Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-16202016000300009
Adriana Bastías, R. Almada, P. Rojas, J. M. Donoso, R. P. Hinrichsen, D. Sagredo
In vitro culture is a very popular technique to mass propagate valuable plant genotypes, including Prunus sp. cultivars. Plants that undergo tissue culture processes often change their morphology and behavior due to the “rejuvenation” caused by the plant growth regulators included in the medium. To evaluate the effects of rejuvenation by tissue culture in Prunus sp., the expression patterns of the aging gene pathway described in plant models, which include the highly conserved microRNA (miRNA or miR) 156/157 and 172 families and several of their respective target genes, were analyzed in distinct Prunus sp. genotypes at different phases of maturity, including true seedling and tissue culture micropropagated plants. In genotypes from true seedling plants, the expression of miR156 and miR157 was higher in the leaves of juvenile plants (one year old) than in those of adult plants (six year old). The opposite pattern was observed with miRNA172 expression. Our results suggest that the aging gene pathway is relatively conserved in Prunus and likely plays a key role in vegetative phase change. However, Prunus sp. plants that were rejuvenated and propagated by in vitro methods showed more erratic behavior for miR156 and miR157 and their target genes, suggesting that tissue culture alters the normal control of the aging pathway. El cultivo in vitro es una tecnica muy popular para propagar en masa genotipos de plantas valiosas, incluyendo cultivares de Prunus sp. Las plantas que se someten a procesos de cultivo de tejidos a menudo cambian su morfologia y comportamiento debido a la “rejuvenilizacion” causada por los reguladores de crecimiento de planta incluidos en el medio. Para evaluar el efecto de la rejuvenilizacion por cultivo de tejido en Prunus sp, los patrones de expresion de la via genica del envejecimiento descrita en plantas modelos, la cual incluye a las familias altamente conservadas de microRNAs (miR) 156/157 y miR172 y varios de sus genes blancos respectivos, fueron analizados en diferentes genotipos de Prunus sp. En fases de madurez distintas, incluyendo tanto plantas provenientes de semilla verdadera como micropropagadas mediante cultivo de tejidos. En los genotipos de plantas que provienen de semilla verdadera, la expresion de microR156 and miR157 fue mas alta en hojas de plantas juveniles que en plantas adultas. El patron opuesto fue observado con el patron de expresion de miR172. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la via genica del envejecimiento es conservada en Prunus y probablemente juega una funcion en el cambio de fase vegetativo. Sin embargo, plantas de Prunus sp. que fueron rejuvenecidas y propagadas por metodos in vitro mostraron un comportamiento mas erratico para los mi156 y miR157 y sus genes blancos, sugiriendo que el cultivo de tejidos altera el control normal de la via del envejecimiento.
离体培养是一种非常流行的大量繁殖有价值植物基因型的技术，包括李树品种。植物在组织培养过程中，由于培养基中含有的植物生长调节剂引起的“返老还老”，往往会改变植物的形态和行为。为评价组织培养对李树返老还老的影响，分析了李树衰老基因通路中高度保守的microRNA (miRNA或miR) 156/157和172家族及其靶基因在李树不同成熟阶段(包括真苗和组培微繁植株)的表达模式。在真苗基因型中，miR156和miR157在幼苗(1年生)叶片中的表达高于成苗(6年生)叶片。miRNA172的表达则相反。我们的研究结果表明，衰老基因通路在李树中相对保守，可能在营养相变中起关键作用。然而，通过体外方法恢复和繁殖的李属植物的miR156和miR157及其靶基因表现出更不稳定的行为，这表明组织培养改变了对衰老途径的正常控制。植物的离体培养是一种非常受欢迎的辅助繁殖技术，包括植物的遗传育种，包括李子品种。植物的离体培养有时是一种过程，可以培养出植物的遗传育种过程，也可以培养出植物的形态发育过程，通过组合来实现“返老还童”，因为缺乏调节因子，植物的生长发育包括植物的培养基。对不同品种李子树的复青效果进行了初步评价，通过遗传基因对李子树的复青表达进行了分析，通过不同的遗传基因对李子树的复青表达进行了分析，通过不同的遗传基因对李子树的复青表达进行了分析，并对不同的李子树进行了分析。包括对植物的保护，对半水仙的保护，对小苗的保护，对水仙的保护。microR156和miR157基因在植物幼虫和成虫之间的表达。我的赞助人对我们的观察有兴趣，我的赞助人对我的表达有兴趣。新研究结果表明，通过基因分析和基因工程技术，对杨树的保护作用进行了研究，并研究了杨树在植物生长过程中的功能。罪禁运,足底de李属sp., fueron rejuvenecidas y propagadas为什么metodos体外mostraron联合国comportamiento mas erratico帕洛mi156 miR157 y sus基因皇马,sugiriendo, el cultivo de tejidos阿尔特拉el控制正常通过德尔envejecimiento de la。
{"title":"Aging gene pathway of microRNAs 156/157 and 172 is altered in juvenile and adult plants from in vitro propagated Prunus sp.","authors":"Adriana Bastías, R. Almada, P. Rojas, J. M. Donoso, R. P. Hinrichsen, D. Sagredo","doi":"10.4067/S0718-16202016000300009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-16202016000300009","url":null,"abstract":"In vitro culture is a very popular technique to mass propagate valuable plant genotypes, including Prunus sp. cultivars. Plants that undergo tissue culture processes often change their morphology and behavior due to the “rejuvenation” caused by the plant growth regulators included in the medium. To evaluate the effects of rejuvenation by tissue culture in Prunus sp., the expression patterns of the aging gene pathway described in plant models, which include the highly conserved microRNA (miRNA or miR) 156/157 and 172 families and several of their respective target genes, were analyzed in distinct Prunus sp. genotypes at different phases of maturity, including true seedling and tissue culture micropropagated plants. In genotypes from true seedling plants, the expression of miR156 and miR157 was higher in the leaves of juvenile plants (one year old) than in those of adult plants (six year old). The opposite pattern was observed with miRNA172 expression. Our results suggest that the aging gene pathway is relatively conserved in Prunus and likely plays a key role in vegetative phase change. However, Prunus sp. plants that were rejuvenated and propagated by in vitro methods showed more erratic behavior for miR156 and miR157 and their target genes, suggesting that tissue culture alters the normal control of the aging pathway. El cultivo in vitro es una tecnica muy popular para propagar en masa genotipos de plantas valiosas, incluyendo cultivares de Prunus sp. Las plantas que se someten a procesos de cultivo de tejidos a menudo cambian su morfologia y comportamiento debido a la “rejuvenilizacion” causada por los reguladores de crecimiento de planta incluidos en el medio. Para evaluar el efecto de la rejuvenilizacion por cultivo de tejido en Prunus sp, los patrones de expresion de la via genica del envejecimiento descrita en plantas modelos, la cual incluye a las familias altamente conservadas de microRNAs (miR) 156/157 y miR172 y varios de sus genes blancos respectivos, fueron analizados en diferentes genotipos de Prunus sp. En fases de madurez distintas, incluyendo tanto plantas provenientes de semilla verdadera como micropropagadas mediante cultivo de tejidos. En los genotipos de plantas que provienen de semilla verdadera, la expresion de microR156 and miR157 fue mas alta en hojas de plantas juveniles que en plantas adultas. El patron opuesto fue observado con el patron de expresion de miR172. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la via genica del envejecimiento es conservada en Prunus y probablemente juega una funcion en el cambio de fase vegetativo. Sin embargo, plantas de Prunus sp. que fueron rejuvenecidas y propagadas por metodos in vitro mostraron un comportamiento mas erratico para los mi156 y miR157 y sus genes blancos, sugiriendo que el cultivo de tejidos altera el control normal de la via del envejecimiento.","PeriodicalId":50695,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia E Investigacion Agraria","volume":"133 1","pages":"429-441"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81356832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Grez, M. Gandarillas, F. González, Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
