Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres15030089
M. Alonso-Díaz, María de Lourdes Lozano-Velázquez, I. García-Galicia, A. Fernández-Salas
The use of entomopathogenic fungi (EF) is a promising alternative for the control of Rhipicephalus microplus, an important tick affecting cattle globally. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ultraviolet irradiation (UV) exposure on the percentage of conidia germination and number of colony-forming units of eight strains of Metarhizium anisopliae (MaV55, MaV35, MaV31, MaV25, MaV13, Ma08, MaV05, and MaV02). The UV (UV-A and UV-A+B) irradiation was carried out with an ultraviolet radiation emission lamp. The conidia of each strain were exposed to the UV irradiation treatments for 3 h. MaV25, MaV08, MaV05, MaV13, and MaV31 showed higher tolerance to UV-A radiation exposure, as assessed by conidia germination. UV-A+B radiation decreased the germination percentage of all the M. anisopliae strains. The eight evaluated strains showed good tolerance to UV-A radiation, as assessed by the development of colony-forming units (CFU). UV-A+B radiation did not significantly affect (p > 0.05) the count of the CFU of six of the M. anisopliae strains evaluated (MaV35, MaV13, MaV08, MaV05, MaV31, and MaV02). The novel findings of the UV-tolerant M. anisopliae strains may potentially improve the effectiveness of EF under environmental conditions. Integral research under real tropical conditions is advised to evaluate the effectiveness of the EF strains.
使用昆虫病原真菌（EF）是一种很有前景的替代方法，可用于控制全球重要的牛蜱--Rhipicephalus microplus。本研究旨在评估紫外线照射（UV）对八株拟黑僵菌（MaV55、MaV35、MaV31、MaV25、MaV13、Ma08、MaV05 和 MaV02）的分生孢子发芽率和菌落形成单位数的影响。紫外线（UV-A 和 UV-A+B）照射是用紫外线辐射发射灯进行的。根据分生孢子萌发情况的评估，MaV25、MaV08、MaV05、MaV13 和 MaV31 对 UV-A 辐射照射表现出较高的耐受性。UV-A+B 辐射降低了所有 M. anisopliae 菌株的发芽率。根据菌落形成单位（CFU）的发育情况，8 个受评估菌株对 UV-A 辐射表现出良好的耐受性。UV-A+B 辐射对所评估的六种 M. anisopliae 菌株（MaV35、MaV13、MaV08、MaV05、MaV31 和 MaV02）的菌落形成单位计数没有明显影响（p > 0.05）。耐紫外线 M. anisopliae 菌株的新发现可能会提高环境条件下 EF 的有效性。建议在实际热带条件下进行综合研究，以评估 EF 菌株的有效性。
{"title":"Germination and Culturability after UV Irradiation of Metarhizium anisopliae Native from Soils of Tropical Cattle Farms","authors":"M. Alonso-Díaz, María de Lourdes Lozano-Velázquez, I. García-Galicia, A. Fernández-Salas","doi":"10.3390/microbiolres15030089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15030089","url":null,"abstract":"The use of entomopathogenic fungi (EF) is a promising alternative for the control of Rhipicephalus microplus, an important tick affecting cattle globally. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ultraviolet irradiation (UV) exposure on the percentage of conidia germination and number of colony-forming units of eight strains of Metarhizium anisopliae (MaV55, MaV35, MaV31, MaV25, MaV13, Ma08, MaV05, and MaV02). The UV (UV-A and UV-A+B) irradiation was carried out with an ultraviolet radiation emission lamp. The conidia of each strain were exposed to the UV irradiation treatments for 3 h. MaV25, MaV08, MaV05, MaV13, and MaV31 showed higher tolerance to UV-A radiation exposure, as assessed by conidia germination. UV-A+B radiation decreased the germination percentage of all the M. anisopliae strains. The eight evaluated strains showed good tolerance to UV-A radiation, as assessed by the development of colony-forming units (CFU). UV-A+B radiation did not significantly affect (p > 0.05) the count of the CFU of six of the M. anisopliae strains evaluated (MaV35, MaV13, MaV08, MaV05, MaV31, and MaV02). The novel findings of the UV-tolerant M. anisopliae strains may potentially improve the effectiveness of EF under environmental conditions. Integral research under real tropical conditions is advised to evaluate the effectiveness of the EF strains.","PeriodicalId":506564,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research","volume":"54 31","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141804768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres15030088
Andre Taylor, Chin Griffin, Kedzie Arrington, Jose Barragan, Jorge Cervantes
Background: IL-26 has demonstrated antimicrobial properties, as well as in the degradation of DNA from the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb). Additionally, IL-26 can promote macrophage activation and enhance Bb phagocytotic activity. It is unclear if cell-mediated immune responses are modulated through TLR9 signaling when exposed to IL-26 Bb DNA complexes in post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). Objective: We here aim to explore the effect of IL-26 in human Toll-like receptor (TLR)-9’s activation upon the recognition of Bb DNA. Methods: We utilized a single-receptor cell system, HEK-Dual™ hTLR9 cells, which harbors two reporter plasmids for the NF-κB and IL-8 signaling pathways. Bb DNA was exposed to increasing concentrations of IL-26 in monomeric or dimeric form and then used to stimulate the cells for 4 h. The TLR-9 ligand CpG was used as a control. Results: We observed that NF-κB and IL-8 activation was maximal when the cells were stimulated with Bb DNA that had been treated with 5 µM of IL-26 monomer and 1 µM of IL-26 dimer. The same was observed for IL-8 activation upon CpG stimulation. We observed, however, a decrease in NF-κB activation when treated with either form of IL-26. An NF-κB activation increase did not occur with IL-26-treated TLR9 ligand CpG. Conclusions: Our study shows an enhancement in NF-κB and IL-8 activation upon the recognition of IL-26-treated Bb DNA by TLR9, which suggests an increase in sensing by the TLR9 of Bb DNA when it is in the form of an IL-26-Bb DNA complex. These findings will prompt further studies on the interaction between IL-26 and Bb DNA.
