Pub Date : 2024-03-15DOI: 10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-3
E. V. Bersenev, I. Bakhshiev
This article aims at evaluating the potential of geometric morphometry by means of an example of analysis of shapes of the Bronze Age sickles from the Volga-Ural region, as compared with the traditional morphometric approach. For the study, cast bronze sickles with hooks, categorized by V.A. Dergachev and V.S. Bochkarev into the Ibrakaevo, Derbeden, Perelyub and Yavlenka types using the traditional morphometric approach, have been selected. The analysis was applied to only full drawings of the items, including reconstructed ones, while fragmented items were not considered. The sample constitutes 167 objects: 86 Ibrakaevo, 49 Derbeden, 24 Perelyub, and 8 of the Yavlenka type. Application of geometric morphometry tools shows that, within the sample, three main forms can be easily identified, with the exception of the sickles earlier attributed to the Yavlenka type, probably due to their small number. Prepara-tion of primary files for recording landmark coordinates and processing of files with recorded coordinates were carried out in the tpsUtil program. The analysis of characteristics of changes of the forms was carried out using the principal component method in the MorphoJ program. Summarizing the obtained results, we can say that the principal components method has been able to identify three main variations of the objects. Most clear are the differences between the Ibrakaevo and Derbeden types, which show virtually no overlap. An intermediate position between them is taken by the Perelyub type, which is also distinctively grouped in the graph being close to the Ibrakaev group. In terms of identifying individual types, the results of the study are rather consistent with the data obtained by the tradi-tional morphometry. At the same time, it is possible to trace the vectors of shape variability for all types of tools based on three main components. Overall, it can be concluded that the method of geometric morphometry demonstrates its efficiency for the analysis of shapes of metal sickles and in future it could be applied to wider sample groups.
{"title":"Implementation of geometric morphometry in the study of shapes of Bronze Age sickles from the Volga-Ural region","authors":"E. V. Bersenev, I. Bakhshiev","doi":"10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-3","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims at evaluating the potential of geometric morphometry by means of an example of analysis of shapes of the Bronze Age sickles from the Volga-Ural region, as compared with the traditional morphometric approach. For the study, cast bronze sickles with hooks, categorized by V.A. Dergachev and V.S. Bochkarev into the Ibrakaevo, Derbeden, Perelyub and Yavlenka types using the traditional morphometric approach, have been selected. The analysis was applied to only full drawings of the items, including reconstructed ones, while fragmented items were not considered. The sample constitutes 167 objects: 86 Ibrakaevo, 49 Derbeden, 24 Perelyub, and 8 of the Yavlenka type. Application of geometric morphometry tools shows that, within the sample, three main forms can be easily identified, with the exception of the sickles earlier attributed to the Yavlenka type, probably due to their small number. Prepara-tion of primary files for recording landmark coordinates and processing of files with recorded coordinates were carried out in the tpsUtil program. The analysis of characteristics of changes of the forms was carried out using the principal component method in the MorphoJ program. Summarizing the obtained results, we can say that the principal components method has been able to identify three main variations of the objects. Most clear are the differences between the Ibrakaevo and Derbeden types, which show virtually no overlap. An intermediate position between them is taken by the Perelyub type, which is also distinctively grouped in the graph being close to the Ibrakaev group. In terms of identifying individual types, the results of the study are rather consistent with the data obtained by the tradi-tional morphometry. At the same time, it is possible to trace the vectors of shape variability for all types of tools based on three main components. Overall, it can be concluded that the method of geometric morphometry demonstrates its efficiency for the analysis of shapes of metal sickles and in future it could be applied to wider sample groups.","PeriodicalId":506530,"journal":{"name":"VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII","volume":"22 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140240542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-15DOI: 10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-14
Z. Khasanova
The area of this study includes the south-east of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Abzelilovo, Burzyan, Baimak, Beloretsk districts) predominantly inhabited by the Bashkir people. The chronological framework of the research spans the 20th and early 21st centuries, i.e. the time when horse wedding decoration was still used by the Bashkirs in some locations, attesting to preser-vation of long-standing ethnic traditions. The aim of this study is to analyse decoration elements of horse in the wedding cere-mony among the south-eastern Bashkirs in the 20th and early 21st centuries, including caparisons, saddle blankets, breastplates, bellybands, and cruppers. The source basis includes author’s fieldwork materials collected during in 2010, 2017–2019 and 2023, as well as archival materials, museum collections in the city of Ufa and rural school museums preserving rare exhibits. Standard scientific methods, such as comparative historical research, scientific description and analysis, have been used. Du-ring the collection of field materials, traditional ethnographic research approach was also used, including observation, photofixa-tion and in-depth interviewing conducted in the Bashkir language, which allowed us recording local names of the wedding horse decoration. Analyzed were ornamented caparisons, saddle blankets, breastplates, bellybands and cruppers as attributes of the Bashkir wedding ceremony in the south-east of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The festive horse decoration was part of a bridal dowry; the bride herself participated in its making. The bridal horse decoration in the wedding ceremony performed social, sac-ral and aesthetic functions. It was enriched with sacral signs and symbols to protect from bewitching and evil spirits. A young wife moved to husband’s house on her horse decorated for wedding accompanied by her husband, girlfriends and close rela-tives. Until the 19th century, the bride would have ridden astride, but already at the turn of the 20th century that would be quite a rare phenomenon. However, in some villages there were single cases of the observance of this rite even in the mid-20th century. It has been found that in the 20th century in the south-east of the Republic of Bashkortostan several types of wedding capari-sons, different in their ornaments, materials and techniques, were used. There were several types of appliqué and kuskar em-broidery. The altered form of the wedding horse decoration has been preserved until the early 21st century.