Supplementation with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (EPA and DHA) through the addition of fish oils to mammal diets during lactation benefits milk production, litter growth and the litter immune system, but there is little evidence supporting the use of oils that have been dried using a spray-drying method designed to cool and crystalize fat particles. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a spray-dried dietary fat enriched with EPA and DHA on the fatty acid composition of sow milk. Fifteen pregnant sows were assigned to three dietary treatments from day 100 of gestation until weaning (day 28). Control sows (CONT) were fed an unsupplemented basal diet, and supplemented sows were fed the basal diet plus 20 g (FOPF20) or 40 g (FOPF40) of a spray-dried powdered fat enriched with EPA and DHA. Milk and colostrum compositions and milk yield were similar among diets, and the main milk fatty acids (FA) were C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 n-9 and C18:2 n-6. Supplementation with EPA and DHA (FOPF20 and FOPF40) decreased the saturated FA contents and increased the amount of polyunsaturated FA. In summary, the results indicated that supplementing sow diets with EPA and DHA could decrease the saturated fatty acid content and increase the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of milk. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de fuentes dietarias enriquecidas con EPA y DHA (Acidos eicosapentaenoico y docosahexaenoico) sobre el perfil de acidos grasos de leche de cerda. Quince cerdas prenadas fueron repartidas en tres tratamientos desde el dia 100 de gestacion hasta el destete de lechones (dia 28). Las cerdas del grupo control (CONT) fueron alimentadas con una dieta basal sin suplemento de EPA y DHA. Las cerdas alimentadas con dietas suplementadas recibieron una dieta basal con 20 g (FOPF20) o 40 g (FOPF40) de grasa en polvo enriquecida con EPA y DHA. La composicion de leche y calostro y la produccion de leche de las cerdas fueron similares entre tratamientos. Los principales acidos grasos en leche fueron: C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 n-9 y C18:2 n-6. La suplementacion con EPA y DHA (FOPF20 y FOPF40) disminuyo el contenido de acidos grasos saturados e incremento poliinsaturados. En resumen, los resultados indicaron que la suplementacion de dietas de cerdas con EPA y DHA puede disminuir el contenido de acidos grasos saturados e incrementar contenido de acidos grasos poliinsaturados.
哺乳动物在哺乳期间通过添加鱼油补充二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸(EPA和DHA)有利于产奶量、产仔生长和产仔免疫系统，但几乎没有证据支持使用使用喷雾干燥方法干燥的油来冷却和结晶脂肪颗粒。本研究的目的是评价富含EPA和DHA的喷雾干燥饲粮脂肪对母猪乳汁脂肪酸组成的影响。从妊娠第100天至断奶(第28天)，将15头妊娠母猪分为3种饲粮处理。对照母猪(CONT)饲喂未添加基础饲粮，添加基础饲粮的母猪分别在基础饲粮中添加20 g (FOPF20)或40 g (FOPF40)富含EPA和DHA的喷雾干燥脂肪粉。不同饲粮的乳、初乳成分和产奶量相似，主要乳脂肪酸(FA)为C14:0、C16:0、C18:0、C18:1 n-9和C18:2 n-6。添加EPA和DHA (FOPF20和FOPF40)降低了饱和FA含量，增加了多不饱和FA含量。综上所述，在母猪饲粮中添加EPA和DHA可降低乳中饱和脂肪酸含量，提高乳中多不饱和脂肪酸含量。摘要目的评价不同膳食成分对EPA和DHA (Acidos二十碳六烯二碳六烯二烯二碳六烯二烯)的影响。英国皇家科学院(prince cerdas prenadas fueron)的研究结果表明，英国皇家科学院的研究结果表明，英国皇家科学院的研究结果表明，英国皇家科学院的研究结果表明，英国皇家科学院的研究结果表明，英国皇家科学院的研究结果表明:对照组对照组(CONT)的基础饲粮以DHA补充EPA。各组饲料分别为基础饲料20 g (FOPF20) ~ 40 g (FOPF40)，饲料中含有EPA和DHA。用化学法合成乳酸菌，用乳酸菌生产乳酸菌，用类似的乳酸菌加工乳酸菌。酸碱原理:C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 n-9 y C18:2 n-6。EPA和DHA (FOPF20和FOPF40)的补充可使脂肪酸含量与饱和脂肪酸含量保持一致，并增加饱和脂肪酸含量。结果表明，EPA和DHA补充了EPA和DHA对EPA和DHA对EPA和DHA补充EPA和DHA对EPA和DHA补充EPA和DHA对EPA和DHA补充EPA和DHA补充EPA和DHA补充EPA和DHA补充EPA和DHA补充EPA和DHA补充EPA。
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Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-16202016000300006
P. S. Briones, A. Sepúlveda-Varas
Historical studies of land use changes help us to understand the current configuration of the landscape and identify the environmental and social impacts that are associated with these transformations. Several authors describe the transitions as a process of change that transforms the landscape system; for systematic transitions, these transitions are driven by stable and gradual processes. The objective of this study is to determine the trajectory and magnitude of land use and land cover (LULC) change for the 1994-2007 period in a pre-Andean sub-watershed with intensive human use in the central-southern zone of Chile and to analyze the most significant systematic transitions between land cover types. The results confirmed the reduction in the areas of agriculture and livestock and the increase of exotic plantations use on surfaces intended for agricultural use. The significant transitions were the conversion at a rate gain of 384 ha/year of “Farmlands” to “Exotic plantations”, the abandonment at a loss rate of 119 ha/year of “Perennial grasslands” to “Native vegetation”, the degradation at a loss rate of 93 ha/year of “Native vegetation” to “Perennial grassland”, and the revegetation at a rate gain of 60 ha/year of “Exotic plantations” to “Native vegetation”. The new patterns and trends in the use and intensity of land use reaffirmed the need for studies on the updated status of natural resources, particularly soil resources. This work, we believe, is a technical tool to support the sustainable management of a territory and the decision-making processes on land use. Estudios de los cambios en el uso de la tierra permiten comprender la configuracion actual del paisaje e identificar los impactos ambientales y sociales que se asocian a estas transformaciones. Diversos autores describen “transiciones” como un proceso de cambio que transforma el paisaje, donde las “transiciones sistematicas” son impulsadas por procesos estables y graduales. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la trayectoria y magnitud del cambio de cobertura y uso de la tierra para el periodo 1994-2007 en sub-cuenca pre-andina de uso intensivo en el centro-sur de Chile y analizar las transiciones sistematicas mas significativas entre tipos de cobertura. Los resultados obtenidos confirman la reduccion de areas destinadas a agricultura-ganaderia y el aumento de areas de uso forestal: conversion, a una tasa de 384 ha ano-1, de “Cultivos y pastizales naturales” a “Plantaciones forestales”; abandono, a una tasa de perdida de 119 ha ano-1, de “Praderas perennes” a “Bosque nativo y matorrales”; degradacion, a una tasa de perdida de 93 ha/ano, de “Bosque nativo y matorrales” a “Pastizal perenne”; y revegetacion, a una tasa de ganancia de 60 ha ano-1, de “Plantaciones forestales” a “Bosques y matorrales nativos”. Asi, debido a los nuevos patrones y tendencias en el uso de la tierra se reafirma la necesidad de contar con estudios sobre el estado actualizado de los recursos naturales, en
