Pub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.18.121459
N. Bezborodkina, Vsevolod Y. Brodsky, B. N. Kudryavtsev
Abstract Polyploidy is a condition in which a cell has multiple diploid sets of chromosomes. Two forms of polyploidy are known. One of them, generative polyploidy, is characteristic of all cells of the organism, while the other form develops only in some somatic tissues at certain stages of postnatal ontogenesis. Whole genome duplication has played a particularly important role in the evolution of plants and animals, while the role of cellular (somatic) polyploidy in organisms remains largely unclear. In this work we investigated the contribution of cellular polyploidy to the normal and the reparative liver growth of Rattusnorvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769) and Homosapiens Linnaeus, 1758. It is shown that polyploidy makes a significant contribution to the increase of the liver mass both in the course of normal postnatal development and during pathological process.
{"title":"The role of cellular polyploidy in the regeneration of the cirrhotic liver in rats and humans","authors":"N. Bezborodkina, Vsevolod Y. Brodsky, B. N. Kudryavtsev","doi":"10.3897/compcytogen.18.121459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.18.121459","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Polyploidy is a condition in which a cell has multiple diploid sets of chromosomes. Two forms of polyploidy are known. One of them, generative polyploidy, is characteristic of all cells of the organism, while the other form develops only in some somatic tissues at certain stages of postnatal ontogenesis. Whole genome duplication has played a particularly important role in the evolution of plants and animals, while the role of cellular (somatic) polyploidy in organisms remains largely unclear. In this work we investigated the contribution of cellular polyploidy to the normal and the reparative liver growth of Rattusnorvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769) and Homosapiens Linnaeus, 1758. It is shown that polyploidy makes a significant contribution to the increase of the liver mass both in the course of normal postnatal development and during pathological process.","PeriodicalId":50656,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cytogenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140752980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-08DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.17.112152
Andrey Grishanin
Abstract This work reveals the opportunities to obtain additional information about some biological problems through studying species that possess chromatin diminution. A brief review of the hypothesized biological significance of chromatin diminution is discussed. This article analyzes the biological role of chromatin diminution as it relates to the C-value enigma. It is proposed to consider chromatin diminution as a universal mechanism of genome reduction, reducing the frequency of recombination events in the genome, which leads to specialization and adaptation of the species to more narrow environmental conditions. A hypothesis suggesting the role of non-coding DNA in homologous recombination in eukaryotes is proposed. Cyclopskolensis Lilljeborg, 1901 (Copepoda, Crustacea) is proposed as a model species for studying the mechanisms of transformation of the chromosomes and interphase nuclei structure of somatic line cells due to chromatin diminution. Chromatin diminution in copepods is considered as a stage of irreversible differentiation of embryonic cells during ontogenesis. The process of speciation in cyclopoids with chromatin diminution is considered.
摘要 本研究揭示了通过研究染色质减少的物种来获得有关某些生物学问题的更多信息的机会。文章简要回顾了染色质减缩的生物学意义假设。本文分析了染色质减缩的生物学作用与C值之谜的关系。文章建议将染色质减少视为基因组减少的一种普遍机制，它降低了基因组中重组事件的频率，从而导致物种的特化和适应更狭窄的环境条件。本文提出了一个假说，表明非编码 DNA 在真核生物同源重组中的作用。建议以 Cyclopskolensis Lilljeborg, 1901（甲壳纲，桡足目）为模式物种，研究染色质减少导致染色体和体细胞间期核结构转变的机制。桡足类的染色质减少被认为是胚胎细胞在本体发育过程中不可逆转的分化阶段。研究还考虑了染色质减少导致的环口纲动物物种分化过程。
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Pub Date : 2024-02-08DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.17.112152
Andrey Grishanin
Abstract This work reveals the opportunities to obtain additional information about some biological problems through studying species that possess chromatin diminution. A brief review of the hypothesized biological significance of chromatin diminution is discussed. This article analyzes the biological role of chromatin diminution as it relates to the C-value enigma. It is proposed to consider chromatin diminution as a universal mechanism of genome reduction, reducing the frequency of recombination events in the genome, which leads to specialization and adaptation of the species to more narrow environmental conditions. A hypothesis suggesting the role of non-coding DNA in homologous recombination in eukaryotes is proposed. Cyclopskolensis Lilljeborg, 1901 (Copepoda, Crustacea) is proposed as a model species for studying the mechanisms of transformation of the chromosomes and interphase nuclei structure of somatic line cells due to chromatin diminution. Chromatin diminution in copepods is considered as a stage of irreversible differentiation of embryonic cells during ontogenesis. The process of speciation in cyclopoids with chromatin diminution is considered.