{"title":"IL-26 Increases Sensing of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA by Human Toll-like Receptor 9","authors":"Andre Taylor, Chin Griffin, Kedzie Arrington, Jose Barragan, Jorge Cervantes","doi":"10.3390/microbiolres15030088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15030088","url":null,"abstract":"Background: IL-26 has demonstrated antimicrobial properties, as well as in the degradation of DNA from the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb). Additionally, IL-26 can promote macrophage activation and enhance Bb phagocytotic activity. It is unclear if cell-mediated immune responses are modulated through TLR9 signaling when exposed to IL-26 Bb DNA complexes in post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). Objective: We here aim to explore the effect of IL-26 in human Toll-like receptor (TLR)-9’s activation upon the recognition of Bb DNA. Methods: We utilized a single-receptor cell system, HEK-Dual™ hTLR9 cells, which harbors two reporter plasmids for the NF-κB and IL-8 signaling pathways. Bb DNA was exposed to increasing concentrations of IL-26 in monomeric or dimeric form and then used to stimulate the cells for 4 h. The TLR-9 ligand CpG was used as a control. Results: We observed that NF-κB and IL-8 activation was maximal when the cells were stimulated with Bb DNA that had been treated with 5 µM of IL-26 monomer and 1 µM of IL-26 dimer. The same was observed for IL-8 activation upon CpG stimulation. We observed, however, a decrease in NF-κB activation when treated with either form of IL-26. An NF-κB activation increase did not occur with IL-26-treated TLR9 ligand CpG. Conclusions: Our study shows an enhancement in NF-κB and IL-8 activation upon the recognition of IL-26-treated Bb DNA by TLR9, which suggests an increase in sensing by the TLR9 of Bb DNA when it is in the form of an IL-26-Bb DNA complex. These findings will prompt further studies on the interaction between IL-26 and Bb DNA.","PeriodicalId":506564,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research","volume":"28 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141807771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres15030087
S. Anuarbekova, Zhandarbek Bekshin, Serik Shaikhin, G. Alzhanova, A.M. Sadykov, Aslan Temirkhanov, Z. Sarmurzina, Yerkanat N. Kanafin
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in clinical settings has intensified the search for new probiotic strains with both health benefits and technological utility. This study aims to identify and characterize promising antimicrobial cultures derived from milk and dairy products, capable of inhibiting opportunistic pathogens. The samples of dairy products were collected from various markets across Kazakhstan. Microorganisms isolated from these samples underwent identification through 16S rRNA and ITS gene sequencing, using the BLAST algorithm. Their antimicrobial activity was assessed using the delayed antagonism method against pathogenic microorganisms including E. coli, S. aureus, Pseudomonas sp., Candida sp., and B. subtilis. Additionally, the isolates were evaluated for resistance to environmental stress factors such as temperature, pH, salt, ethanol, glucose, and peroxide. From 24 distinct samples, 33 isolates were purified, with 15 demonstrating high viability (108–109 CFU/mL) and stress resistance. Notably, Lacticaseibacillus casei AK and Enterococcus faecium KS exhibited resistance to all tested stress conditions. Antimicrobial screening revealed strong activity by strains LP, LB, and S-2 against multiple pathogens. Genotyping and carbohydrate fermentation tests identified these effective isolates as belonging to the genera Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Enterococcus, Lactiplantibacillus, Streptococcus, and the yeast genus Pichia. This study underscores the industrial and health potential of the identified microorganisms. Prominent among the strains, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus LP, Lacticaseibacillus casei AK, Lactiplantibacillus argentoratensis LB, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S-2, and Enterococcus faecium KS have been recognized as potent probiotics. These strains exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity coupled with robust stress tolerance, making them suitable candidates for probiotic applications.