土地利用变化的历史研究有助于我们了解当前的景观结构，并确定与这些变化相关的环境和社会影响。一些作者将这种转变描述为改变景观系统的变化过程;对于系统过渡，这些过渡是由稳定和渐进的过程驱动的。本研究的目的是确定1994-2007年智利中南部一个人类集约利用的前安第斯亚流域土地利用和土地覆盖(LULC)变化的轨迹和幅度，并分析土地覆盖类型之间最显著的系统转变。结果证实了农业和畜牧业面积的减少，以及在农业用途表面上使用外来种植园的增加。其中，“农田”向“外来植被”转化的速率为384公顷/年，“多年生草地”向“原生植被”的速率为119公顷/年，“原生植被”向“多年生草地”的速率为93公顷/年，“外来植被”向“原生植被”的速率为60公顷/年。土地利用和土地利用强度方面的新格局和趋势再次表明，有必要研究自然资源，特别是土壤资源的最新状况。我们认为，这项工作是支持领土可持续管理和土地使用决策过程的技术工具。建筑设计工作室通过对建筑的设计，使人们能够更好地理解建筑的实际配置，从而使建筑对环境产生相同的影响。Diversos autores将“transiciones”描述为“cambio que transforma el paisaje过程”，而将“transiciones sistematicas”描述为“脉冲”，即渐进建立的不良过程。通过对1994-2007年期间智利中部地区地震强度的分析，对智利中部地区地震强度的变化轨迹进行了确定，并对智利中部地区地震强度的变化趋势进行了分析，分析了智利中部地区地震强度的变化趋势。研究结果证实了农业和森林资源转化地区的减少，即“自然种植”和“森林种植”的减少;放弃，一个una tasa de perdida de 119，一个no-1, de " Praderas perennes "和" boque native y matorrales ";退化，即1993年的一项研究，即“土生植物”和“常青树”;通过植树造林，在2006年1月1日进行了一项“植树造林”和“植树造林”的工作。因此，债务与新赞助人的关系是由趋势决定的，因为它重申了与自然规律、自然规律、自然规律、特别是自然规律相联系的必要性。埃斯特·特拉巴乔，代表联合国领土问题特别报告员，代表联合国领土问题特别报告员，代表联合国领土问题特别报告员，代表联合国领土问题特别报告员，代表联合国领土问题特别报告员，代表联合国领土问题特别报告员作出决定。
{"title":"Systematic transitions in land use and land cover in a pre-Andean subwatershed with high human intervention in the Araucania Region, Chile","authors":"P. S. Briones, A. Sepúlveda-Varas","doi":"10.4067/S0718-16202016000300006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-16202016000300006","url":null,"abstract":"Historical studies of land use changes help us to understand the current configuration of the landscape and identify the environmental and social impacts that are associated with these transformations. Several authors describe the transitions as a process of change that transforms the landscape system; for systematic transitions, these transitions are driven by stable and gradual processes. The objective of this study is to determine the trajectory and magnitude of land use and land cover (LULC) change for the 1994-2007 period in a pre-Andean sub-watershed with intensive human use in the central-southern zone of Chile and to analyze the most significant systematic transitions between land cover types. The results confirmed the reduction in the areas of agriculture and livestock and the increase of exotic plantations use on surfaces intended for agricultural use. The significant transitions were the conversion at a rate gain of 384 ha/year of “Farmlands” to “Exotic plantations”, the abandonment at a loss rate of 119 ha/year of “Perennial grasslands” to “Native vegetation”, the degradation at a loss rate of 93 ha/year of “Native vegetation” to “Perennial grassland”, and the revegetation at a rate gain of 60 ha/year of “Exotic plantations” to “Native vegetation”. The new patterns and trends in the use and intensity of land use reaffirmed the need for studies on the updated status of natural resources, particularly soil resources. This work, we believe, is a technical tool to support the sustainable management of a territory and the decision-making processes on land use. Estudios de los cambios en el uso de la tierra permiten comprender la configuracion actual del paisaje e identificar los impactos ambientales y sociales que se asocian a estas transformaciones. Diversos autores describen “transiciones” como un proceso de cambio que transforma el paisaje, donde las “transiciones sistematicas” son impulsadas por procesos estables y graduales. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la trayectoria y magnitud del cambio de cobertura y uso de la tierra para el periodo 1994-2007 en sub-cuenca pre-andina de uso intensivo en el centro-sur de Chile y analizar las transiciones sistematicas mas significativas entre tipos de cobertura. Los resultados obtenidos confirman la reduccion de areas destinadas a agricultura-ganaderia y el aumento de areas de uso forestal: conversion, a una tasa de 384 ha ano-1, de “Cultivos y pastizales naturales” a “Plantaciones forestales”; abandono, a una tasa de perdida de 119 ha ano-1, de “Praderas perennes” a “Bosque nativo y matorrales”; degradacion, a una tasa de perdida de 93 ha/ano, de “Bosque nativo y matorrales” a “Pastizal perenne”; y revegetacion, a una tasa de ganancia de 60 ha ano-1, de “Plantaciones forestales” a “Bosques y matorrales nativos”. Asi, debido a los nuevos patrones y tendencias en el uso de la tierra se reafirma la necesidad de contar con estudios sobre el estado actualizado de los recursos naturales, en ","PeriodicalId":50695,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia E Investigacion Agraria","volume":"7 1","pages":"396-407"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79495287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-16202016000300011
C. Meriño-Gergichevich, E. Pacheco, M. Reyes-Díaz
Boron (B) is associated with reproductive and antioxidant metabolism in plants, and in southern Chile, the deficiency of this micronutrient is ameliorated through foliar applications that are a part of agricultural management, thus ensuring the productivity of crops including highbush blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum L.). However, the appropriate B dosage for this species is unknown, so the aim of this study was to evaluate foliar B application on fruit quality in highbush blueberry in southern Chile. During the 2014-2015 season, Brigitta and Legacy cultivars were sprayed with B at rates of 0 (control), 200, 400 and 800 mg L-1 three times (10% bloom, full bloom, and fruit set), and fruit set (%), firmness (g mm-2), soluble solids (°Brix), weight (g) and size (mm) of the fruits were determined. In addition, antioxidant activity was measured by ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). The results showed that a low rate of B (200 mg L-1) increased the fruit set and soluble solids in Brigitta, whereas Legacy required higher B concentrations (400 and 800 mg L-1). In both cultivars, firmness, fresh fruit weight, dry matter (%) and antioxidant activity increased under the 200 and 400 mg B L-1 treatments, whereas this last parameter was reduced under a high B concentration. A low B rate showed to be more effective at improving fruit quality in Brigitta, while Legacy required higher B application rates. Future research should be performed over several seasons and different cultivars to confirm these results. El boro (B) esta asociado al metabolismo reproductivo y antioxidante en plantas. En el sur de Chile, su deficiencia es resuelta con aplicaciones foliares de