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Les batteries sont-elles la bonne option pour un développement durable ? 电池是可持续发展的正确选择吗?
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-12-16 DOI: 10.5802/crgeos.27
Jean-Marie Tarascón
The challenges related to energy storage have led, over the past decade, to a scientific proliferation giving birth to spectacular innovations in battery research. They have contributed in making todays electric mobility a reality, and have been key enablers in the deployment of renewable energies. However, it is legitimate to wonder what will be the battery of the future and, in particular, if this battery will be the right option for sustainable development. This is what this manuscript addresses by discussing many aspects of battery research enlisting performances improvements in terms of autonomy, durability and safety. Moreover it presents on ongoing strategies aiming towards the development of more eco-compatible and smarter batteries, based either on new chemistries enlisting abundant metals (Na-ion), on innovative recycling processes or on the injections of smart sensing and self-healing functionalities. Such a diversity of fundamental scientific challenges emerging from concrete technological bottlenecks generates a myriad of fascinating opportunities to arouse new generation of talented students to take part in this exciting adventure. Mots-clés. Batteries, Énergie, Stockage, Lithium, CO2. ISSN (electronic) : 1778-7025 https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/ 402 Jean-Marie Tarascon
在过去的十年里,与储能相关的挑战导致了科学的激增,催生了电池研究的惊人创新。他们为实现当今的电动出行做出了贡献,也是可再生能源部署的关键推动者。然而,我们有理由怀疑未来的电池会是什么,尤其是这种电池是否是可持续发展的正确选择。这就是本文通过讨论电池研究的许多方面来解决的问题,包括自主性、耐用性和安全性方面的性能改进。此外,它还介绍了旨在开发更环保、更智能的电池的持续战略,这些战略要么基于吸收丰富金属(钠离子)的新化学物质,要么基于创新的回收工艺,要么基于智能传感和自我修复功能的注入。从具体的技术瓶颈中出现的各种基本科学挑战为激发新一代有才华的学生参与这场激动人心的冒险创造了无数迷人的机会。Mots clés。电池,能源,储存,锂,二氧化碳。ISSN(电子版):1778-7025https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/402让-马里·塔拉斯康
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引用次数: 4
Quelles transitions pour l’atténuation du changement climatique ? Transformations globales, enjeux sociétaux, et leçons pour la décision 缓解气候变化的过渡是什么?全球转型、社会问题和决策经验教训
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-12-16 DOI: 10.5802/crgeos.18
H. Waisman
The IPCC Special report on “Global Warming of 1.5 °C” identifies the greenhouse gas emissions trajectories compatible with the global mitigation goal of the Paris Agreement, presents the mitigation actions required to follow these trajectories and analyses the synergies and trade-offs with sustainable development objectives. The assessment highlights the necessity to implement drastic global carbon emissions reductions in the short term, to reach global carbon neutrality between 2050 and 2070 and to implement targeted actions to limit other greenhouse gases. To this aim, rapid and far-reaching transformations are required in energy, industrial, infrastructure and land-use systems. Adopting systemic strategies combining policy packages elaborated according to the specificities of each country context and with a long-term perspective is a requirement for ensuring that these ISSN (electronic) : 1778-7025 https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/
政府间气候变化专门委员会关于"全球变暖1.5°C "的特别报告确定了符合《巴黎协定》全球减缓目标的温室气体排放轨迹,介绍了遵循这些轨迹所需的减缓行动,并分析了与可持续发展目标的协同作用和权衡。该评估强调,有必要在短期内大幅减少全球碳排放,在2050年至2070年之间实现全球碳中和,并采取有针对性的行动限制其他温室气体的排放。为此目的,需要在能源、工业、基础设施和土地使用系统方面进行迅速而深远的改革。采用系统战略,结合根据每个国家具体情况制定的一揽子政策,并具有长远的眼光,是确保这些ISSN(电子):1778-7025 https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/的必要条件
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引用次数: 2
Le rôle de l’énergie nucléaire dans la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique : atouts et faiblesses dans une approche intégrée 核能在应对全球变暖中的作用:综合方法的优点和缺点
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-11-04 DOI: 10.5802/crgeos.21
Y. Bréchet
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引用次数: 0
Les villes et le climat : Bâtiments et urbanisme 城市与气候:建筑与城市规划
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-11-04 DOI: 10.5802/crgeos.19
V. Viguié
Urban policies and city inhabitants behaviors are at the forefront of global environmental issues. We live indeed in an urbanizing world, and cities are responsible for approximately two third of global energy consumptions. How buildings are built, and how cities are organized are both key drivers of greenhouse gases emissions. Making them coherent with environmental constraints often lead to co-benefits with other urban issues such as economic competitiveness or social inclusiveness. This explains why cities are globally active concerning climate change, even if much still needs to be
城市政策和城市居民行为是全球环境问题的前沿。我们确实生活在一个城市化的世界中,城市的能源消耗约占全球能源消耗的三分之二。建筑的建造方式和城市的组织方式都是温室气体排放的关键驱动因素。使它们与环境约束保持一致,往往会与其他城市问题(如经济竞争力或社会包容性)产生协同效益。这就解释了为什么城市在全球范围内积极应对气候变化,即使还有很多地方需要这样做
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引用次数: 0
Énergie et climat : défis et innovations 能源与气候:挑战与创新
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-11-04 DOI: 10.5802/crgeos.25
D. Roux
Access to energy is a key factor in the economic development of countries. We will first examine the evolution of different ways to access to energy and their correlations with world population and countries’ GDP. We will see that the objectives of reducing carbon dioxide emissions which require a profound transformation of our access to energy will be very difficult to achieve. We will also see that the thermal improvement of buildings, and in particular the renovation of existing housing, is one of the possible objective. Mots-clés. Énergie, Climat, Efficacité énergétique, Bâtiment, Rénovation.