抗生素耐药性病原体在临床环境中的出现，加剧了人们对既有益健康又有技术用途的新型益生菌株的探索。本研究旨在鉴定和描述从牛奶和乳制品中提取的有希望抑制机会性病原体的抗菌培养物。乳制品样本是从哈萨克斯坦各地市场收集的。利用 BLAST 算法，通过 16S rRNA 和 ITS 基因测序对从这些样品中分离出来的微生物进行鉴定。采用延迟拮抗法评估了它们对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、假单胞菌、念珠菌和枯草杆菌等病原微生物的抗菌活性。此外，还评估了分离物对温度、pH 值、盐、乙醇、葡萄糖和过氧化物等环境压力因素的抗性。从 24 个不同的样本中，纯化出 33 个分离物，其中 15 个具有高活力（108-109 CFU/mL）和抗应激能力。值得注意的是，乳酸酶杆菌 AK 和粪肠球菌 KS 对所有测试的压力条件都表现出抗性。抗菌筛选显示，LP、LB 和 S-2 菌株对多种病原体具有很强的活性。基因分型和碳水化合物发酵测试确定这些有效分离物属于乳酸杆菌属、乳球菌属、肠球菌属、乳杆菌属、链球菌属和毕赤酵母属。这项研究强调了所发现微生物的工业和健康潜力。在这些菌株中，最突出的是戊糖乳杆菌（Lactiplantibacillus pentosus LP）、酪酸乳杆菌（Lacticaseibacillus casei AK）、阿根廷乳杆菌（Lactiplantibacillus argentoratensis LB）、植物乳杆菌（Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S-2）和粪肠球菌（Enterococcus faecium KS），它们已被公认为强效益生菌。这些菌株具有广谱抗菌活性和强大的抗应激能力，是益生菌应用的合适候选菌株。
{"title":"Exploring the Antimicrobial and Probiotic Potential of Microorganisms Derived from Kazakh Dairy Products","authors":"S. Anuarbekova, Zhandarbek Bekshin, Serik Shaikhin, G. Alzhanova, A.M. Sadykov, Aslan Temirkhanov, Z. Sarmurzina, Yerkanat N. Kanafin","doi":"10.3390/microbiolres15030087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15030087","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in clinical settings has intensified the search for new probiotic strains with both health benefits and technological utility. This study aims to identify and characterize promising antimicrobial cultures derived from milk and dairy products, capable of inhibiting opportunistic pathogens. The samples of dairy products were collected from various markets across Kazakhstan. Microorganisms isolated from these samples underwent identification through 16S rRNA and ITS gene sequencing, using the BLAST algorithm. Their antimicrobial activity was assessed using the delayed antagonism method against pathogenic microorganisms including E. coli, S. aureus, Pseudomonas sp., Candida sp., and B. subtilis. Additionally, the isolates were evaluated for resistance to environmental stress factors such as temperature, pH, salt, ethanol, glucose, and peroxide. From 24 distinct samples, 33 isolates were purified, with 15 demonstrating high viability (108–109 CFU/mL) and stress resistance. Notably, Lacticaseibacillus casei AK and Enterococcus faecium KS exhibited resistance to all tested stress conditions. Antimicrobial screening revealed strong activity by strains LP, LB, and S-2 against multiple pathogens. Genotyping and carbohydrate fermentation tests identified these effective isolates as belonging to the genera Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Enterococcus, Lactiplantibacillus, Streptococcus, and the yeast genus Pichia. This study underscores the industrial and health potential of the identified microorganisms. Prominent among the strains, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus LP, Lacticaseibacillus casei AK, Lactiplantibacillus argentoratensis LB, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S-2, and Enterococcus faecium KS have been recognized as potent probiotics. These strains exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity coupled with robust stress tolerance, making them suitable candidates for probiotic applications.","PeriodicalId":506564,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141813185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-22DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres15030086
S. Abd Algaffar, P. Satyal, Naglaa S. Ashmawy, Annelies Verbon, W. V. D. van de Sande, S. A. Khalid
Mycetoma, a neglected infection of subcutaneous tissues, poses a significant health burden, especially in tropical regions. It is caused by fungal (eumycetoma) and bacterial (actinomycetoma) pathogens, with current treatments often providing unsatisfactory outcomes. This study aims to discover novel broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents to circumvent the lengthy and costly diagnostic procedures. Eight essential oils (EOs) from the roots and aerial parts of Geigeria alata, Lavandula angustifolia, Melaleuca alternifolia, Myristica fragrans, Pimpinella anisum, Syzigum aromaticum, and Thymus vulgaris were prepared using steam distillation. The in vitro antimycetomal activity against Madurella mycetomatis and Actinomadura madurae strains was assessed using resazurin assays. The chemical compositions of the EOs were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Promising EOs underwent further in vivo toxicity and efficacy testing in Galleria mellonella larvae models. EOs of G. alata roots, M. fragrans, P. anisum, S. aromaticum, and T. vulgaris showed wide-spectrum dual in vitro antimycetomal activity against all tested strains, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.004 to 0.125% v/v. G. alata aerial parts and L. angustifolia EOs demonstrated activity predominantly