este micronutriente como parte del manejo agronomico, asegurando asi la productividad en cultivos como arandano alto ( Vaccinium corymbosum L.). Sin embargo, la informacion sobre dosis adecuadas para esta especie es escasa. Se evaluo la aplicacion foliar de B sobre parametros de calidad en fruta de arandano alto del sur de Chile. En la temporada 2014-2015, plantas de cultivares Brigitta y Legacy, fueron asperjadas con B en dosis de 0 (control), 200, 400 y 800 mg L-1 en tres momentos durante la temporada (10% floracion, plena flor y fruto cuajado), determinandose: frutos cuajados (%), firmeza (g mm-2), solidos solubles (oBrix), peso (g) y calibre (mm), ademas de la actividad antioxidante mediante ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) y DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Una baja dosis de B (200 mg L-1) incremento la cuaja y solidos solubles en Brigitta, mientras que Legacy requirio mayores concentraciones de B (400 y 800 mg L-1). En ambos cultivares aumento la firmeza, peso fresco y seco de la fruta, asi como la actividad antioxidante al ser tratada con 200 y 400 mg B L-1, mientras en alta concentracion disminuyo este ultimo parametro. Una baja dosis de B resulto ser efectiva mejorando la calidad de la fruta en el cultivar Brigitta, mientras que Leg
硼(B)与植物的生殖和抗氧化代谢有关，在智利南部，这种微量营养素的缺乏通过叶面施用得到改善，这是农业管理的一部分，从而确保了高丛蓝莓(Vaccinium corymbosum L.)等作物的生产力。然而，该物种适宜的B用量尚不清楚，因此本研究的目的是评价叶片B对智利南部高丛蓝莓果实品质的影响。在2014-2015年季节，分别以0(对照)、200、400和800 mg L-1 3次(10%开花、完全开花和坐果)喷施B，测定果实的坐果率(%)、硬度(g mm-2)、可溶性固形物(°Brix)、重量(g)和大小(mm)。此外，通过ORAC(氧自由基吸收能力)和DPPH(2,2-二苯基-1-苦味酰肼基)测定了其抗氧化活性。结果表明，低浓度的B (200 mg L-1)可提高布里吉塔的坐果率和可溶性固形物含量，而Legacy则需要较高的B浓度(400和800 mg L-1)。在200和400 mg bl -1处理下，两个品种的硬度、鲜重、干物质(%)和抗氧化活性均有所增加，而高浓度bl -1处理则降低了抗氧化活性。较低的施硼量对提高布里吉塔果实品质更有效，而遗产则需要较高的施硼量。未来的研究应在不同的季节和不同的品种上进行，以证实这些结果。El - boro (B)通过抗氧化剂在植物体内代谢繁殖。在智利南部，这些缺陷的结果是在叶片上施用微量营养素，以保证生产和栽培玉米玉米(玉米)。在禁运期间，情报部门的工作人员被列为特别重要的部门。在智利东部地区的热带雨林中，对叶片的应用进行了评价。2014-2015年，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿，黄花苜蓿。Una baja dosis de B (200 mg L-1)在Brigitta, mientras que Legacy requiremayores concentraciones de B (400 ~ 800 mg L-1)的固溶物中增加到la cuaja。青竹栽培的青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹，青竹。巴哈巴哈葡萄品种产生了一种有效的葡萄栽培方法，即葡萄品种布里吉塔(brigitata)，这是巴哈巴哈葡萄品种的遗传要求。未来的研究表明，在不同的时间段里，人们可以通过培养准证实性的倾向来实现这种倾向。
{"title":"The effect of foliar boron spraying on the fruit features of Brigitta and Legacy highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) cultivars","authors":"C. Meriño-Gergichevich, E. Pacheco, M. Reyes-Díaz","doi":"10.4067/S0718-16202016000300011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-16202016000300011","url":null,"abstract":"Boron (B) is associated with reproductive and antioxidant metabolism in plants, and in southern Chile, the deficiency of this micronutrient is ameliorated through foliar applications that are a part of agricultural management, thus ensuring the productivity of crops including highbush blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum L.). However, the appropriate B dosage for this species is unknown, so the aim of this study was to evaluate foliar B application on fruit quality in highbush blueberry in southern Chile. During the 2014-2015 season, Brigitta and Legacy cultivars were sprayed with B at rates of 0 (control), 200, 400 and 800 mg L-1 three times (10% bloom, full bloom, and fruit set), and fruit set (%), firmness (g mm-2), soluble solids (°Brix), weight (g) and size (mm) of the fruits were determined. In addition, antioxidant activity was measured by ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). The results showed that a low rate of B (200 mg L-1) increased the fruit set and soluble solids in Brigitta, whereas Legacy required higher B concentrations (400 and 800 mg L-1). In both cultivars, firmness, fresh fruit weight, dry matter (%) and antioxidant activity increased under the 200 and 400 mg B L-1 treatments, whereas this last parameter was reduced under a high B concentration. A low B rate showed to be more effective at improving fruit quality in Brigitta, while Legacy required higher B application rates. Future research should be performed over several seasons and different cultivars to confirm these results. El boro (B) esta asociado al metabolismo reproductivo y antioxidante en plantas. En el sur de Chile, su deficiencia es resuelta con aplicaciones foliares de este micronutriente como parte del manejo agronomico, asegurando asi la productividad en cultivos como arandano alto ( Vaccinium corymbosum L.). Sin embargo, la informacion sobre dosis adecuadas para esta especie es escasa. Se evaluo la aplicacion foliar de B sobre parametros de calidad en fruta de arandano alto del sur de Chile. En la temporada 2014-2015, plantas de cultivares Brigitta y Legacy, fueron asperjadas con B en dosis de 0 (control), 200, 400 y 800 mg L-1 en tres momentos durante la temporada (10% floracion, plena flor y fruto cuajado), determinandose: frutos cuajados (%), firmeza (g mm-2), solidos solubles (oBrix), peso (g) y calibre (mm), ademas de la actividad antioxidante mediante ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) y DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Una baja dosis de B (200 mg L-1) incremento la cuaja y solidos solubles en Brigitta, mientras que Legacy requirio mayores concentraciones de B (400 y 800 mg L-1). En ambos cultivares aumento la firmeza, peso fresco y seco de la fruta, asi como la actividad antioxidante al ser tratada con 200 y 400 mg B L-1, mientras en alta concentracion disminuyo este ultimo parametro. Una baja dosis de B resulto ser efectiva mejorando la calidad de la fruta en el cultivar Brigitta, mientras que Leg","PeriodicalId":50695,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia E Investigacion Agraria","volume":"549 1","pages":"452-463"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85663421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-16202016000300002
C. Fuentealba, Romina Pedreschi, I. Hernández, J. Saavedra
{"title":"Enfoque estadístico para evaluar la heterogeneidad de paltas Hass, sometidas a diferentes estreses abióticos en postcosecha","authors":"C. Fuentealba, Romina Pedreschi, I. Hernández, J. Saavedra","doi":"10.4067/S0718-16202016000300002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-16202016000300002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50695,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia E Investigacion Agraria","volume":"313 1","pages":"356-365"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77511959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-16202016000300004
Robert Petitpas, J. Ibarra, M. Miranda, C. Bonacic