{"title":"Ornamental design of textile elements in the wedding decoration of horse among the Bashkirs","authors":"Z. Khasanova","doi":"10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-14","url":null,"abstract":"The area of this study includes the south-east of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Abzelilovo, Burzyan, Baimak, Beloretsk districts) predominantly inhabited by the Bashkir people. The chronological framework of the research spans the 20th and early 21st centuries, i.e. the time when horse wedding decoration was still used by the Bashkirs in some locations, attesting to preser-vation of long-standing ethnic traditions. The aim of this study is to analyse decoration elements of horse in the wedding cere-mony among the south-eastern Bashkirs in the 20th and early 21st centuries, including caparisons, saddle blankets, breastplates, bellybands, and cruppers. The source basis includes author’s fieldwork materials collected during in 2010, 2017–2019 and 2023, as well as archival materials, museum collections in the city of Ufa and rural school museums preserving rare exhibits. Standard scientific methods, such as comparative historical research, scientific description and analysis, have been used. Du-ring the collection of field materials, traditional ethnographic research approach was also used, including observation, photofixa-tion and in-depth interviewing conducted in the Bashkir language, which allowed us recording local names of the wedding horse decoration. Analyzed were ornamented caparisons, saddle blankets, breastplates, bellybands and cruppers as attributes of the Bashkir wedding ceremony in the south-east of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The festive horse decoration was part of a bridal dowry; the bride herself participated in its making. The bridal horse decoration in the wedding ceremony performed social, sac-ral and aesthetic functions. It was enriched with sacral signs and symbols to protect from bewitching and evil spirits. A young wife moved to husband’s house on her horse decorated for wedding accompanied by her husband, girlfriends and close rela-tives. Until the 19th century, the bride would have ridden astride, but already at the turn of the 20th century that would be quite a rare phenomenon. However, in some villages there were single cases of the observance of this rite even in the mid-20th century. It has been found that in the 20th century in the south-east of the Republic of Bashkortostan several types of wedding capari-sons, different in their ornaments, materials and techniques, were used. There were several types of appliqué and kuskar em-broidery. The altered form of the wedding horse decoration has been preserved until the early 21st century.","PeriodicalId":506530,"journal":{"name":"VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII","volume":"17 45","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140240467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-15DOI: 10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-8
E. Tigeeva
The article examines non-ferrous metal products from the Baitovo Culture materials of the Early Iron Age hillfort of Marai 1. This settlement is located in the forest-steppe of the Ishim River region of Western Siberia. The upper building hori-zon marks the settlement of the Baitovo Culture dating to the 4th–2nd centuries BC. Metallographic analysis of 28 items was carried out using the Axio Observer D1m microscope (Zeiss). As a result, eight technological schemes characteristic for the metalworking activities of the Baitovo population have been identified. The study shows that prevailing were smithing tech-nologies in different temperature regimes for the production of non-ferrous metal objects (16 specimens, 57.2 %). The pref-erence was given to hot forging in the red-heat regime at 600–800°C (7 specimens, 25 %), cold forging with annealing (5 specimens, 17.8 %), as well as incomplete hot forging at 300–500°C (3 specimens, 10.7 %). Casting without further refine-ment was recorded in the microstructures of arrowheads, ingots and splashes (9 specimens, 14.2 %). Casting, followed by a slight degree of deformation (20–30 %), was noted in three cases. This scheme correlates with the metalworking traditions of the Itkul and Krasnoozerskaya Cultures, and it was dominant on the territory of the Tobol-Ishim region during the Early Iron Age. Such a low percentage of items related to it could be explained by the absence in Marai 1 of large items cast in moulds needing further refinement (knives, celts, etc.). A microstructural study confirmed the use of pure oxidized copper by the craftsmen of the Baitovo Culture, with characteristic inclusions of Cu–Cu2O eutectic, associated with the Ural production centres. Arrowheads and an ingot made of pure oxidized copper were probably a direct import from the territory of the Itkul Culture. Low-alloy tin and arsenic bronzes, coming from the metal production centres of Kazakhstan and Altai, were also used to the same extent for production of some tools and jewellery. The correlation between the type of product, composition of raw materials and technology of its manufacture has been revealed, which is most clearly manifested in arrowheads and awls. The use of high temperatures and significant degrees of compression (80–90 %) has been recorded in a number of cases, resulting in the appearance of rejects. Cracks of hot brittleness, as well as of cold brittleness, occurred in the process of technological cycle, carried out with an excess of the tensile strength of the metal.
