancing Flood Risk Management: A Comparative Study of Regional Frequency Models in the Upper Meghna River, Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Touhidul Islam, Nusrat Jahan, N. Das, Md. Asibur Rahman Abir, Abdullah Al Ferdaus, M. S. Islam, Mohammed Mizanur Rahman, A. Adham","doi":"10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74315","url":null,"abstract":"Flood risk management is essential in Bangladesh, frequently affected by severe flooding due to its location at the confluence of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers. This study assesses the effectiveness of Gumbel and Log-Pearson Type III (LP3) probability distributions for flood frequency analysis at the Bhairab Bazar station in the Upper Meghna River. Using 32 years (1990-2021) of annual peak discharge data from the Bangladesh Water Development Board, flood magnitudes were predicted for various return periods. The Gumbel distribution predicted discharges from 10,709.71 m³/s for a 2-year return period to 24,519.62 m³/s for a 200-year return period, while LP3 estimates ranged from 10,701.51 m³/s to 22,911.84 m³/s for the same periods. The peak over threshold (POT) approach yielded higher discharge estimates, showing its sensitivity to extreme events. For a 200-year return period, the Gumbel-POT and LP3-POT estimates were 22,117.40 m³/s and 21,964.07 m³/s, respectively. Goodness-of-fit tests, including Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anderson-Darling, and Chi-squared, favored the LP3 distribution for both extreme value series (EVS) and POT data, especially in critical tail regions. A rating curve was also developed using the generalized reduced gradient algorithm to better understand the river's hydraulic behavior. These findings are crucial for local flood management strategies. Discharges exceeding critical thresholds, like the 5.8-m danger level and 6.8-m severe flood level, highlight the need for robust measures. This analysis offers essential insights for designing hydraulic structures, planning flood mitigation, and improving prediction models to enhance flood risk assessments in the Upper Meghna River basin.","PeriodicalId":506431,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"111 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141802062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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