against A. madurae, while M. alternifolia EO did not inhibit any tested strains. M. fragrans and P. anisum EOs significantly enhanced the survival of M. mycetomatis-infected larvae without inducing toxicity in uninfected larvae. Notably, P. anisum EO tended to enhance the survival of A. madurae-infected larvae, ranking it as the most promising EO among those tested. The investigated EOs, particularly P. anisum, exhibited promising broad-spectrum antimycetomal activity against fungal and bacterial pathogens responsible for mycetoma. These findings highlight the potential of essential oils as a basis for developing novel antimycetomal agents, offering hope for improved treatment strategies for this neglected disease.
{"title":"In Vitro and In Vivo Wide-Spectrum Dual Antimycetomal Activity of Eight Essential Oils Coupled with Chemical Composition and Metabolomic Profiling","authors":"S. Abd Algaffar, P. Satyal, Naglaa S. Ashmawy, Annelies Verbon, W. V. D. van de Sande, S. A. Khalid","doi":"10.3390/microbiolres15030086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15030086","url":null,"abstract":"Mycetoma, a neglected infection of subcutaneous tissues, poses a significant health burden, especially in tropical regions. It is caused by fungal (eumycetoma) and bacterial (actinomycetoma) pathogens, with current treatments often providing unsatisfactory outcomes. This study aims to discover novel broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents to circumvent the lengthy and costly diagnostic procedures. Eight essential oils (EOs) from the roots and aerial parts of Geigeria alata, Lavandula angustifolia, Melaleuca alternifolia, Myristica fragrans, Pimpinella anisum, Syzigum aromaticum, and Thymus vulgaris were prepared using steam distillation. The in vitro antimycetomal activity against Madurella mycetomatis and Actinomadura madurae strains was assessed using resazurin assays. The chemical compositions of the EOs were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Promising EOs underwent further in vivo toxicity and efficacy testing in Galleria mellonella larvae models. EOs of G. alata roots, M. fragrans, P. anisum, S. aromaticum, and T. vulgaris showed wide-spectrum dual in vitro antimycetomal activity against all tested strains, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.004 to 0.125% v/v. G. alata aerial parts and L. angustifolia EOs demonstrated activity predominantly against A. madurae, while M. alternifolia EO did not inhibit any tested strains. M. fragrans and P. anisum EOs significantly enhanced the survival of M. mycetomatis-infected larvae without inducing toxicity in uninfected larvae. Notably, P. anisum EO tended to enhance the survival of A. madurae-infected larvae, ranking it as the most promising EO among those tested. The investigated EOs, particularly P. anisum, exhibited promising broad-spectrum antimycetomal activity against fungal and bacterial pathogens responsible for mycetoma. These findings highlight the potential of essential oils as a basis for developing novel antimycetomal agents, offering hope for improved treatment strategies for this neglected disease.","PeriodicalId":506564,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141814390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-21DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres15030085
Anuradha Tyagi, Vinay Kumar, Navneet Joshi, H. Dhingra
Chronic infections often involve notorious pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, demanding innovative antimicrobial strategies due to escalating resistance. This investigation scrutinized the antibacterial prowess of bile salts, notably taurocholic acid (TCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), and ox bile salt (OBS), against these pathogens. Evaluations encompassed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination, scrutiny of their impact on biofilm formation, and anti-virulence mechanisms. UDCA exhibited the highest efficacy, suppressing S. aureus and P. aeruginosa biofilms by 83.5% and 78%, respectively, at peak concentration. TCA also significantly reduced biofilm development by 81% for S. aureus and 75% for P. aeruginosa. Microscopic analysis revealed substantial disruption of biofilm architecture by UDCA and TCA. Conversely, OBS demonstrated ineffectiveness against both pathogens. Mechanistic assays elucidated UDCA and TCA’s detrimental impact on the cell membrane, prompting the release of macromolecular compounds. Additionally, UDCA and TCA inhibited protease and elastase synthesis in P. aeruginosa and staphyloxanthin and lipase production in S. aureus. These results underscore the potential of UDCA and TCA in impeding biofilm formation and mitigating the pathogenicity of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa.