摘要 本研究揭示了通过研究染色质减少的物种来获得有关某些生物学问题的更多信息的机会。文章简要回顾了染色质减缩的生物学意义假设。本文分析了染色质减缩的生物学作用与C值之谜的关系。文章建议将染色质减少视为基因组减少的一种普遍机制，它降低了基因组中重组事件的频率，从而导致物种的特化和适应更狭窄的环境条件。本文提出了一个假说，表明非编码 DNA 在真核生物同源重组中的作用。建议以 Cyclopskolensis Lilljeborg, 1901（甲壳纲，桡足目）为模式物种，研究染色质减少导致染色体和体细胞间期核结构转变的机制。桡足类的染色质减少被认为是胚胎细胞在本体发育过程中不可逆转的分化阶段。研究还考虑了染色质减少导致的环口纲动物物种分化过程。
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Pub Date : 2024-01-25DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.18.115784
A. Bugrov, T. Karamysheva, Olesya Buleu
This study provides data on chromosome number (2n♂♀=26), sex determination mechanism (XY♂/XX♀), C-banding pattern, distribution of clusters of telomeric TTAGG repeats and 18S ribosomal DNA in the karyotype of the stonefly Skwala compacta (McLachlan, 1872). For the first time in the history of stoneflies cytogenetics, we provide photos of the chromosomes of the Plecoptera insects. The karyotype of males and females of S. compacta consists of 12 pairs of autosomes. Three pairs of large autosomes and four pairs of medium-sized autosomes are subacrocentric. The remaining pairs of autosomes are small, with unclear morphology. Pericentromeric C-bands were revealed in all autosomes. The sex chromosomes are also subacrocentric. The short arms of X and Y chromosomes are entirely heterochromatic and are rich in ribosomal DNA sequences. In the X chromosome this arm is larger than in the Y chromosome. It is likely that this arm associated with the nucleolar organizer (NOR). Telomeric DNA (TTAGG)n repeats were detected in the terminal regions of all chromosomes.
本研究提供了石蝇 Skwala compacta（McLachlan，1872 年）核型中染色体数目（2n♂♀=26）、性别决定机制（XY♂/XX♀）、C 带模式、端粒 TTAGG 重复群分布和 18S 核糖体 DNA 的数据。在石蝇细胞遗传学的历史上，我们首次提供了褶翅目昆虫染色体的照片。紧凑石蝇雄性和雌性的核型由 12 对常染色体组成。其中三对大型常染色体和四对中型常染色体是亚同心的。其余几对常染色体较小，形态不清晰。在所有常染色体上都发现了近中心 C 带。性染色体也是近心形。X 和 Y 染色体的短臂完全是异染色质，富含核糖体 DNA 序列。X 染色体的短臂比 Y 染色体的大。该臂很可能与核极组织者（NOR）有关。在所有染色体的末端区域都检测到了端粒 DNA (TTAGG)n 重复序列。
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Pub Date : 2024-01-22DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.18.115070
Ziravard N. Tonyan, Irina L. Puppo, Alsu F. Saifitdinova, Tatyana V. Vavilova, Andrey S. Glotov
Patterns of meiotic chromosome segregation were analyzed in cleavage stage and blastocyst stage human embryos from couples with autosomal reciprocal translocations (ART). The influence of quadrivalent asymmetry degree, the presence of terminal breakpoints, and the involvement of acrocentric chromosomes in the rearrangement were analyzed to evaluate their contribution to the formation of non-viable embryos with significant chromosomal imbalance due to pathological segregation patterns and to assess the selection of human embryos by the blastocyst stage. A selection of viable embryos resulting from alternate and adjacent-1 segregation and a significant reduction in the detection frequency of the 3 : 1 segregation pattern were observed in human embryos at the blastocyst stage. The presence of terminal breakpoints increased the frequency of 3 : 1 segregation and was also associated with better survival of human embryos resulting from adjacent-1 mode, reflecting the process of natural selection of viable embryos to the blastocyst stage. The demonstrated patterns of chromosome segregation and inheritance of a balanced karyotype in humans will contribute to optimizing the prediction of the outcomes of in vitro fertilization programs and assessing the risks of the formation of unbalanced embryos for ART carriers.