获得能源是各国经济发展的一个关键因素。我们将首先研究不同能源获取方式的演变及其与世界人口和各国GDP的相关性。我们将看到,减少二氧化碳排放的目标将很难实现,这需要我们对能源获取方式进行深刻的转变。我们还将看到,建筑物的热改造,特别是现有住房的翻新,是可能的目标之一。Mots clés。Énergie、Climat、Efficaciténergétique、Bâtiment、Rénovation。
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引用次数: 0
Detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology from the Upper Carboniferous sediments of Benxi Formation in the North China Craton: implications for tectonic-sedimentary evolution 华北克拉通本溪组上石炭统碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学及其构造-沉积演化意义
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-11-04 DOI: 10.5802/crgeos.17
Wuling Mo, Fang Liyong, Wei Guoqi, Liu Xinshe, Zhang Chunlin, L. Mancang, Su Nan, Liu Yan, Wu Saijun, Xing Fengcun
The provenance of the Upper Carboniferous Benxi Formation in North China Craton (NCC) has been considered as the northern margin of the NCC, not the North Qinling Orogenic Belt. To understand the provenance and the tectonic-sedimentary evolution during the sedimentary period of the Benxi Formation, the zircon U–Pb geochronology analysis was conducted on eleven clastic sandstone samples. The south of the NCC received clastic sediments from the North Qinling Orogenic Belt. The orogenic movements around the NCC in the Late Carboniferous period had significant impacts on the changes in paleotopography. During the early sedimentary period of the Hutian member of the Benxi Formation, the north of the Qinling Orogenic Belt was rapidly uplifted, and paleotopography was south-uplifting and north-dipping; thus, the clastic source was the North Qinling Orogenic Belt. From the late sedimentary period of the Benxi Formation Hutian member to the sedimentary period of the Jinci member, paleotopography was reversed. The northern margin of the NCC quickly uplifted, and paleotopography was north-uplifting and south-dipping. Two distinct provenances were present in the sediments of the Benxi Formation. The sediments were supplied predominately by the provenance in the north.
