Pub Date : 2020-11-06DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.443.1.1
Boris L. Blotto, M. Pereyra, Taran Grant, J. Faivovich
ABSTRACT Although studies of anuran hand and foot musculature began in the first half of the 19th century, all studies to date have been taxonomically or anatomically restricted in scope, and none has considered the diversity of autopodial myology in Anura as a whole. As a model for future comparisons, we thoroughly describe the hand and foot musculature of an arboreal species (the hylid Triprion petasatus), define the layers in which these muscles are arranged, and attribute presumed functions. On the basis of our myological analysis of 155 species representing 46 of the 54 currently recognized families and main clades of anurans, we describe 20 characters related to hand and foot muscles. Optimization of these characters on the most recent and inclusive phylogenetic hypothesis of Anura results in synapomorphies for several major clades (Bombinatoridae, Alytidae, Xenoanura + Acosmanura, Xenoanura, Pipidae, Acosmanura, Anomocoela, Scaphiopodidae, Pelodytidae + Pelobatidae + Megophryidae, Megophryidae, Neobatrachia, Heleophrynidae, Sooglossidae, Laurentobatrachia, Calyptocephalellidae, Myobatrachoidea, and Nobleobatrachia), including new, nonhomoplastic synapomorphies for clades previously supported only by molecular evidence and a few conflicting phenotypic characters (e.g., Acosmanura, Anomocoela, Neobatrachia). Additionally, we (1) address controversies regarding the homology of anuran and caudate muscles in the context of putative synapomorphies for Ascaphidae + Leiopelmatidae and its sister clade Lalagobatrachia; (2) evaluate a recently proposed terminology for anuran hand and foot musculature; (3) discuss the identities of several hand and foot muscles with problematic homologies; (4) establish a unified terminology for anuran hand and foot muscles, including a list of synonyms for all names employed in the literature; and (5) propose hypotheses for the origin of several myological novelties (neomorphs).
{"title":"Hand and Foot Musculature of Anura: Structure, Homology, Terminology, and Synapomorphies for Major Clades","authors":"Boris L. Blotto, M. Pereyra, Taran Grant, J. Faivovich","doi":"10.1206/0003-0090.443.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.443.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Although studies of anuran hand and foot musculature began in the first half of the 19th century, all studies to date have been taxonomically or anatomically restricted in scope, and none has considered the diversity of autopodial myology in Anura as a whole. As a model for future comparisons, we thoroughly describe the hand and foot musculature of an arboreal species (the hylid Triprion petasatus), define the layers in which these muscles are arranged, and attribute presumed functions. On the basis of our myological analysis of 155 species representing 46 of the 54 currently recognized families and main clades of anurans, we describe 20 characters related to hand and foot muscles. Optimization of these characters on the most recent and inclusive phylogenetic hypothesis of Anura results in synapomorphies for several major clades (Bombinatoridae, Alytidae, Xenoanura + Acosmanura, Xenoanura, Pipidae, Acosmanura, Anomocoela, Scaphiopodidae, Pelodytidae + Pelobatidae + Megophryidae, Megophryidae, Neobatrachia, Heleophrynidae, Sooglossidae, Laurentobatrachia, Calyptocephalellidae, Myobatrachoidea, and Nobleobatrachia), including new, nonhomoplastic synapomorphies for clades previously supported only by molecular evidence and a few conflicting phenotypic characters (e.g., Acosmanura, Anomocoela, Neobatrachia). Additionally, we (1) address controversies