{"title":"Exploring the Antibacterial Potential of Bile Salts: Inhibition of Biofilm Formation and Cell Growth in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus","authors":"Anuradha Tyagi, Vinay Kumar, Navneet Joshi, H. Dhingra","doi":"10.3390/microbiolres15030085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15030085","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic infections often involve notorious pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, demanding innovative antimicrobial strategies due to escalating resistance. This investigation scrutinized the antibacterial prowess of bile salts, notably taurocholic acid (TCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), and ox bile salt (OBS), against these pathogens. Evaluations encompassed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination, scrutiny of their impact on biofilm formation, and anti-virulence mechanisms. UDCA exhibited the highest efficacy, suppressing S. aureus and P. aeruginosa biofilms by 83.5% and 78%, respectively, at peak concentration. TCA also significantly reduced biofilm development by 81% for S. aureus and 75% for P. aeruginosa. Microscopic analysis revealed substantial disruption of biofilm architecture by UDCA and TCA. Conversely, OBS demonstrated ineffectiveness against both pathogens. Mechanistic assays elucidated UDCA and TCA’s detrimental impact on the cell membrane, prompting the release of macromolecular compounds. Additionally, UDCA and TCA inhibited protease and elastase synthesis in P. aeruginosa and staphyloxanthin and lipase production in S. aureus. These results underscore the potential of UDCA and TCA in impeding biofilm formation and mitigating the pathogenicity of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa.","PeriodicalId":506564,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research","volume":"91 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141818623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-20DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres15030083
Stefania Dentice Maidana, Ramiro Ortiz Moyano, M. Elean, Yoshiya Imamura, L. Albarracín, Fu Namai, Y. Suda, Keita Nishiyama, J. Villena, Haruki Kitazawa
Kefir has been associated with beneficial effects on its host’s health. The previous works examining the impact of kefir on the immune system focused on milk kefir or the exopolysaccharides and bacterial strains derived from it, while water kefir has not been evaluated. Furthermore, studies have focused on kefir’s ability to modulate immune system hemostasis and exert anti-inflammatory effects, while its specific action on antiviral immunity has not been investigated. Thus, the aim of this work was to examine the potential immunomodulatory effects of water kefir on the intestinal innate antiviral immunity mediated by Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3). Adult BALB/c mice fed water kefir ad libitum, diluted 1:5, 1:10, or 1:20 in the drinking water, for 6 consecutive days. On day 7, the treated groups and the untreated control mice received an intraperitoneal injection of the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C). Two days after the TLR3 activation, the intestinal damage and the innate immune response were studied. The intraperitoneal administration of poly(I:C) induced inflammatory-mediated intestinal tissue damage, characterized by the upregulation of interferons (IFNs), pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-15, IL-6), and factors involved in epithelial destruction (RAE-1 and NKG2D). The histological analysis of small intestinal samples showed that mice receiving water kefir 1:5 exhibited reduced edema and a lower inflammatory cell infiltration. Kefir-treated mice had significantly lower levels of serum LDH, AST, and ALT as well as intestinal TNF-α, IL-15, IL-6, RAE-1, and NKG2D. This group also showed higher concentrations of intestinal IFN-β, IFN-γ, and IL-10. The treatment with 1:10 of water kefir reduced intestinal damage and modulated cytokines but its effect was significantly lower than the 1:5 treatment, while the water kefir 1:20 did not modify the parameters evaluated compared to control mice. The results indicate that water kefir exerts its immunomodulatory effects in a dose-dependent manner. The in vivo studies allow us to speculate that water kefir can induce two beneficial effects on the intestinal TLR3-mediated immune response: the enhancement of antiviral defenses and the protection against the inflammatory-mediated tissue damage. These protective effects of water kefir require further exploration to understand how water kefir, or its specific molecules/strains, can influence the immune response and to determine the extent of its protection against a real viral challenge.