华北克拉通上石炭系本溪组的物源被认为是北秦岭造山带的北缘,而不是北秦岭造山地带。为了了解本溪组沉积期的物源和构造沉积演化,对11个碎屑砂岩样品进行了锆石U–Pb地质年代分析。北秦岭以南为北秦岭造山带碎屑沉积区。晚石炭世时期北秦岭周围的造山运动对古地形的变化产生了重大影响。本溪组湖田段早期沉积期,秦岭造山带北部快速抬升,古地形呈南抬北倾;碎屑来源于北秦岭造山带。本溪组湖田段沉积晚期至晋祠段沉积期,古地形发生逆转。北秦岭北缘快速隆起,古地形呈北隆南倾。本溪组沉积物中存在两种不同的物源。沉积物主要由北部的物源提供。
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引用次数: 1
Potential-field geophysical data inversion for 3D modelling and reserve estimation (Example of the Hajjar mine, Guemassa massif, Morocco): magnetic and gravity data case 三维建模和储量估算的位场地球物理数据反演(以摩洛哥Guemassa地块Hajjar矿为例):磁重数据案例
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-11-04 DOI: 10.5802/crgeos.10
Saâd Soulaimani, S. Chakiri, A. Manar, Ayoub Soulaimani, A. Miftah, M. Bouiflane
Geophysical data inversion is a tool, which can be used to recover the subsurface distribution of physical properties from field data. Each type of geophysical data can be inverted using one or more inversion algorithms. In this paper, a set of geophysical magnetic and gravity data of the Hajjar area in Morocco, covering an extent of 3.2× 1.6 km2, were used to make a 3D model of an orebody and to estimate the mineral reserve by potential-field geophysical data inversion and excess mass estimation. We thus promote the development and application of potential-field geophysical data inversion using the softwares Geosoft Oasis Montaj and Voxi Earth ModellingTM and the evaluation of its power compared to the excess mass estimation method. The process of inversion begins with data processing, then moves to analysis and interpretation, and ends with unconstrained Cartesian cut cell inversion. The results show a variation of −0.22 mGal to 1.59 mGal for the gravity residual anomaly map, leading to have density variations from 2.45 g/cm3 to 4.22 g/cm3, and a variation of −232 nT to 1018 nT for the reduced magnetic anomaly map. Moreover, data inversion allowed us to create a 3D model of the orebody and of the adjacent geological formation, and to estimate the different parameters that characterize the orebody derived from the inversion results, which have been confirmed from survey data: (depth ≈ 160 m; maximum ∗Corresponding author. ISSN (electronic) : 1778-7025 https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/ 140 Saâd Soulaimani et al. density ≈ 4.22 g/cm3; minimum density ≈ 3 g/cm3; mean density ≈ 3.61 g/cm3; thickness of the overburden ≈120 m; dip ≈ 45◦; morphology ≈ lens; volume ≈ 4.8×106 m3). It was therefore possible to evaluate the reserve, and to validate the reliability of the inversion by having a root mean square error between the exploited reserve and the calculated reserve of 13.5%, i.e. an insignificant difference between the real and calculated magnetic and gravity orebody responses, which support the validity of the results.
地球物理数据反演是一种从野外数据中恢复地表物理性质分布的工具。每种类型的地球物理数据都可以使用一种或多种反演算法进行反演。本文利用摩洛哥哈贾尔地区一组3.2×1.6km2的地球物理磁、重数据,建立了矿体的三维模型,并通过势场地球物理数据反演和过剩质量估计来估计矿产储量。因此,我们推动了利用Geosoft Oasis Montaj和Voxi Earth ModellingTM软件进行势场地球物理数据反演的开发和应用,并与超质量估计方法进行了功率评估。反演过程从数据处理开始,然后进入分析和解释,最后以无约束笛卡尔剪切单元反演结束。结果显示,重力残余异常图的变化范围为-0.22 mGal至1.59 mGal,导致密度变化范围为2.45 g/cm3至4.22 g/cm3,而还原磁异常图的密度变化范围则为-232 nT至1018 nT。此外,数据反演使我们能够创建矿体和相邻地质构造的3D模型,并根据反演结果估计矿体的不同参数,这些参数已从调查数据中得到证实:(深度≈160 m;最大值*通讯作者。ISSN(电子版):1778-7025https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/140 Saâd Soulaimani等人,密度≈4.22 g/cm3;最小密度≈3 g/cm3;平均密度≈3.61g/cm3;覆盖层厚度≈120m;倾角≈45◦; 形态学≈晶状体;体积≈4.8×106 m3)。因此,可以评估储量,并通过开采储量和计算储量之间的均方根误差为13.5%来验证反演的可靠性,即实际和计算的磁性和重力矿体响应之间的微小差异,这支持了结果的有效性。
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引用次数: 3
Quelles transformations pour l’atténuation du changement climatique ? Des trajectoires d’émissions mondiales à la trajectoire française 减缓气候变化需要哪些转变?从全球排放轨迹到法国轨迹
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-11-04 DOI: 10.5802/crgeos.23
C. Guivarch
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引用次数: 0
Captage et Stockage du CO 2  : le puits de carbone géologique 二氧化碳捕获和储存:地质碳汇
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-09-10 DOI: 10.5802/crgeos.20
Isabelle Czernichowski-Lauriol
The geological carbon sink consists of “putting back” the carbon into the subsurface from which it was extracted, in order to reduce incompressible residual CO2 emissions. Complementary to terrestrial (soils and forests) and oceanic carbon sinks, it is expected to play a key role in achieving carbon neutrality. 19 CO2 capture and storage (CCS) projects are already in operation worldwide. Major research and innovation efforts are being carried out to scale up and deploy this technology wherever it is needed. France, Europe and many countries believe that CCS will be essential to achieve the objectives of the Paris climate agreement and limit global warming to +1.5 ◦C. Mots-clés. Climat, Emissions, Neutralité carbone, CSC, CSCV.