Changes in landscape pattern were studied in a temperate landscape of the La Araucania Region, Chile. Using aerial photographs from 1983 and 2007, we created land use/land cover maps. We then quantified the changes in composition and configuration by using landscape metrics and an adjacency matrix. By 2007, the dominant land cover had changed from agriculture to native vegetation. Residential areas showed the largest relative increase (670%) and had significant adjacency with native vegetation. The native vegetation increased by 375 ha, but the number of patches decreased by 45% and the mean patch area increased by 124%, which indicated that fragmentation decreased. The growth of tourism and the preference for “natural” spaces by new residents are suggested as the main drivers of this native vegetation recovery. Understanding the process of forest recovery may be helpful for reversing the general trend of forest loss in temperate forests of South America. This research is a first approach in exploring specific cases of native vegetation recovery and decreases in fragmentation in this Global Biodiversity Hotspot. Los cambios en los patrones espaciales fueron estudiados en un paisaje templado de la region de La Araucania, Chile. Se hicieron mapas de cobertura y uso del suelo a partir de fotografias aereas de los anos 1983 y 2007. Los cambios en composicion y configuracion del paisaje se obtuvieron a partir de metricas y una matriz de adyacencia. Para el ano 2007, la cobertura dominante cambio desde agricultura a vegetacion nativa. Las areas residenciales presentaron el mayor aumento porcentual (670%) y una importante relacion de adyacencia con la vegetacion nativa. La vegetacion nativa aumento en 375 ha, pero el numero de parches de esta disminuyo en un 45% y el area media de los parches aumento un 124%, lo que indica una disminucion en la fragmentacion. El incremento del turismo y la preferencia de espacios naturales entre los nuevos residentes del area seria la principal fuerza de cambio detras de la recuperacion de la vegetacion nativa. Considerando la perdida actual de la vegetacion nativa en el area, se hace importante que futuros estudios consideren casos especificos de recuperacion de esta, para asi entender los factores asociados a este proceso. Esta investigacion es una primera aproximacion para entender la recuperacion y disminucion de la fragmentacion de la vegetacion nativa de los ecosistemas templados de America del Sur.
研究了智利拉阿劳卡尼亚地区温带景观格局的变化。利用1983年和2007年的航空照片，我们制作了土地利用/土地覆盖地图。然后，我们通过使用景观度量和邻接矩阵来量化组成和配置的变化。到2007年，主要的土地覆盖已经从农业变为原生植被。居住区的相对增幅最大(670%)，与原生植被有显著的邻接关系。原生植被增加了375 ha，但斑块数量减少了45%，平均斑块面积增加了124%，表明破碎化程度有所降低。旅游业的增长和新居民对“自然”空间的偏好被认为是原生植被恢复的主要驱动因素。了解森林恢复的过程可能有助于扭转南美洲温带森林森林损失的总趋势。本研究首次探索了这一全球生物多样性热点地区原生植被恢复和破碎化减少的具体案例。Los cambios en Los patron espacales fueron estudeos en un paisaje templado de la Araucania地区，智利。从1983年到2007年，通过对部分区域的数据分析，我们得出了更详细的数据图。通过配置组合的非对称结构可以观察到某一方的度量是通过矩阵的非对称结构实现的。Para el ano 2007, la cobertura dominante cambio de agriculture and vegetation native。大部分地区的居民因植被的生长与原生植被之间的重要关系而呈现出明显的城市化趋势(670%)。植被原生地面积为375公顷，植被原生地面积占总面积的45%，植被原生地面积占总面积的124%，植被原生地面积占总面积的124%。通过对自然空间的偏好、对新居民的偏好和对原生植被的恢复、对自然空间的偏好来实现旅游的增量。考虑到当地植被的实际情况，未来的工作室需要考虑到具体的原因，如土地的恢复、植物的生长、相关的工厂和生产过程。通过对美洲南部森林生态系统原生植被的分散、破碎和恢复进行初步的近似研究。
{"title":"Spatial patterns over a 24-year period show an increase in native vegetation cover and decreased fragmentation in Andean temperate landscapes, Chile","authors":"Robert Petitpas, J. Ibarra, M. Miranda, C. Bonacic","doi":"10.4067/S0718-16202016000300004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-16202016000300004","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in landscape pattern were studied in a temperate landscape of the La Araucania Region, Chile. Using aerial photographs from 1983 and 2007, we created land use/land cover maps. We then quantified the changes in composition and configuration by using landscape metrics and an adjacency matrix. By 2007, the dominant land cover had changed from agriculture to native vegetation. Residential areas showed the largest relative increase (670%) and had significant adjacency with native vegetation. The native vegetation increased by 375 ha, but the number of patches decreased by 45% and the mean patch area increased by 124%, which indicated that fragmentation decreased. The growth of tourism and the preference for “natural” spaces by new residents are suggested as the main drivers of this native vegetation recovery. Understanding the process of forest recovery may be helpful for reversing the general trend of forest loss in temperate forests of South America. This research is a first approach in exploring specific cases of native vegetation recovery and decreases in fragmentation in this Global Biodiversity Hotspot. Los cambios en los patrones espaciales fueron estudiados en un paisaje templado de la region de La Araucania, Chile. Se hicieron mapas de cobertura y uso del suelo a partir de fotografias aereas de los anos 1983 y 2007. Los cambios en composicion y configuracion del paisaje se obtuvieron a partir de metricas y una matriz de adyacencia. Para el ano 2007, la cobertura dominante cambio desde agricultura a vegetacion nativa. Las areas residenciales presentaron el mayor aumento porcentual (670%) y una importante relacion de adyacencia con la vegetacion nativa. La vegetacion nativa aumento en 375 ha, pero el numero de parches de esta disminuyo en un 45% y el area media de los parches aumento un 124%, lo que indica una disminucion en la fragmentacion. El incremento del turismo y la preferencia de espacios naturales entre los nuevos residentes del area seria la principal fuerza de cambio detras de la recuperacion de la vegetacion nativa. Considerando la perdida actual de la vegetacion nativa en el area, se hace importante que futuros estudios consideren casos especificos de recuperacion de esta, para asi entender los factores asociados a este proceso. Esta investigacion es una primera aproximacion para entender la recuperacion y disminucion de la fragmentacion de la vegetacion nativa de los ecosistemas templados de America del Sur.","PeriodicalId":50695,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia E Investigacion Agraria","volume":"10 5 1","pages":"384-395"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4067/S0718-16202016000300004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72534321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Fuentealba, R. Pedreschi, Ignacia Hernández, J. Saavedra