{"title":"Modulation of the Toll-like Receptor 3-Mediated Intestinal Immune Response by Water Kefir","authors":"Stefania Dentice Maidana, Ramiro Ortiz Moyano, M. Elean, Yoshiya Imamura, L. Albarracín, Fu Namai, Y. Suda, Keita Nishiyama, J. Villena, Haruki Kitazawa","doi":"10.3390/microbiolres15030083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15030083","url":null,"abstract":"Kefir has been associated with beneficial effects on its host’s health. The previous works examining the impact of kefir on the immune system focused on milk kefir or the exopolysaccharides and bacterial strains derived from it, while water kefir has not been evaluated. Furthermore, studies have focused on kefir’s ability to modulate immune system hemostasis and exert anti-inflammatory effects, while its specific action on antiviral immunity has not been investigated. Thus, the aim of this work was to examine the potential immunomodulatory effects of water kefir on the intestinal innate antiviral immunity mediated by Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3). Adult BALB/c mice fed water kefir ad libitum, diluted 1:5, 1:10, or 1:20 in the drinking water, for 6 consecutive days. On day 7, the treated groups and the untreated control mice received an intraperitoneal injection of the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C). Two days after the TLR3 activation, the intestinal damage and the innate immune response were studied. The intraperitoneal administration of poly(I:C) induced inflammatory-mediated intestinal tissue damage, characterized by the upregulation of interferons (IFNs), pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-15, IL-6), and factors involved in epithelial destruction (RAE-1 and NKG2D). The histological analysis of small intestinal samples showed that mice receiving water kefir 1:5 exhibited reduced edema and a lower inflammatory cell infiltration. Kefir-treated mice had significantly lower levels of serum LDH, AST, and ALT as well as intestinal TNF-α, IL-15, IL-6, RAE-1, and NKG2D. This group also showed higher concentrations of intestinal IFN-β, IFN-γ, and IL-10. The treatment with 1:10 of water kefir reduced intestinal damage and modulated cytokines but its effect was significantly lower than the 1:5 treatment, while the water kefir 1:20 did not modify the parameters evaluated compared to control mice. The results indicate that water kefir exerts its immunomodulatory effects in a dose-dependent manner. The in vivo studies allow us to speculate that water kefir can induce two beneficial effects on the intestinal TLR3-mediated immune response: the enhancement of antiviral defenses and the protection against the inflammatory-mediated tissue damage. These protective effects of water kefir require further exploration to understand how water kefir, or its specific molecules/strains, can influence the immune response and to determine the extent of its protection against a real viral challenge.","PeriodicalId":506564,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research","volume":"40 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141819321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-20DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres15030084
Puleng Rosinah Syed, Tiara Padayachee, Philasande Gamede, Bridget Valeria Zinhle Nkosi, David R Nelson, R. Karpoormath, K. Syed
Mycoparasite secondary metabolites control fungal infections or diseases in agriculture and human health. Among genes involved in synthesizing secondary metabolites, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs/P450s) play a key role in synthesizing and attributing diversity to the secondary metabolites. Despite the importance of P450s, a comparative analysis of P450s in mycoparasites has yet to be reported. This study is aimed at addressing this research gap. Genome-wide analysis of P450s in 43 fungi representing six fungal phyla and three distinct lifestyles, such as mycoparasitic (24 species), saprophytic (5 species), and ectomycorrhizal (14 species), revealed the expansion of P450s in Pezizomycete mycoparasites for the synthesis of secondary metabolites. The number of P450s and their families and subfamilies, the number of secondary-metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (SMBGCs), and the number of P450s that are part of these SMBGCs were found to be highest in Pezizomycete mycoparasites compared to their counterparts of saprophytes and ectomycorrhiza, indicating P450s also play a key role in mycoparasitism. An analysis of P450 location as part of SMBGCs and the available literature on Pezizomycete P450s revealed that P450s play a key role in the synthesis of anti-fungal secondary metabolites such as trichothecene sesquiterpene, harzianum A, heptelidic acid, and gliotoxin. The mycoparasite Trichoderma virens Tv29.8 P450 CYP68Q3 is found to be a bifunctional enzyme with epoxidation and oxidation capability, and CYP5117A3 performs a Baeyer–Villiger oxidation reaction with regioselectivity. This study serves as a reference for future annotation of P450s in mycoparasites.