{"title":"Metallographic study of non-ferrous metal products from the Maray 1 site of the Baitovo Cul-ture in the Lower Ishim River region","authors":"E. Tigeeva","doi":"10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-8","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines non-ferrous metal products from the Baitovo Culture materials of the Early Iron Age hillfort of Marai 1. This settlement is located in the forest-steppe of the Ishim River region of Western Siberia. The upper building hori-zon marks the settlement of the Baitovo Culture dating to the 4th–2nd centuries BC. Metallographic analysis of 28 items was carried out using the Axio Observer D1m microscope (Zeiss). As a result, eight technological schemes characteristic for the metalworking activities of the Baitovo population have been identified. The study shows that prevailing were smithing tech-nologies in different temperature regimes for the production of non-ferrous metal objects (16 specimens, 57.2 %). The pref-erence was given to hot forging in the red-heat regime at 600–800°C (7 specimens, 25 %), cold forging with annealing (5 specimens, 17.8 %), as well as incomplete hot forging at 300–500°C (3 specimens, 10.7 %). Casting without further refine-ment was recorded in the microstructures of arrowheads, ingots and splashes (9 specimens, 14.2 %). Casting, followed by a slight degree of deformation (20–30 %), was noted in three cases. This scheme correlates with the metalworking traditions of the Itkul and Krasnoozerskaya Cultures, and it was dominant on the territory of the Tobol-Ishim region during the Early Iron Age. Such a low percentage of items related to it could be explained by the absence in Marai 1 of large items cast in moulds needing further refinement (knives, celts, etc.). A microstructural study confirmed the use of pure oxidized copper by the craftsmen of the Baitovo Culture, with characteristic inclusions of Cu–Cu2O eutectic, associated with the Ural production centres. Arrowheads and an ingot made of pure oxidized copper were probably a direct import from the territory of the Itkul Culture. Low-alloy tin and arsenic bronzes, coming from the metal production centres of Kazakhstan and Altai, were also used to the same extent for production of some tools and jewellery. The correlation between the type of product, composition of raw materials and technology of its manufacture has been revealed, which is most clearly manifested in arrowheads and awls. The use of high temperatures and significant degrees of compression (80–90 %) has been recorded in a number of cases, resulting in the appearance of rejects. Cracks of hot brittleness, as well as of cold brittleness, occurred in the process of technological cycle, carried out with an excess of the tensile strength of the metal.","PeriodicalId":506530,"journal":{"name":"VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII","volume":"3 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140241432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-15DOI: 10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-18
T. V. Voldina
Ethnicity is a dynamic category based on ethnic background. Most clearly it is expressed in the traditional environment, natural for the preservation of cultural traditions, which is associated with ancestral places, rural areas. In recent years, the number of representatives of indigenous peoples of the North living in the cities of Yugra has increased significantly. The main force of national intelligentsia is concentrated in the city of Khanty-Mansiysk, public institutions have been created there that became a part of the modern ethnic culture of the Ob Ugrians. The most representative part of this community are women, they clearly show their creative nature. The purpose of this work is to capture the features of the expression of ethnicity among Khanty women of different generations living in urban conditions, to trace its changes and continuity using the example of resi-dents of Khanty-Mansiysk. To assess this topic, a “look from the inside” is characteristic, the author places herself in the center of the study, as she belongs to this community. The stories of famous Khanty women who were born in the 1930s in a traditional environment but became citizens, as well as stories of their daughters and granddaughters born in the city, serve as a “refe-rence”. The author concludes on the natural “blurring” of ethnic identity in city environment. This is a natural process caused by the environment itself, as well as by metisation of urban residents. The process of assimilation of ethnic cultures in urban condi-tions is faster. The “true” representatives of traditional culture in urban environment are those born in rural areas. The first gen-eration of urban women (“mothers”) keeps in touch with the traditional environment, usually speaks their native language and appears as representatives of ethnic culture. The second generation (“daughters”) takes a marginal position in relation to their native culture and the urbanized environment, they are able to perceive their native culture, but at a different level; they rather carry a universal identity. Representatives of the third generation (“granddaughters”), as a rule, are not speakers of their native language and bearers of the culture, and their ethnic identity is expressed in preserving the memory of their ancestors.