Hass avocado ( Persea americana Mill.) is marketed worldwide. Due to its complex physiology, a wide variability in postharvest ripening can be observed, i.e., heterogeneity in the number of days to reach edible ripeness. There is a need for a simple and objective method for evaluating the efficacy of postharvest treatments in the reduction of this postharvest ripening heterogeneity given the high demand of import countries for consistent quality and product homogeneity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the appropriateness of different statistical methods used to evaluate this ripening heterogeneity. Bartlett’s, Cochran’s, Levene’s homogeneity of variance tests were applied to different treatments. In addition, a multiple comparisons test of squared residuals (parametric and non-parametric) was applied. The classical statistical approaches (Bartlett’s, Cochran’s and Levene’s tests) showed similar results as the multiple comparisons test of squared residuals only when one treatment and large sample sizes (n=100) were evaluated. All statistical methods were able to detect significant differences in ripening heterogeneity from growers and storage conditions. The multiple comparisons test of squared residuals was the most suitable method for multifactorial experiments and small sample sizes (n=30) compared to the classical approaches, which increased the probability of obtaining false positives or a type I error. La palta Hass ( Persea americana Mill.) es mundialmente comercializada y los paises importadores demandan productos homogeneos y de calidad consistente. Sin embargo, debido a la compleja fisiologia del fruto se observa una amplia variabilidad durante su maduracion postcosecha, es decir, heterogeneidad en los dias para alcanzar la madurez comercial. Por tal motivo, es necesario evaluar la eficacia de tratamientos postcosecha en la reduccion de la heterogeneidad en la maduracion a traves de un metodo objetivo y simple. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar diferentes metodos estadisticos para la evaluacion de la heterogeneidad en la maduracion. A los diferentes tratamientos se aplicaron pruebas de homogeneidad de varianza como Bartlett, Cochran, Levene. Ademas, se realizo una comparacion multiple a residuales cuadraticos (parametricos y no parametricos). Las pruebas estadisticas clasicas (Bartlett, Cochran y Levene) mostraron resultados similares a la comparacion multiple de residuos cuadraticos solo cuando el tamano de muestra es grande (n=100) y se realiza solo un tratamiento. Todos los metodos estadisticos fueron capaces de detectar diferencias significativas en la heterogeneidad en la maduracion entre productores y diferentes condiciones de almacenamiento. La comparacion multiple de residuos cuadraticos fue el metodo mas adecuado para experimentos multifactoriales y de tamanos de muestras mas pequenos (n=30) en comparacion con las pruebas clasicas, donde estas ultimas conducen a un aumento en la probabilidad de obtener fal
哈斯鳄梨(Persea americana Mill.)在世界各地销售。由于其复杂的生理机能，可以观察到采后成熟的广泛变异性，即达到可食用成熟的天数的异质性。由于进口国对一致的质量和产品的同质性要求很高，因此需要一种简单和客观的方法来评价采后处理在减少这种采后成熟异质性方面的效果。因此，本研究的目的是比较用于评估这种成熟异质性的不同统计方法的适用性。不同处理采用Bartlett’s、Cochran’s、Levene’s方差齐性检验。此外，对残差平方(参数和非参数)进行了多重比较检验。经典统计学方法(Bartlett’s、Cochran’s和Levene’s检验)只有在评估一次处理和大样本量(n=100)时，才显示出与残差平方的多重比较检验相似的结果。所有的统计方法都能检测到栽培者和储存条件对成熟异质性的显著差异。与经典方法相比，残差平方的多重比较检验是最适合多因子实验和小样本量(n=30)的方法，这增加了获得假阳性或I型误差的概率。La palta Hass (Persea americana Mill.)是通用的商业化产品，因为进口商要求产品的同质性和一致性。在经济萧条时期，经济萧条时期，经济萧条时期，经济萧条时期，经济萧条时期，经济萧条时期，经济萧条时期，经济萧条时期，经济萧条时期，经济萧条时期，经济萧条时期。从门静脉治疗的目的出发，评价门静脉治疗的疗效，降低门静脉治疗的异质性，简化门静脉治疗的方法。目的:比较不同的评价方法对建筑异质性和建筑成熟度的影响。三种不同的处理方法在应用中的同质性和变异性研究(Bartlett, Cochran, Levene)。因此，它实现了对多个残差的二次比较(参数与无参数)。Las pruebas estadisticas classical (Bartlett, Cochran y Levene)的最重要的结果是，通过比较多个de residuos cuadraticos solo cuando el tamano de muestra es grande (n=100)，实现了solo untraiento。该方法在不同的生产条件下，能够检测到产品的异质性和成熟度的显著差异。本文采用多因素对比法对多因素实验进行了多因素对比分析(n=30)，并与经典实验进行了对比分析，采用多因素对比法对多因素实验结果进行了对比分析，结果表明，多因素对比法对多因素实验结果进行了对比分析，结果表明，多因素对比法对多因素实验结果进行了对比分析。
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Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-16202016000300008
D. Aros, Cristiana Silva, C. Char, L. Prat, V. Escalona
Hydrangea macrophylla (hydrangea) is widely used as an ornamental plant and cut flower due to its inflorescence, which is composed of colored bracts. As cut flowers, hydrangeas show a postharvest life of up to 1 month at 2 °C, but little is known about their postharvest life during air shipment. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of Triton X-100 (surfactant) and ClO2 (biocide) during an air shipment simulation of hydrangea harvested at two floral stages of development: fresh and antique. Vase life, fresh weight loss (FWL) and solution uptake were evaluated after an air shipment simulation. Furthermore, bacterial counts and microscopic observation of the bracts were performed in order to understand the water relations of hydrangea during vase life. The longest vase life was observed in antique hydrangeas, and the control (deionized water) was the best treatment, reaching up to 32.7 days in this floral stage. FWL was faster when using Triton X-100 (3.83 days to lose 20% of FW) compared to deionized water (8.75 days). However, this flower preservative was efficient at promoting solution uptake (31.96 mL). Bacterial plugging did not appear to occur considering that the high presence of microorganisms counted did not affect solution uptake or vase life. The presence of stomata on the bracts seems to be crucial for the dehydration of the inflorescence, a problem that was not solved by the higher water uptake promoted by Triton X-100. Thus, deionized water was the best treatment, and the effect of flower preservatives in order to extend vase life of hydrangea cut flowers was insignificant. Hydrangea macrophylla (hortensia) es ampliamente utilizada como planta ornamental y flor de corte debido a su inflorescencia compuesta por bracteas coloreadas. Como flor de corte, las hortensias presentan una vida en postcosecha de hasta un mes a 2°C pero poco se conoce sobre su postcosecha durante un envio aereo. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de Triton X-100 (surfactante) y ClO2 (biocida) durante una simulacion de envio aereo de hortensias cosechadas en dos estados de desarrollo floral: ‘fresh’ y ‘antique’. Durante esta simulacion aerea se evaluo vida en florero, perdida de peso fresco y captura de solucion. Ademas, se realizo un conteo de bacterias y observaciones microscopicas de las bracteas para entender las relaciones hidricas durante la vida en florero. La vida en florero mas prolongada se observo en hortensias ‘antique’ y el control (agua deionizada) fue el mejor tratamiento alcanzando hasta 32,7 dias en este estado floral. La perdida de peso fresco fue mas rapida cuando se utilizo Triton X-100 (3,83 dias para perder 20% of peso fresco) en comparacion con el agua deionizada (8,75 dias). Sin embargo, este preservante floral fue eficiente en promover la captura de solucion (31,96 mL). El taponamiento por bacteria no fue sugerido para esta especie considerando que la alta presencia de microorganismos contabilizados no afecto la capt