{"title":"Comparative Genome-Wide Analysis Underscores the Rapid Expansion of Cytochrome P450s for Secondary Metabolism in the Mycoparasite Pezizomycetes","authors":"Puleng Rosinah Syed, Tiara Padayachee, Philasande Gamede, Bridget Valeria Zinhle Nkosi, David R Nelson, R. Karpoormath, K. Syed","doi":"10.3390/microbiolres15030084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15030084","url":null,"abstract":"Mycoparasite secondary metabolites control fungal infections or diseases in agriculture and human health. Among genes involved in synthesizing secondary metabolites, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs/P450s) play a key role in synthesizing and attributing diversity to the secondary metabolites. Despite the importance of P450s, a comparative analysis of P450s in mycoparasites has yet to be reported. This study is aimed at addressing this research gap. Genome-wide analysis of P450s in 43 fungi representing six fungal phyla and three distinct lifestyles, such as mycoparasitic (24 species), saprophytic (5 species), and ectomycorrhizal (14 species), revealed the expansion of P450s in Pezizomycete mycoparasites for the synthesis of secondary metabolites. The number of P450s and their families and subfamilies, the number of secondary-metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (SMBGCs), and the number of P450s that are part of these SMBGCs were found to be highest in Pezizomycete mycoparasites compared to their counterparts of saprophytes and ectomycorrhiza, indicating P450s also play a key role in mycoparasitism. An analysis of P450 location as part of SMBGCs and the available literature on Pezizomycete P450s revealed that P450s play a key role in the synthesis of anti-fungal secondary metabolites such as trichothecene sesquiterpene, harzianum A, heptelidic acid, and gliotoxin. The mycoparasite Trichoderma virens Tv29.8 P450 CYP68Q3 is found to be a bifunctional enzyme with epoxidation and oxidation capability, and CYP5117A3 performs a Baeyer–Villiger oxidation reaction with regioselectivity. This study serves as a reference for future annotation of P450s in mycoparasites.","PeriodicalId":506564,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research","volume":"122 30","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141820214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres15030082
James González, Héctor Quezada, J. C. Campero-Basaldua, E. Ramírez-González, L. Riego-Ruiz, Alicia González
In yeasts, the Leu3 transcriptional factor regulates the expression of genes encoding enzymes of the leucine biosynthetic pathway, in which the first committed step is catalyzed by α-isopropylmalate synthase (α-IPMS). This enzyme is feedback inhibited by leucine, and its product, α-isopropylmalate (α-IPM), constitutes a Leu3 co-activator. In S. cerevisiae, the ScBAT1 and ScBAT2 genes encode branched-chain aminotransferase isozymes. ScBAT1 transcriptional activation is dependent on the α-IPM concentration and independent of chromatin organization, while that of ScBAT2 is α-IPM-independent but dependent on chromatin organization. This study aimed at understanding whether chromatin remodeling determines the transcriptional regulation of orthologous KlBAT1 and LkBAT1 genes in Kluyveromyces lactis and Lachancea kluyveri under conditions in which the branched-chain amino acids are synthesized or degraded. The results indicate that, in K. lactis, KlBAT1 expression is reduced under catabolic conditions, while in L. kluyveri, LkBAT1 displays a constitutive expression profile. The chromatin organization of KlBAT1 and LkBAT1 promoters did not change, maintaining the Leu3-binding sites free of nucleosomes. Comparison of the α-IPMS sensitivities to feedback inhibition suggested that the main determinant of transcriptional activation of the KlBAT1 and LkBAT1 genes might be the availability of the α-IPM co-activator, as reported previously for the ScBAT1 gene of S. cerevisiae.
{"title":"Transcriptional Regulation of the Genes Encoding Branched-Chain Aminotransferases in Kluyveromyces lactis and Lachancea kluyveri Is Independent of Chromatin Remodeling","authors":"James González, Héctor Quezada, J. C. Campero-Basaldua, E. Ramírez-González, L. Riego-Ruiz, Alicia González","doi":"10.3390/microbiolres15030082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15030082","url":null,"abstract":"In yeasts, the Leu3 transcriptional factor regulates the expression of genes encoding enzymes of the leucine biosynthetic pathway, in which the first committed step is catalyzed by α-isopropylmalate synthase (α-IPMS). This enzyme is feedback inhibited by leucine, and its product, α-isopropylmalate (α-IPM), constitutes a Leu3 co-activator. In S. cerevisiae, the ScBAT1 and ScBAT2 genes encode branched-chain aminotransferase isozymes. ScBAT1 transcriptional activation is dependent on the α-IPM concentration and independent of chromatin organization, while that of ScBAT2 is α-IPM-independent but dependent on chromatin organization. This study aimed at understanding whether chromatin remodeling determines the transcriptional regulation of orthologous KlBAT1 and LkBAT1 genes in Kluyveromyces lactis and Lachancea kluyveri under conditions in which the branched-chain amino acids are synthesized or degraded. The results indicate that, in K. lactis, KlBAT1 expression is reduced under catabolic conditions, while in L. kluyveri, LkBAT1 displays a constitutive expression profile. The chromatin organization of KlBAT1 and LkBAT1 promoters did not change, maintaining the Leu3-binding sites free of nucleosomes. Comparison of the α-IPMS sensitivities to feedback inhibition suggested that the main determinant of transcriptional activation of the KlBAT1 and LkBAT1 genes might be the availability of the α-IPM co-activator, as reported previously for the ScBAT1 gene of S. cerevisiae.","PeriodicalId":506564,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research","volume":"123 46","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141821638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-07DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres15020063
V. M. dos Santos, G. Oliveira, C. B. Salgado, Paula Gabriela da Silva Pires, Pedro Henrique Gomes de Sá Santos, C. McManus
This review aims to highlight the main microbiological challenges faced in poultry transport and show the role of effective bacterial control during this process to ensure poultry health and meat safety and to reduce economic losses. Poultry infections are among the most frequent infections in production systems, manifesting themselves in hatcheries, farms, slaughterhouses, and during transport between these integration centers. Although the clinical symptoms of these infections can range from mild to severe, many of them can lead to irreversible conditions, resulting in death and compromising productive results. Bacteria are the main causative agents of these infections, although fungi, viruses, and protozoa may also be involved. During the transport of poultry from farms to slaughterhouses, poultry are very vulnerable to infectious conditions. Therefore, implementing effective antibacterial management, focused on professionals, transport crates, and transport vehicles, is essential to guarantee the survival and quality of poultry until the moment of slaughter.