{"title":"Assessment of quadrivalent characteristics influencing chromosome segregation by analyzing human preimplantation embryos from reciprocal translocation carriers","authors":"Ziravard N. Tonyan, Irina L. Puppo, Alsu F. Saifitdinova, Tatyana V. Vavilova, Andrey S. Glotov","doi":"10.3897/compcytogen.18.115070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.18.115070","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Patterns of meiotic chromosome segregation were analyzed in cleavage stage and blastocyst stage human embryos from couples with autosomal reciprocal translocations (ART). The influence of quadrivalent asymmetry degree, the presence of terminal breakpoints, and the involvement of acrocentric chromosomes in the rearrangement were analyzed to evaluate their contribution to the formation of non-viable embryos with significant chromosomal imbalance due to pathological segregation patterns and to assess the selection of human embryos by the blastocyst stage. A selection of viable embryos resulting from alternate and adjacent-1 segregation and a significant reduction in the detection frequency of the 3 : 1 segregation pattern were observed in human embryos at the blastocyst stage. The presence of terminal breakpoints increased the frequency of 3 : 1 segregation and was also associated with better survival of human embryos resulting from adjacent-1 mode, reflecting the process of natural selection of viable embryos to the blastocyst stage. The demonstrated patterns of chromosome segregation and inheritance of a balanced karyotype in humans will contribute to optimizing the prediction of the outcomes of in vitro fertilization programs and assessing the risks of the formation of unbalanced embryos for ART carriers.","PeriodicalId":50656,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cytogenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139553262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.17.112831
Robert B. Angus
An account is given of my development of techniques to obtain well-spread Giemsa-stained banded chromosome preparations. Apparent G-banding could be obtained following very slight trypsin treatment of freshly prepared slides, but this banding was very fine (close-grained) and possibly not a reflection of chromosome structure. However, treatment of developing embryos in vitro with 5-fluorouridine produced a similar chromomere banding, which is therefore regarded as genuine. Steady accumulation of Helophorus Fabricius, 1775 karyotypes has resulted in the production of an Atlas covering 62 of the 170 species known to occur in the Palaearctic. Chromosome polymorphisms involving pericentric inversions and addition of extra C-banding regions have been found, as well as small B-chromosomes in a few species. In general, karyotypes have proved very useful in establishing the limits of individual species. Parthenogenesis involving triploidy has been found in two species. Karyotypes of experimentally produced hybrids have revealed irregularities in chromosome condensation.
本文介绍了我开发的获得带状Giemsa染色染色体制片的技术。在对新鲜制备的切片进行非常轻微的胰蛋白酶处理后，可以获得明显的 G 带，但这种带状非常细（颗粒紧密），可能不是染色体结构的反映。然而，用 5-氟尿嘧啶处理体外发育中的胚胎会产生类似的染色体条带，因此被认为是真实的。通过对 Helophorus Fabricius, 1775 核型的不断积累，我们编制了一份地图册，涵盖了古北区已知的 170 个物种中的 62 个物种。在一些物种中发现了染色体多态性，包括包心倒位和额外的 C 带区，以及小的 B 染色体。总体而言，核型被证明对确定个体物种的界限非常有用。在两个物种中发现了涉及三倍体的孤雌生殖。通过实验产生的杂交种的核型显示染色体排列不规则。
{"title":"An updated Atlas of Helophorus chromosomes","authors":"Robert B. Angus","doi":"10.3897/compcytogen.17.112831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.17.112831","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000An account is given of my development of techniques to obtain well-spread Giemsa-stained banded chromosome preparations. Apparent G-banding could be obtained following very slight trypsin treatment of freshly prepared slides, but this banding was very fine (close-grained) and possibly not a reflection of chromosome structure. However, treatment of developing embryos in vitro with 5-fluorouridine produced a similar chromomere banding, which is therefore regarded as genuine. Steady accumulation of Helophorus Fabricius, 1775 karyotypes has resulted in the production of an Atlas covering 62 of the 170 species known to occur in the Palaearctic. Chromosome polymorphisms involving pericentric inversions and addition of extra C-banding regions have been found, as well as small B-chromosomes in a few species. In general, karyotypes have proved very useful in establishing the limits of individual species. Parthenogenesis involving triploidy has been found in two species. Karyotypes of experimentally produced hybrids have revealed irregularities in chromosome condensation.","PeriodicalId":50656,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cytogenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138825366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.17.115485
Vladimir E. Gokhman
Results of the chromosome study of 12 sawfly species of the genus Arge Schrank, 1802 are reviewed, including new data on the karyotypes of A. ciliaris (Linnaeus, 1767) and A. enodis (Linnaeus, 1767) with n = 10. Moreover, the same chromosome number, n = 10, is found in A. ustulata (Linnaeus, 1758), for which n = 8 was previously reported. In addition, n = 8 is confirmed in A. gracilicornis (Klug, 1814). The results of the morphometric analysis of chromosome sets of these four species are given. In the genus Arge, haploid chromosome numbers of n = 8, 10, 11 and 13 were found. Among these sawflies, n = 8 appeared to be the most frequent chromosome number, followed by n = 10. The known data of the chromosome study of these insects are summarized and discussed in the light of phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Arge.