地质碳汇包括将碳“放回”提取碳的地下,以减少不可压缩的残余二氧化碳排放。作为陆地(土壤和森林)和海洋碳汇的补充,预计它将在实现碳中和方面发挥关键作用。全球已有19个二氧化碳捕获和储存(CCS)项目在运行。正在进行重大的研究和创新工作,以扩大这项技术的规模,并将其部署到任何需要的地方。法国、欧洲和许多国家认为,CCS对于实现巴黎气候协定的目标和将全球变暖限制在+1.5至关重要◦C.汽车。气候、排放、碳中和、CSC、CSCV。
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引用次数: 6
Physical volcanology and emplacement mechanism of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) lava flows from the Central High Atlas, Morocco 摩洛哥中部高阿特拉斯中大西洋岩浆省(CAMP)熔岩流的物理火山学和侵位机制
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-07-15 DOI: 10.5802/crgeos.7
H. E. Hachimi, N. Youbi, J. Madeira, A. Marzoli, J. Mata, H. Bertrand, M. K. Bensalah, Moulay Ahmed Boumehdi, M. Doblas, F. Medina, M. Abbou, L. Martins
The best preserved and most complete lava flow sequences of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) in Morocco are exposed in the Central High Atlas and can reach up to 300 m in thickness. Four distinct formations, emplaced in subaerial environments, are classically recognized: the ∗Corresponding author. ISSN (electronic) : 1778-7025 https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/ 456 Hind El Hachimi et al. Lower, Intermediate, Upper and Recurrent formations. These formations are separated by paleosoils and sedimentary sequences (mudstones, siltstones, sandstones, limestones), that are in general less than two meter-thick and may exceptionally reach a thickness of 80 m, representing minor periods of volcanic quiescence. CAMP lava flows of the Central High Atlas can be grouped into two main categories: subaerial compound pahoehoe flows and simple flows. The former type is exclusively confined to the Lower and Intermediate Formations, while simple flows occur in the Upper and Recurrent Formations. The dominance of compound flows in the two lowermost units of the CAMP suggests a slow emplacement during successive sustained eruptive episodes. Instead the thick single flows characterizing the Upper and Recurrent units indicate higher effusive rates. Basaltic pillow lavas (always of short lateral extent: 10 to 100 m), showing radial jointing and vitreous rinds, identical to those found in the Western Meseta, are occasionally associated with hyaloclastites in the base of the Intermediate Formation, immediately above clastic sediments, or in the Upper Formation. The occurrence of pillow lavas does not imply a generalized subaqueous environment at the time of the lava emission. Instead, they represent subaerial flows that entered small lakes occupying depressions on the volcanic topography of the Lower and Intermediate Formations. The short lateral extent of the pillow lavas and their constant stratigraphic position, the existence of lava flows with unequivocal subaerial characteristics associated to sediments containing fossilized wood, clearly indicate onshore emplacement.
摩洛哥中大西洋岩浆省(CAMP)保存最完好、最完整的熔岩流层序暴露在中部高地图集,厚度可达300 m。四种不同的地层,位于地面环境中,被经典地识别:ISSN(电子):1778-7025 https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/ 456 Hind El Hachimi等。下、中、上、回地层。这些地层被古土壤和沉积层(泥岩、粉砂岩、砂岩、灰岩)隔开,通常厚度不到2米,也有可能达到80米,代表了火山静止的小时期。中央高阿特拉斯的CAMP熔岩流可分为两大类:陆上复合pahoe流和简单流。前一种类型仅局限于下部和中间组,而简单的流动发生在上部和回流组。在CAMP最底部的两个单元中,复合流占主导地位,表明在连续持续的喷发事件中缓慢就位。相反,上单元和回流单元的厚单流表明较高的渗出率。玄武岩枕状熔岩(通常横向范围较短:10 - 100米),呈放射状节理和玻璃状外壳,与在西梅塞塔发现的相同,偶尔与中间组底部、碎屑沉积物上方或上组的透明质碎屑岩相关联。枕状熔岩的出现并不意味着熔岩喷发时是一个普遍的水下环境。相反,它们代表了进入占据下、中地层火山地形洼地的小湖泊的陆上水流。枕状熔岩的横向范围短,地层位置稳定,熔岩流的存在与含有化石木材的沉积物相关联,具有明确的陆上特征,清楚地表明了陆上侵位。
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引用次数: 2
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Comptes Rendus Geoscience
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