{"title":"Khanty urban women in the second half of the 20th — early 21st century: continuity of ethnocul-tural traditions, a view from the “inside”","authors":"T. V. Voldina","doi":"10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-18","url":null,"abstract":"Ethnicity is a dynamic category based on ethnic background. Most clearly it is expressed in the traditional environment, natural for the preservation of cultural traditions, which is associated with ancestral places, rural areas. In recent years, the number of representatives of indigenous peoples of the North living in the cities of Yugra has increased significantly. The main force of national intelligentsia is concentrated in the city of Khanty-Mansiysk, public institutions have been created there that became a part of the modern ethnic culture of the Ob Ugrians. The most representative part of this community are women, they clearly show their creative nature. The purpose of this work is to capture the features of the expression of ethnicity among Khanty women of different generations living in urban conditions, to trace its changes and continuity using the example of resi-dents of Khanty-Mansiysk. To assess this topic, a “look from the inside” is characteristic, the author places herself in the center of the study, as she belongs to this community. The stories of famous Khanty women who were born in the 1930s in a traditional environment but became citizens, as well as stories of their daughters and granddaughters born in the city, serve as a “refe-rence”. The author concludes on the natural “blurring” of ethnic identity in city environment. This is a natural process caused by the environment itself, as well as by metisation of urban residents. The process of assimilation of ethnic cultures in urban condi-tions is faster. The “true” representatives of traditional culture in urban environment are those born in rural areas. The first gen-eration of urban women (“mothers”) keeps in touch with the traditional environment, usually speaks their native language and appears as representatives of ethnic culture. The second generation (“daughters”) takes a marginal position in relation to their native culture and the urbanized environment, they are able to perceive their native culture, but at a different level; they rather carry a universal identity. Representatives of the third generation (“granddaughters”), as a rule, are not speakers of their native language and bearers of the culture, and their ethnic identity is expressed in preserving the memory of their ancestors.","PeriodicalId":506530,"journal":{"name":"VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII","volume":"32 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140239955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-15DOI: 10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-5
S.E. Panteleeva
This article presents the results of chronostratigraphic analysis of cultural deposits in a sector of line 1 of the Konoplyanka 2 settlement in the southern Trans-Urals. During the excavations, materials of the Srubnaya (its Srubnaya-Alakul’ variant) and Cherkaskul’ Cultures were obtained. The Srubnaya-Alakul’ population was actively settling across this territory in the first third of the 2nd millennium BC. The Cherkaskul’ population came into the region later from the northern areas. Identification of Cher-kaskul’ objects in the multilayer steppe sites is a topical scientific problem. During the excavations of the Konoplyanka 2 settle-ment, the remains of house 1, which contained four wells, a household pit and a sacrifice place were studied. Intriguing was the discrepancy between the obtained data and the results of the geophysical survey. While the intensive rounded magnetic anomalies, as expected, matched the wells and a household pit, the linear magnetic anomalies did not correspond to the con-tour of the house walls. Studies have revealed that house 1 was erected during the Srubnaya-Alakul’ building phase. Investiga-tion of the spatial distribution of pottery was undertaken to clarify the position of the Cherkaskul’ deposits. The study included three analytical stages: the distribution of shards by depth, correlation of pottery types with soil layers, and the planigraphic distribution of fragments. As a result of this exercise, another structure — Cherkaskul’ house 2 — was found above the Srub-naya-Alakul’ house 1. Comparing the contours of this structure with the results of geomagnetic mapping suggests that the linear anomalies mark the walls of the actual Cherkaskul’ house. As such, two houses attributed to two building phases were identified at Konoplyanka 2; their dimensions and configuration were established, and the organization of the internal space has been considered. Noteworthy, the settlement does not contain layers of the final period of the Bronze Age. Due to this, we are dealing with a rare example of the satisfactory preservation of the Cherkaskul’ deposits. Thus, the settlement of Konoplyanka 2 contri-butes to the list of the known sites of the Cherkaskul’ Culture in the steppe Trans-Urals, representing a prospective object for further archaeological research.
{"title":"The settlement of Konoplyanka 2: a new site of the Cherkaskul’ Culture in the steppe Trans-Urals (results of research on line 1)","authors":"S.E. Panteleeva","doi":"10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-5","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the results of chronostratigraphic analysis of cultural deposits in a sector of line 1 of the Konoplyanka 2 settlement in the southern Trans-Urals. During the excavations, materials of the Srubnaya (its Srubnaya-Alakul’ variant) and Cherkaskul’ Cultures were obtained. The Srubnaya-Alakul’ population was actively settling across this territory in the first third of the 2nd millennium BC. The Cherkaskul’ population came into the region later from the northern areas. Identification of Cher-kaskul’ objects in the multilayer steppe sites is a topical scientific problem. During the excavations of the Konoplyanka 2 settle-ment, the remains of house 1, which contained four wells, a household pit and a sacrifice place were studied. Intriguing was the discrepancy between the obtained data and the results of the geophysical survey. While the intensive rounded magnetic anomalies, as expected, matched the wells and a household pit, the linear magnetic anomalies did not correspond to the con-tour of the house walls. Studies have revealed that house 1 was erected during the Srubnaya-Alakul’ building phase. Investiga-tion of the spatial distribution of pottery was undertaken to clarify the position of the Cherkaskul’ deposits. The study included three analytical stages: the distribution of shards by depth, correlation of pottery types with soil layers, and the planigraphic distribution of fragments. As a result of this exercise, another structure — Cherkaskul’ house 2 — was found above the Srub-naya-Alakul’ house 1. Comparing the contours of this structure with the results of geomagnetic mapping suggests that the linear anomalies mark the walls of the actual Cherkaskul’ house. As such, two houses attributed to two building phases were identified at Konoplyanka 2; their dimensions and configuration were established, and the organization of the internal space has been considered. Noteworthy, the settlement does not contain layers of the final period of the Bronze Age. Due to this, we are dealing with a rare example of the satisfactory preservation of the Cherkaskul’ deposits. Thus, the settlement of Konoplyanka 2 contri-butes to the list of the known sites of the Cherkaskul’ Culture in the steppe Trans-Urals, representing a prospective object for further archaeological research.","PeriodicalId":506530,"journal":{"name":"VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII","volume":"22 51","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140240395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-15DOI: 10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-16
E. Shershneva, P. Dashkovskiy