本文综述了对 Arge Schrank, 1802 属的 12 个锯蝇种进行染色体研究的结果，包括关于 A. ciliaris (Linnaeus, 1767) 和 A. enodis (Linnaeus, 1767) 核型的新数据（n = 10）。此外，在 A. ustulata（林奈，1758 年）中也发现了相同的染色体数 n = 10，而之前的报道是 n = 8。此外，n = 8 在 A. gracilicornis (Klug, 1814) 中也得到了证实。本文给出了这四个物种染色体组的形态计量分析结果。在 Arge 属中，发现单倍体染色体数为 n = 8、10、11 和 13。在这些锯蝇中，n = 8 似乎是最常见的染色体数目，其次是 n = 10。本文总结了这些昆虫染色体研究的已知数据，并根据 Arge 属的系统发育和分类进行了讨论。
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Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.17.116550
Ilya A. Gavrilov-Zimin
The karyotype and reproductive features of Orbuspedum machinator Gavrilov-Zimin, 2017 (Pseudococcidae) were studied for the first time. Diploid chromosome number is 18 in females. Reproduction is probably bisexual, as indicated by the presence of characteristic Lecanoid heterochromatinization of the paternal set of chromosomes in embryonic cells of about 50% of the embryos studied. The female reproductive system has a pair of lateral oviducts merged into enlarged common oviduct; the spermatheca and accessory glands are connected to the common oviduct in its proximal part. Complete ovoviviparity occurs in ontogenesis.
{"title":"Karyotype and reproductive traits of the unique symbiotic mealybug Orbuspedum machinator G.-Z. (Homoptera, Coccinea)","authors":"Ilya A. Gavrilov-Zimin","doi":"10.3897/compcytogen.17.116550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.17.116550","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The karyotype and reproductive features of Orbuspedum machinator Gavrilov-Zimin, 2017 (Pseudococcidae) were studied for the first time. Diploid chromosome number is 18 in females. Reproduction is probably bisexual, as indicated by the presence of characteristic Lecanoid heterochromatinization of the paternal set of chromosomes in embryonic cells of about 50% of the embryos studied. The female reproductive system has a pair of lateral oviducts merged into enlarged common oviduct; the spermatheca and accessory glands are connected to the common oviduct in its proximal part. Complete ovoviviparity occurs in ontogenesis.","PeriodicalId":50656,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cytogenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138717370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.17.116628
Natalia V. Golub, Boris A. Anokhin, Valentina G. Kuznetsova
We studied the karyotype and chromosomal distribution of 18S rDNA clustered in nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in Nysius graminicola (Kolenati, 1845), belonging to the subfamily Orsillinae (Lygaeidae). It is shown that this species has a karyotype with 2n = 22(18+mm+XY), previously known in only one of 24 studied species of the genus Nysius Dallas, 1852, characterized by a similar karyotype, 2n = 14(12+mm+XY). In N. graminicola, 18S loci are located on sex chromosomes, which is a previously unknown trait for this genus. Our results in a compilation with previous data revealed dynamic evolution of rDNA distribution in Nysius. It is concluded that molecular chromosomal markers detected by FISH contribute to a better understanding of the structure and evolution of the taxonomically complex genus Nysius.
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Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.17.108265
Doris Vela, Erika Villavicencio
The mitotic metaphases of five Andean species of genus Drosophila are described for the first time. The evolutionary and interspecific genetic relationships within three Neotropical Drosophila species groups are analyzed. The diploid chromosome number for each species is as follows: D. cashapamba Céspedes et Rafael, 2012 2n = 6 (2V, 1J) (X = J, Y = R), D. ecuatoriana Vela et Rafael, 2004 2n = 10 (3R, 2V) (X = V, Y = R), D. ninarumi Vela et Rafael, 2005 2n = 10 (3R, 1V, 1D) (X = V, Y = R), D. urcu Vela et Rafael, 2005 2n = 12 (4R, 2V) (X = V, Y = R), D. valenteae Llangarí-Arizo et Rafael, 2018 2n = 8 (3R, 1J) (X = J, Y = R).
The首次报道了安第斯五种果蝇属的有丝分裂中期。分析了三个新热带果蝇物种群的进化和种间遗传关系。每个物种的二倍体染色体数目如下:d cashapamba德斯拉斐尔,2012 2 n = 6 (2 V, 1 J) (X = J, Y = R), d . ecuatoriana船帆座拉斐尔,2004 2 n = 10 (3 R, 2 V) (X = V, Y = R), d . ninarumi船帆座拉斐尔,2005 2 n = 10 (3 R, 1 V, 1 d) (X = V, Y = R), d . urcu船帆座拉斐尔,2005 2 n = 12 (4 R, 2 V) (X = V, Y = R), d . valenteae Llangari-Arizo拉斐尔,2018 2 n = 8 (3 R, 1 J) (X = J, Y = R)。
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