大叶绣球(Hydrangea macrophylla，绣球)的花序由彩色苞片组成，是一种观赏植物和切花。作为切花，绣球花在2°C下的采后寿命长达1个月，但在空运过程中对其采后寿命知之甚少。本研究旨在评价表面活性剂Triton X-100和杀菌剂ClO2在新鲜和古老两个花发育阶段收获的绣球空运模拟中的作用。花瓶寿命，新鲜重量损失(FWL)和溶液吸收评估后，空运模拟。此外，为了了解绣球花在花瓶生活期间的水分关系，对其苞片进行了细菌计数和显微观察。古绣球的花瓶寿命最长，去离子水处理效果最好，可达32.7天。与去离子水(8.75天)相比，使用Triton X-100的FWL速度更快(3.83天)。然而，该花卉防腐剂对促进溶液吸收有较好的效果(31.96 mL)。考虑到微生物计数的高存在并不影响溶液吸收或花瓶寿命，细菌堵塞似乎没有发生。苞片上气孔的存在似乎对花序脱水至关重要，Triton X-100促进的高吸水性并没有解决这个问题。结果表明，去离子水处理效果最好，防腐剂对延长绣球切花花瓶寿命的影响不显著。大叶绣球(hortensia)是一种扩大利用的植物观赏植物，它的花萼为花萼，花萼为苞片。Como地板de corte，在高温下的温度为2°C，在高温下的温度为2°C，在高温下的温度为2°C，在高温下的温度为2°C。Este estudio两个共同的目标是评估Triton X-100(表面活性剂)和ClO2(生物杀灭剂)在模拟环境中对植物的影响:“新鲜”和“古董”。在此基础上，提出了一种基于数值模拟的数值模拟解决方案。因此，我们通过观察细菌的微观环境来实现细菌的生存条件，并通过观察细菌的微观环境来实现细菌的生存条件。《花卉节的延续》(La vida en florero mas prolongada se observo en hortensias ' antique ')由花卉控制(agua deionizada)提供，主要用于alcanzondo花卉的治疗。La perdida de peso fresco fute mas rapida cuando se utilizo Triton X-100 (3,83 dias，占peso fresco的20%)与el agua deionizada (8,75 dias)进行比较。在禁运中，este preservante flower fuente en promotiver la capture de solution (31,96 mL)。对细菌的吸附不产生任何影响，特别是对微生物的吸附不产生任何影响，对溶液的吸附不产生影响。在Triton X-100的研究中，采用了一种新的解决方案，即在叶片中存在气孔，在叶片中存在气孔，在花序中存在气孔，在叶片中存在气孔，在叶片中存在气孔，在叶片中存在气孔，在叶片中存在气孔。去离子化水对植物的防腐效果有显著影响，对植物的保鲜剂作用不显著，对植物的保鲜剂作用不显著。
{"title":"Role of flower preservative solutions during postharvest of Hydrangea macrophylla cv. Bela","authors":"D. Aros, Cristiana Silva, C. Char, L. Prat, V. Escalona","doi":"10.4067/S0718-16202016000300008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-16202016000300008","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrangea macrophylla (hydrangea) is widely used as an ornamental plant and cut flower due to its inflorescence, which is composed of colored bracts. As cut flowers, hydrangeas show a postharvest life of up to 1 month at 2 °C, but little is known about their postharvest life during air shipment. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of Triton X-100 (surfactant) and ClO2 (biocide) during an air shipment simulation of hydrangea harvested at two floral stages of development: fresh and antique. Vase life, fresh weight loss (FWL) and solution uptake were evaluated after an air shipment simulation. Furthermore, bacterial counts and microscopic observation of the bracts were performed in order to understand the water relations of hydrangea during vase life. The longest vase life was observed in antique hydrangeas, and the control (deionized water) was the best treatment, reaching up to 32.7 days in this floral stage. FWL was faster when using Triton X-100 (3.83 days to lose 20% of FW) compared to deionized water (8.75 days). However, this flower preservative was efficient at promoting solution uptake (31.96 mL). Bacterial plugging did not appear to occur considering that the high presence of microorganisms counted did not affect solution uptake or vase life. The presence of stomata on the bracts seems to be crucial for the dehydration of the inflorescence, a problem that was not solved by the higher water uptake promoted by Triton X-100. Thus, deionized water was the best treatment, and the effect of flower preservatives in order to extend vase life of hydrangea cut flowers was insignificant. Hydrangea macrophylla (hortensia) es ampliamente utilizada como planta ornamental y flor de corte debido a su inflorescencia compuesta por bracteas coloreadas. Como flor de corte, las hortensias presentan una vida en postcosecha de hasta un mes a 2°C pero poco se conoce sobre su postcosecha durante un envio aereo. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de Triton X-100 (surfactante) y ClO2 (biocida) durante una simulacion de envio aereo de hortensias cosechadas en dos estados de desarrollo floral: ‘fresh’ y ‘antique’. Durante esta simulacion aerea se evaluo vida en florero, perdida de peso fresco y captura de solucion. Ademas, se realizo un conteo de bacterias y observaciones microscopicas de las bracteas para entender las relaciones hidricas durante la vida en florero. La vida en florero mas prolongada se observo en hortensias ‘antique’ y el control (agua deionizada) fue el mejor tratamiento alcanzando hasta 32,7 dias en este estado floral. La perdida de peso fresco fue mas rapida cuando se utilizo Triton X-100 (3,83 dias para perder 20% of peso fresco) en comparacion con el agua deionizada (8,75 dias). Sin embargo, este preservante floral fue eficiente en promover la captura de solucion (31,96 mL). El taponamiento por bacteria no fue sugerido para esta especie considerando que la alta presencia de microorganismos contabilizados no afecto la capt","PeriodicalId":50695,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia E Investigacion Agraria","volume":"1 1","pages":"418-428"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88169679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-16202016000300007
A. Higuchi, J. Dávalos
This paper seeks to identify the consumer segments that constitute the market for organic products in Metropolitan Lima, Peru. The employed classification methodology, Latent Class Analysis, is implemented within a structural framework that is capable of identifying key relations such as the link between educational attainment and organic product consumption. This study builds on primary data gathered at the study site involving interviews with 547 organic consumers at a limited number of bio-fairs and bio-shops. Our results identify two segments: core and middle-level consumers. Although both segments exhibit similar concerns towards the environment, healthiness and tastiness, the core level exhibits higher preferences for the remaining attributes, controlling for demographical variables. Finally, this research provides evidence that educational attainment increases the likelihood of being a middle-level organic consumer. La presente investigacion tiene por objetivo identificar los segmentos de mercado de consumidores de productos organicos en Lima Metropolitana (Peru). Ademas, se implementa como metodologia de clasificacion el analisis de clases latentes, en conjunto con un marco estructural capaz de identificar relaciones clave, como por ejemplo el vinculo entre el nivel de educacion y el consumo de productos organicos. La investigacion se basa en informacion primaria recabada en el lugar de estudio, comprendiendo entrevistas con 547 consumidores de productos organicos en un numero limitado de tiendas y ferias organicas. Los resultados muestran dos segmentos de consumidores, el segmento de nivel medio y el segmento de nivel central. A pesar de que ambos segmentos identificados poseen actitudes similares con respecto al medio ambiente, la salud y el sabor, el segmento de nivel central exhibe niveles de preferencia mayores en los atributos restantes, controlando los efectos de las variables demograficas. Finalmente, la investigacion brinda evidencia de que dado un incremento en el nivel de educacion, la probabilidad de ser clasificado como un consumidor de productos organicos de nivel medio aumenta.