In this article, the functioning of Muslim parishes in the Elysee province in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries is being examined. The paper has been prepared using archival materials of the State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Central State Historical Archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan, many of which are being introduced into scientific discourse for the first time. The archival materials are presented by petitions from Muslims of the Yenisei Province, and the associated correspondence from provincial departments and the Orenburg Mohammedan Spiritual Assembly. Based on the analysis of the source base, it has been established that the active construction of religious buildings on the territory of the Yenisei Province by Muslims only started in the beginning of the 20th century. Mosques performed not only a religious function for Muslims, but also a public institution uniting representatives of the Islamic tradition. Despite the fact that the community was obliged to cover all construction and maintenance costs itself, the process of obtaining such permissions was quite lengthy. For example, in the city of Yeniseisk, it took several years for the Muslim community to obtain the permission and build a mosque. The first petition for the permission to build a mosque in Yeniseisk was sent to the Orenburg Mohammedan Spiritual Assembly in 1865, and the mosque itself was built only in 1906. To obtain the permission to build a religious building, the Muslim community had to prove its worth, both before provincial authorities and the Orenburg Mohammedan Spiritual Assembly. A separate decision on the possibility of building a mosque in the region was given by the diocesan authorities in order to establish the fact that a religious building built by Muslims would not infringe on the interests of the Orthodox population, as well as attract the newly baptized people. At the beginning of the 20th century, with the increase in the number of immigrants in the region, there was a discernible trend towards the larger number of Muslim communities in the Yenisei Province, and at the same time of the construction of mosques. Furthermore, during this period, there were certain relaxations in the requirements for religious construction for Mus-lims. However, all these changes, as well as active position of the Muslim population in the region still required lengthy corre-spondence with government officials, as well as spiritual departments, both of the Muslims themselves and the Russian Ortho-dox Church. One of the main problems, which remained intractable even in the beginning of the 20th century, was concerned with the compliance with norms of the Construction Charter regarding the size of the parish. The Yenisei Province remained being a multi-confessional region, where the Muslim community was not always dense.
{"title":"Muslim mosques of the Yenisei province in the legal framework of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century","authors":"E. Shershneva, P. Dashkovskiy","doi":"10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-16","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the functioning of Muslim parishes in the Elysee province in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries is being examined. The paper has been prepared using archival materials of the State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Central State Historical Archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan, many of which are being introduced into scientific discourse for the first time. The archival materials are presented by petitions from Muslims of the Yenisei Province, and the associated correspondence from provincial departments and the Orenburg Mohammedan Spiritual Assembly. Based on the analysis of the source base, it has been established that the active construction of religious buildings on the territory of the Yenisei Province by Muslims only started in the beginning of the 20th century. Mosques performed not only a religious function for Muslims, but also a public institution uniting representatives of the Islamic tradition. Despite the fact that the community was obliged to cover all construction and maintenance costs itself, the process of obtaining such permissions was quite lengthy. For example, in the city of Yeniseisk, it took several years for the Muslim community to obtain the permission and build a mosque. The first petition for the permission to build a mosque in Yeniseisk was sent to the Orenburg Mohammedan Spiritual Assembly in 1865, and the mosque itself was built only in 1906. To obtain the permission to build a religious building, the Muslim community had to prove its worth, both before provincial authorities and the Orenburg Mohammedan Spiritual Assembly. A separate decision on the possibility of building a mosque in the region was given by the diocesan authorities in order to establish the fact that a religious building built by Muslims would not infringe on the interests of the Orthodox population, as well as attract the newly baptized people. At the beginning of the 20th century, with the increase in the number of immigrants in the region, there was a discernible trend towards the larger number of Muslim communities in the Yenisei Province, and at the same time of the construction of mosques. Furthermore, during this period, there were certain relaxations in the requirements for religious construction for Mus-lims. However, all these changes, as well as active position of the Muslim population in the region still required lengthy corre-spondence with government officials, as well as spiritual departments, both of the Muslims themselves and the Russian Ortho-dox Church. One of the main problems, which remained intractable even in the beginning of the 20th century, was concerned with the compliance with norms of the Construction Charter regarding the size of the parish. The Yenisei Province remained being a multi-confessional region, where the Muslim community was not always dense.","PeriodicalId":506530,"journal":{"name":"VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII","volume":"72 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140238308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-15DOI: 10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-4
A.N. Usachuk, L. Kuptsova
In this article, we analyze bone products from the male burial No. 9 of the cemetery near the Berezovaya Mountain (Oren-burg District of the Cis-Ural region) attributed to the Sintashta Culture (20th–18th centuries BC). The funerary complex is specifi-cally interesting because it combines the ritual and inventory of representatives of the Seima-Turbino phenomenon and items belonging to chariot cultures. Furthermore, an item rare for the cultures of the chariot circle of the Ural region was placed in the burial — a disc-shaped bone buckle. The aim of this work is to find an analogy for this buckle and for other bone items of the complex using traceology data. The buckle was traceologically processed on 31st July 2002 in the campus of the Orenburg archaeological expedition two days after its discovery; at the same time its drawing was made. An astragalus and a fragment of the articular angle of the animal's scapula, both having been placed within the burial, were also analysed. Due to field condi-tions, a portable contact microscope “Mikko” was used. The main focus of this work is the buckle. The results of the traceologi-cal analysis are being introduced into the scientific discourse. Besides, for the first time this article presents the results of tra-ceological study of a similar object from burial mound 27 near the city of Atkarsk. A total of 15 buckles with similar morphology have been analyzed, 11 of them have traceological definitions. A fragment of the product of the same type was only once identi-fied in the Sintashta necropolis (grave 30 of the Sintashta burial ground); the majority of similar items derive from the sites of the Abashev Culture of the Volga-Don region. It has been revealed that the analyzed artifacts could have been used as both belt buckles and ornaments/amulets. The artifact from the burial ground near the Berezovaya Mountain is most likely a buckle, jud-ging by its size and the size of the central hole. The discovery of a buckle typologically characteristic of the Don-Volga Abashevo Culture in the Sintashta Culture necropolis demonstrates the western connections of the population who left the site. The astragalus found in the burial could have been used as a fortune-telling/dice object. The functional purpose of the articular angle of the animal’s scapula has not been determined — no analogies have been found for it, though a possible circle of analo-gies has been outlined.