regarding the homology of anuran and caudate muscles in the context of putative synapomorphies for Ascaphidae + Leiopelmatidae and its sister clade Lalagobatrachia; (2) evaluate a recently proposed terminology for anuran hand and foot musculature; (3) discuss the identities of several hand and foot muscles with problematic homologies; (4) establish a unified terminology for anuran hand and foot muscles, including a list of synonyms for all names employed in the literature; and (5) propose hypotheses for the origin of several myological novelties (neomorphs).","PeriodicalId":50721,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45690707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-14DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.442.1.1
L. Prendini, Stephanie F. Loria
ABSTRACT The genera and species of the Asian forest scorpions (Scorpionidae Latreille, 1802) are revised based on a phylogenetic analysis of 186 morphological characters and 4188 base pairs of concatenated DNA sequence from three mitochondrial loci and two nuclear loci. Revision of the Asian scorpionids required a critical reappraisal of the suprageneric classification of Scorpionidae, on the basis of which the monotypic Indian scorpionoid genus, Rugodentus Bastawade et al., 2005, stat. rev., and its type species, Rugodentus keralaensis Bastawade et al., 2005, stat. rev., are revalidated, and subfamily Rugodentinae Bastawade et al., 2005, revalidated and elevated to the rank of family, Rugodentidae Bastawade et al., 2005, stat. nov. et stat. rev.; Heterometrinae Simon, 1879, stat. nov., and Opistophthalminae Rossi, 2016, stat. nov., are elevated to the rank of subfamily; Pandinopsis Vachon, 1974, stat. nov., and Pandipalpus Rossi, 2015, stat. nov., are elevated to the rank of genus, resulting in two new combinations: Pandinopsis dictator (Pocock, 1888), comb. nov., and Pandipalpus viatoris (Pocock, 1890), comb. nov.; and 10 new synonyms are presented: Pandinopsini Rossi, 2016 = Pandininae Thorell, 1876, syn. nov.; Protophthalmini Rossi, 2016 = Opistophthalminae Rossi, 2016, syn. nov.; Protophthalmus Lawrence, 1969 = Opistophthalmus C.L. Koch, 1837, syn. nov.; Pandinoides (Dunlopandinoides) Rossi, 2016 = Pandinoides Fet, 2000, syn. nov.; Pandinurus (Pandicaporiaccous) Rossi, 2015 = Pandiborellius Rossi, 2015, syn. nov.; Buthus defensor C.L. Koch, 1837 = Pandinurus gregoryi (Pocock, 1896), syn. nov.; Buthus heros C.L. Koch, 1837 = Pandinurus exitialis (Pocock, 1888), syn. nov.; Pandinus lowei Kovařík, 2012 = Pandipalpus viatoris (Pocock, 1890), syn. nov.; Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) pygmaeus Rossi, 2015 = Pandipalpus viatoris (Pocock, 1890), syn. nov.; Pandinus intermedius Borelli, 1919 = Pandinurus citernii (Borelli, 1919), syn. nov. The following revisions are implemented to the classification of the Asian forest scorpions (Heterometrinae). Three former subgenera of Heterometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 are revalidated and elevated to the rank of genus: Chersonesometrus Couzijn, 1978, stat. nov. et stat. rev.; Javanimetrus Couzijn, 1981, stat. nov. et stat. rev.; and Srilankametrus Couzijn, 1981, stat. nov. et stat. rev. One subgenus is elevated to the rank of genus: Gigantometrus Couzijn, 1978, stat. nov. Two new genera and eight new species are described: Deccanometrus, gen. nov.; Sahyadrimetrus, gen. nov.; Chersonesometrus bastawadei, sp. nov.; Chersonesometrus hendersoni, sp. nov.; Chersonesometrus nathanorum, sp. nov.; Chersonesometrus shivashankari, sp. nov.; Sahyadrimetrus mathewi, gen. et sp. nov.; Sahyadrimetrus tikaderi, gen. et sp. nov.; Srilankametrus couzijni, sp. nov.; Srilankametrus pococki, sp. nov. Heterometrus sensu stricto is restricted to eight species of the nominotypical subgenus, all other species, formerly placed in Heterometrus, are