{"title":"Outcomes of Microbiological Challenges in Poultry Transport: A Mini Review of the Reasons for Effective Bacterial Control","authors":"V. M. dos Santos, G. Oliveira, C. B. Salgado, Paula Gabriela da Silva Pires, Pedro Henrique Gomes de Sá Santos, C. McManus","doi":"10.3390/microbiolres15020063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15020063","url":null,"abstract":"This review aims to highlight the main microbiological challenges faced in poultry transport and show the role of effective bacterial control during this process to ensure poultry health and meat safety and to reduce economic losses. Poultry infections are among the most frequent infections in production systems, manifesting themselves in hatcheries, farms, slaughterhouses, and during transport between these integration centers. Although the clinical symptoms of these infections can range from mild to severe, many of them can lead to irreversible conditions, resulting in death and compromising productive results. Bacteria are the main causative agents of these infections, although fungi, viruses, and protozoa may also be involved. During the transport of poultry from farms to slaughterhouses, poultry are very vulnerable to infectious conditions. Therefore, implementing effective antibacterial management, focused on professionals, transport crates, and transport vehicles, is essential to guarantee the survival and quality of poultry until the moment of slaughter.","PeriodicalId":506564,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research","volume":" 39","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141372721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres15020062
Abeer Abd El Aziz, Saad Moussa, Mohamed T. Yassin, Iman M El Husseiny, Samar El Kholy
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) represents one of the most economical biopesticides to date. It produces toxins with insecticidal activity against many agricultural pests, including members of the genus Spodoptera. However, Bt tolerance leads to inefficiency in biological control. To overcome this problem, discovering the hidden cause(s) for the evolution of insect tolerance against Bt is of great importance. We hypothesized that changes in the gut microbiota due to the frequent application of Bt is one of those hidden causes. To investigate this hypothesis, we studied the effect of Bt Cry1c application on the Spodoptera littoralis larval gut microbiota in both Bt-susceptible and Bt-tolerant populations. The results revealed changes in the diversity and abundance of gut bacterial composition between the susceptible and tolerant populations. A high abundance of Enterococcaceae was detected in the tolerant population. Interestingly, Cry1c tolerance eliminates the bacterial genera Klebsiella and Serratia from the larval midgut. These changes may confirm the mechanism developed by Spodoptera larvae to counteract Bt Cry1c toxicity. Understanding the B. thuringiensis–gut microbiota interaction may help in improving biocontrol strategies against agricultural pests to overcome the evolution of tolerance.
{"title":"Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of Gut Microbial Changes in Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Counteract Cry1c Toxicity","authors":"Abeer Abd El Aziz, Saad Moussa, Mohamed T. Yassin, Iman M El Husseiny, Samar El Kholy","doi":"10.3390/microbiolres15020062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15020062","url":null,"abstract":"Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) represents one of the most economical biopesticides to date. It produces toxins with insecticidal activity against many agricultural pests, including members of the genus Spodoptera. However, Bt tolerance leads to inefficiency in biological control. To overcome this problem, discovering the hidden cause(s) for the evolution of insect tolerance against Bt is of great importance. We hypothesized that changes in the gut microbiota due to the frequent application of Bt is one of those hidden causes. To investigate this hypothesis, we studied the effect of Bt Cry1c application on the Spodoptera littoralis larval gut microbiota in both Bt-susceptible and Bt-tolerant populations. The results revealed changes in the diversity and abundance of gut bacterial composition between the susceptible and tolerant populations. A high abundance of Enterococcaceae was detected in the tolerant population. Interestingly, Cry1c tolerance eliminates the bacterial genera Klebsiella and Serratia from the larval midgut. These changes may confirm the mechanism developed by Spodoptera larvae to counteract Bt Cry1c toxicity. Understanding the B. thuringiensis–gut microbiota interaction may help in improving biocontrol strategies against agricultural pests to overcome the evolution of tolerance.","PeriodicalId":506564,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research","volume":"359 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141380721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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