{"title":"Bone items from burial No. 9 of the cemetery near the Berezovaya Mountain (traceological analysis and the search for analogies)","authors":"A.N. Usachuk, L. Kuptsova","doi":"10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-4","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we analyze bone products from the male burial No. 9 of the cemetery near the Berezovaya Mountain (Oren-burg District of the Cis-Ural region) attributed to the Sintashta Culture (20th–18th centuries BC). The funerary complex is specifi-cally interesting because it combines the ritual and inventory of representatives of the Seima-Turbino phenomenon and items belonging to chariot cultures. Furthermore, an item rare for the cultures of the chariot circle of the Ural region was placed in the burial — a disc-shaped bone buckle. The aim of this work is to find an analogy for this buckle and for other bone items of the complex using traceology data. The buckle was traceologically processed on 31st July 2002 in the campus of the Orenburg archaeological expedition two days after its discovery; at the same time its drawing was made. An astragalus and a fragment of the articular angle of the animal's scapula, both having been placed within the burial, were also analysed. Due to field condi-tions, a portable contact microscope “Mikko” was used. The main focus of this work is the buckle. The results of the traceologi-cal analysis are being introduced into the scientific discourse. Besides, for the first time this article presents the results of tra-ceological study of a similar object from burial mound 27 near the city of Atkarsk. A total of 15 buckles with similar morphology have been analyzed, 11 of them have traceological definitions. A fragment of the product of the same type was only once identi-fied in the Sintashta necropolis (grave 30 of the Sintashta burial ground); the majority of similar items derive from the sites of the Abashev Culture of the Volga-Don region. It has been revealed that the analyzed artifacts could have been used as both belt buckles and ornaments/amulets. The artifact from the burial ground near the Berezovaya Mountain is most likely a buckle, jud-ging by its size and the size of the central hole. The discovery of a buckle typologically characteristic of the Don-Volga Abashevo Culture in the Sintashta Culture necropolis demonstrates the western connections of the population who left the site. The astragalus found in the burial could have been used as a fortune-telling/dice object. The functional purpose of the articular angle of the animal’s scapula has not been determined — no analogies have been found for it, though a possible circle of analo-gies has been outlined.","PeriodicalId":506530,"journal":{"name":"VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII","volume":"43 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140238927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-15DOI: 10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-11
O. A. Fedorchuk, A. Chirkova, I. Ladynin, N. Berezina
The history of North Africa has been always tightly connected to events occurring in Eurasia. Human migra-tions in both directions are well-documented in written sources and archaeological records. To gain a comprehen-sive understanding of historical processes, it is essential to study the remains of individuals who inhabited this region during various time periods. A lack of cranial metric data on the Medieval population of North Africa im-pedes thorough investigation of the population history of the region. This paper presents a craniometric study of the sample from the Southern necropolis at Deraheib. This study contributes to filling the existing void in the un-derstanding of the Medieval population of North Africa. According to written sources, the site was a center of gold mining, known as the city of al-Allaki, dated to the 9th to 15th centuries AD. The city attracted a diverse population seeking economic opportunities. Besides this, Al-Allaki served as an important point on the caravan route which was utilized by merchants and pilgrims traversing the Nubian Desert on their way to Jeddah. The study analyzes cranial metrics of a total of 23 individuals (14 male and 9 female) skulls recovered from the southern necropolis Deraheib sample and employs 55 linear dimensions, following Martin's/Howells craniometric protocol as well as some additional measurements. Statistical analyses were performed using the R language packages and the Multican software. Our results revealed heterogeneity of the sample in male and female parts of the sample at the intra-group level: an observation aligning with existing archaeological and historical evidence. The limited size of the sample warns against any firm conclusions regarding affinities of the Deraheib population. Our intergroup comparison has shown that the cranial sample from the Southern Necropolis of the Deraheib site displays morphological features that are more similar to neighboring Caucasoid populations rather than equatorial groups from East Africa.