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Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-16202016000300003
Nancy Vitta, P. Estay, R. Chorbadjian
Two studies were conducted with the aim of characterizing the antixenosis and antibiosis resistance expression of genotypes in the Solanum section Lycopersicon against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). The species used were S. lycopersicum (Fiorentino, Naomi and Belle), S. habrochaites (RCAT030597, PI126446), S. chilense (INIABB79), S. peruvianum (RCAT031296, RCAT039874 and RCAT030403) and S. pimpinellifolium (PI390739). For the antixenosis bioassay, a leaf was removed from plants of each genotype and placed in a cup with a floral foam soaked in water. The cups were stored in cages covered with anti-aphid mesh. The number of eggs per plant was determined seven days after releasing the adults. For the antibiosis bioassay, one leaf per genotype and replication was placed in a plastic cup with floral foam soaked in water, and first-stage tomato leaf miner larvae were placed individually on the leaves. Larval survival, total average male and female pupal weight and consumed foliar area were assessed for each genotype. It was determined that most wild species showed resistance to Tuta absoluta by antixenosis and antibiosis mechanisms. The genotype S. habrochaites (RCAT030597) presented more resistance by antibiosis based on larval survival. Nonetheless, the resistance-level characterization depended on the insect response that was considered because S. chilense was less preferred for oviposition; however, in this genotype, the larval survival in the no-choice assays was among the highest observed. Thus, this study provides comprehensive information on the resistance level of several Solanum genotypes that could be used in further efforts to understand the complex mechanisms underlying Solanum resistance to the tomato leaf miner. Se condujeron dos estudios para caracterizar los mecanismos de resistencia por antixenosis y antibiosis de genotipos de Solanum seccion Lycopersicon a Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). Las especies utilizadas fueron Solanum lycopersicum (Fiorentino, Naomi y Belle), S. habrochaites (RCAT030597, PI126446), S. chilense (INIABB79), S. peruvianum (RCAT031296, RCAT039874, RCAT030403) y S. pimpinellifolium (PI390739). Para la evaluacion de antixenosis, se retiro una hoja de cada planta y se coloco en un recipiente con espuma floral embebida en agua. Los recipientes se introdujeron en jaulas cubiertas de malla anti-afidos. Se determino el numero de huevos por planta a los siete dias despues de la liberacion de los adultos. Similarmente, pero en forma independiente, cada hoja se inoculo con una larva de primer estado, evaluandose su sobrevivencia, peso final de pupas hembras y machos y el area foliar consumida. Se determino que la mayoria de los genotipos silvestres expresaron mecanismos de resistencia a Tuta absoluta por antixenosis y/o antibiosis. El genotipo S. habrochaites (RCAT030597) presento mayor resistencia por antibiosis basado en la sobrevivencia de las larvas y dano foliar. No obstante, la caracterizacion del nivel de resistencia dependio de
{"title":"Characterization of resistance expression in genotypes of Solanum Section Lycopersicon against Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)","authors":"Nancy Vitta, P. Estay, R. Chorbadjian","doi":"10.4067/S0718-16202016000300003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-16202016000300003","url":null,"abstract":"Two studies were conducted with the aim of characterizing the antixenosis and antibiosis resistance expression of genotypes in the Solanum section Lycopersicon against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). The species used were S. lycopersicum (Fiorentino, Naomi and Belle), S. habrochaites (RCAT030597, PI126446), S. chilense (INIABB79), S. peruvianum (RCAT031296, RCAT039874 and RCAT030403) and S. pimpinellifolium (PI390739). For the antixenosis bioassay, a leaf was removed from plants of each genotype and placed in a cup with a floral foam soaked in water. The cups were stored in cages covered with anti-aphid mesh. The number of eggs per plant was determined seven days after releasing the adults. For the antibiosis bioassay, one leaf per genotype and replication was placed in a plastic cup with floral foam soaked in water, and first-stage tomato leaf miner larvae were placed individually on the leaves. Larval survival, total average male and female pupal weight and consumed foliar area were assessed for each genotype. It was determined that most wild species showed resistance to Tuta absoluta by antixenosis and antibiosis mechanisms. The genotype S. habrochaites (RCAT030597) presented more resistance by antibiosis based on larval survival. Nonetheless, the resistance-level characterization depended on the insect response that was considered because S. chilense was less preferred for oviposition; however, in this genotype, the larval survival in the no-choice assays was among the highest observed. Thus, this study provides comprehensive information on the resistance level of several Solanum genotypes that could be used in further efforts to understand the complex mechanisms underlying Solanum resistance to the tomato leaf miner. Se condujeron dos estudios para caracterizar los mecanismos de resistencia por antixenosis y antibiosis de genotipos de Solanum seccion Lycopersicon a Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). Las especies utilizadas fueron Solanum lycopersicum (Fiorentino, Naomi y Belle), S. habrochaites (RCAT030597, PI126446), S. chilense (INIABB79), S. peruvianum (RCAT031296, RCAT039874, RCAT030403) y S. pimpinellifolium (PI390739). Para la evaluacion de antixenosis, se retiro una hoja de cada planta y se coloco en un recipiente con espuma floral embebida en agua. Los recipientes se introdujeron en jaulas cubiertas de malla anti-afidos. Se determino el numero de huevos por planta a los siete dias despues de la liberacion de los adultos. Similarmente, pero en forma independiente, cada hoja se inoculo con una larva de primer estado, evaluandose su sobrevivencia, peso final de pupas hembras y machos y el area foliar consumida. Se determino que la mayoria de los genotipos silvestres expresaron mecanismos de resistencia a Tuta absoluta por antixenosis y/o antibiosis. El genotipo S. habrochaites (RCAT030597) presento mayor resistencia por antibiosis basado en la sobrevivencia de las larvas y dano foliar. No obstante, la caracterizacion del nivel de resistencia dependio de","PeriodicalId":50695,"journal":{"name":"Ciencia E Investigacion Agraria","volume":"59 1","pages":"366-373"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87146327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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