{"title":"A craniometric study of the Medieval sample from Deraheib (Northern Sudan)","authors":"O. A. Fedorchuk, A. Chirkova, I. Ladynin, N. Berezina","doi":"10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-11","url":null,"abstract":"The history of North Africa has been always tightly connected to events occurring in Eurasia. Human migra-tions in both directions are well-documented in written sources and archaeological records. To gain a comprehen-sive understanding of historical processes, it is essential to study the remains of individuals who inhabited this region during various time periods. A lack of cranial metric data on the Medieval population of North Africa im-pedes thorough investigation of the population history of the region. This paper presents a craniometric study of the sample from the Southern necropolis at Deraheib. This study contributes to filling the existing void in the un-derstanding of the Medieval population of North Africa. According to written sources, the site was a center of gold mining, known as the city of al-Allaki, dated to the 9th to 15th centuries AD. The city attracted a diverse population seeking economic opportunities. Besides this, Al-Allaki served as an important point on the caravan route which was utilized by merchants and pilgrims traversing the Nubian Desert on their way to Jeddah. The study analyzes cranial metrics of a total of 23 individuals (14 male and 9 female) skulls recovered from the southern necropolis Deraheib sample and employs 55 linear dimensions, following Martin's/Howells craniometric protocol as well as some additional measurements. Statistical analyses were performed using the R language packages and the Multican software. Our results revealed heterogeneity of the sample in male and female parts of the sample at the intra-group level: an observation aligning with existing archaeological and historical evidence. The limited size of the sample warns against any firm conclusions regarding affinities of the Deraheib population. Our intergroup comparison has shown that the cranial sample from the Southern Necropolis of the Deraheib site displays morphological features that are more similar to neighboring Caucasoid populations rather than equatorial groups from East Africa.","PeriodicalId":506530,"journal":{"name":"VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140239818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.20874/2071-0437-2023-63-4-13
N. A. Leybova, A. Chirkova
For the first time in Russian odontology, this paper presents the results of the analysis of intra-observer and inter-observer discrepancies in the determination of non-metric dental traits. The basis for the work was the materials collected in 2022 in the western regions of the Republic of Tuva during the Tuva ethnographic and anthropological expedition of TuvSU-CPI under the direction of E.V. Ayizhy (Candidate of Historical Sciences, TuvSU). The aim of the expedition was comprehensive biological and anthropological investigation of the local population. The programme included collecting the data on somatometry, cephalome-try, cephaloscopy, odontology, dermatoglyphics, panoptic anthropological portrait photography, and social survey. Due to the fact that two experts in odontology worked in the expedition, it was possible to conduct a comparative analysis of their inde-pendent determinations. An important factor appeared to be that in the Tuva expedition, for the first time in the practice of mass population-anthropological investigations, an intraoral 3D scanner was employed, which provided a rare opportunity to test the field determinations made by the researcher. This paper is concerned with the results of intra- and inter-observer correlations in the determination of non-metric dental traits by different recording techniques. Following the programme adopted in Russian odontology, during the expedition, there were 504 people examined and 331 wax impressions of teeth obtained. The complete programme of the odontological examination included visual inspection and description of the traits with the aid of a dental mir-ror. Using the intraoral 3D scanner Medit I500, in total 202 scans were obtained. The analysis consisted of several levels of intra- and inter-observer correlations and included three stages of connexive experiments aimed at the assessment of the non-metric dental traits observed in the expedition and on the 3D models. The study is based upon the use of the empirical and statistical methods. At all stages of the analysis, there were no intra- and inter-observer discrepancies recorded in the assess-ment of the diastema, crowding, and reduction of lateral incisors. The most difficult feature for recording appeared to be the prominence of the shovelling of upper incisors. In its assessment, statistically significant differences were revealed during the intra-observer correlations. The results of the observation of the odontological traits obtained by different recording techniques, showed some systematic deviations at the individual researcher level, manifested in an overestimation of frequencies of the shovelling when determining by scans and underestimation of frequencies of the shovelling determined with the aid of the dental mirror.
{"title":"Results of the analysis of intra-observer and inter-observer discrepancies in the assessment of some non-metric dental traits","authors":"N. A. Leybova, A. Chirkova","doi":"10.20874/2071-0437-2023-63-4-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2023-63-4-13","url":null,"abstract":"For the first time in Russian odontology, this paper presents the results of the analysis of intra-observer and inter-observer discrepancies in the determination of non-metric dental traits. The basis for the work was the materials collected in 2022 in the western regions of the Republic of Tuva during the Tuva ethnographic and anthropological expedition of TuvSU-CPI under the direction of E.V. Ayizhy (Candidate of Historical Sciences, TuvSU). The aim of the expedition was comprehensive biological and anthropological investigation of the local population. The programme included collecting the data on somatometry, cephalome-try, cephaloscopy, odontology, dermatoglyphics, panoptic anthropological portrait photography, and social survey. Due to the fact that two experts in odontology worked in the expedition, it was possible to conduct a comparative analysis of their inde-pendent determinations. An important factor appeared to be that in the Tuva expedition, for the first time in the practice of mass population-anthropological investigations, an intraoral 3D scanner was employed, which provided a rare opportunity to test the field determinations made by the researcher. This paper is concerned with the results of intra- and inter-observer correlations in the determination of non-metric dental traits by different recording techniques. Following the programme adopted in Russian odontology, during the expedition, there were 504 people examined and 331 wax impressions of teeth obtained. The complete programme of the odontological examination included visual inspection and description of the traits with the aid of a dental mir-ror. Using the intraoral 3D scanner Medit I500, in total 202 scans were obtained. The analysis consisted of several levels of intra- and inter-observer correlations and included three stages of connexive experiments aimed at the assessment of the non-metric dental traits observed in the expedition and on the 3D models. The study is based upon the use of the empirical and statistical methods. At all stages of the analysis, there were no intra- and inter-observer discrepancies recorded in the assess-ment of the diastema, crowding, and reduction of lateral incisors. The most difficult feature for recording appeared to be the prominence of the shovelling of upper incisors. In its assessment, statistically significant differences were revealed during the intra-observer correlations. The results of the observation of the odontological traits obtained by different recording techniques, showed some systematic deviations at the individual researcher level, manifested in an overestimation of frequencies of the shovelling when determining by scans and underestimation of frequencies of the shovelling determined with the aid of the dental mirror.","PeriodicalId":506530,"journal":{"name":"VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII","volume":"430 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139177665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.20874/2071-0437-2023-63-4-20
O. Anoshko
The architectural appearance of Tobolsk was developing and changing throughout the period of the 17th–19th cc. In the history of the city, there were impeding factors of this process associated with the activity of natural forces. Its lower quarter, located on the alluvial plane, was regularly subjected to the floods of the Irtysh River. They caused substantial physical damage to the city, eroded the loamy riverbank, and damaged roads, structures of the bridges, shops, churches, and residential houses. The upper quarter, on the contrary, suffered from the lack of water, which had to be delivered from the piedmont part. This situa-tion was exasperated by the high overcrowding of the population and timber-housing density. Therefore, fire accidents were a real scourge of Tobolsk. The paper concerns the causes of the regular occurrence of natural disasters in Tobolsk, their influ-ence on the development of its urban-planning structure and formation of adaptation processes with respect to them in the sub-sistence culture of Tobolsk residents. The novelty of the research is due to the fact that the historical and archaeological materi-als are considered in the synthesis. The historical sources contain information on the construction and renovation of the main city buildings, their destruction in the result of fires and floods, and refer to the measures taken by the authorities to counter these events. The archaeological data shows how the residents of Tobolsk were coping with the destructive power of natural elements. The research revealed the measures undertaken by the Tobolsk residents towards the reduction of the fire hazard: police surveillance, street planning, stone building, change of the structural features of ovens, house thermal insulation, building of Nikolsky Vzvoz and a water tower. Protection from snowmelt floods, highwaters and the high level of the ground waters centred around the bank strengthening of the Irtysh and its tributaries by ramming in poles and timber logs with tamping the free space with stone, digging ditches for water diversion, backfilling certain platforms with subsoil, and by building timber houses on subcletions, houses with stone foundation on stilts or ground sills. In general, using the archaeological and histrorical materials, the mechanisms of the adaptation of the Tobolsk population to the natural-climatic environmental conditions have been identified.
{"title":"The influence of natural forces and the ways of adaptation to them by Tobolsk residents in the 17th–19th cc. (by the archaeological and historical evidence)","authors":"O. Anoshko","doi":"10.20874/2071-0437-2023-63-4-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2023-63-4-20","url":null,"abstract":"The architectural appearance of Tobolsk was developing and changing throughout the period of the 17th–19th cc. In the history of the city, there were impeding factors of this process associated with the activity of natural forces. Its lower quarter, located on the alluvial plane, was regularly subjected to the floods of the Irtysh River. They caused substantial physical damage to the city, eroded the loamy riverbank, and damaged roads, structures of the bridges, shops, churches, and residential houses. The upper quarter, on the contrary, suffered from the lack of water, which had to be delivered from the piedmont part. This situa-tion was exasperated by the high overcrowding of the population and timber-housing density. Therefore, fire accidents were a real scourge of Tobolsk. The paper concerns the causes of the regular occurrence of natural disasters in Tobolsk, their influ-ence on the development of its urban-planning structure and formation of adaptation processes with respect to them in the sub-sistence culture of Tobolsk residents. The novelty of the research is due to the fact that the historical and archaeological materi-als are considered in the synthesis. The historical sources contain information on the construction and renovation of the main city buildings, their destruction in the result of fires and floods, and refer to the measures taken by the authorities to counter these events. The archaeological data shows how the residents of Tobolsk were coping with the destructive power of natural elements. The research revealed the measures undertaken by the Tobolsk residents towards the reduction of the fire hazard: police surveillance, street planning, stone building, change of the structural features of ovens, house thermal insulation, building of Nikolsky Vzvoz and a water tower. Protection from snowmelt floods, highwaters and the high level of the ground waters centred around the bank strengthening of the Irtysh and its tributaries by ramming in poles and timber logs with tamping the free space with stone, digging ditches for water diversion, backfilling certain platforms with subsoil, and by building timber houses on subcletions, houses with stone foundation on stilts or ground sills. In general, using the archaeological and histrorical materials, the mechanisms of the adaptation of the Tobolsk population to the natural-climatic environmental conditions have been identified.","PeriodicalId":506530,"journal":{"name":"VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII","volume":"348 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139178069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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