{"title":"Systematic Revision of the Asian Forest Scorpions (Heterometrinae Simon, 1879), Revised Suprageneric Classification of Scorpionidae Latreille, 1802, and Revalidation of Rugodentidae Bastawade et al., 2005","authors":"L. Prendini, Stephanie F. Loria","doi":"10.1206/0003-0090.442.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.442.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The genera and species of the Asian forest scorpions (Scorpionidae Latreille, 1802) are revised based on a phylogenetic analysis of 186 morphological characters and 4188 base pairs of concatenated DNA sequence from three mitochondrial loci and two nuclear loci. Revision of the Asian scorpionids required a critical reappraisal of the suprageneric classification of Scorpionidae, on the basis of which the monotypic Indian scorpionoid genus, Rugodentus Bastawade et al., 2005, stat. rev., and its type species, Rugodentus keralaensis Bastawade et al., 2005, stat. rev., are revalidated, and subfamily Rugodentinae Bastawade et al., 2005, revalidated and elevated to the rank of family, Rugodentidae Bastawade et al., 2005, stat. nov. et stat. rev.; Heterometrinae Simon, 1879, stat. nov., and Opistophthalminae Rossi, 2016, stat. nov., are elevated to the rank of subfamily; Pandinopsis Vachon, 1974, stat. nov., and Pandipalpus Rossi, 2015, stat. nov., are elevated to the rank of genus, resulting in two new combinations: Pandinopsis dictator (Pocock, 1888), comb. nov., and Pandipalpus viatoris (Pocock, 1890), comb. nov.; and 10 new synonyms are presented: Pandinopsini Rossi, 2016 = Pandininae Thorell, 1876, syn. nov.; Protophthalmini Rossi, 2016 = Opistophthalminae Rossi, 2016, syn. nov.; Protophthalmus Lawrence, 1969 = Opistophthalmus C.L. Koch, 1837, syn. nov.; Pandinoides (Dunlopandinoides) Rossi, 2016 = Pandinoides Fet, 2000, syn. nov.; Pandinurus (Pandicaporiaccous) Rossi, 2015 = Pandiborellius Rossi, 2015, syn. nov.; Buthus defensor C.L. Koch, 1837 = Pandinurus gregoryi (Pocock, 1896), syn. nov.; Buthus heros C.L. Koch, 1837 = Pandinurus exitialis (Pocock, 1888), syn. nov.; Pandinus lowei Kovařík, 2012 = Pandipalpus viatoris (Pocock, 1890), syn. nov.; Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) pygmaeus Rossi, 2015 = Pandipalpus viatoris (Pocock, 1890), syn. nov.; Pandinus intermedius Borelli, 1919 = Pandinurus citernii (Borelli, 1919), syn. nov. The following revisions are implemented to the classification of the Asian forest scorpions (Heterometrinae). Three former subgenera of Heterometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 are revalidated and elevated to the rank of genus: Chersonesometrus Couzijn, 1978, stat. nov. et stat. rev.; Javanimetrus Couzijn, 1981, stat. nov. et stat. rev.; and Srilankametrus Couzijn, 1981, stat. nov. et stat. rev. One subgenus is elevated to the rank of genus: Gigantometrus Couzijn, 1978, stat. nov. Two new genera and eight new species are described: Deccanometrus, gen. nov.; Sahyadrimetrus, gen. nov.; Chersonesometrus bastawadei, sp. nov.; Chersonesometrus hendersoni, sp. nov.; Chersonesometrus nathanorum, sp. nov.; Chersonesometrus shivashankari, sp. nov.; Sahyadrimetrus mathewi, gen. et sp. nov.; Sahyadrimetrus tikaderi, gen. et sp. nov.; Srilankametrus couzijni, sp. nov.; Srilankametrus pococki, sp. nov. Heterometrus sensu stricto is restricted to eight species of the nominotypical subgenus, all other species, formerly placed in Heterometrus, are ","PeriodicalId":50721,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43180716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-09DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.441.1.1
N. Landman, W. Kennedy, Joyce C. Grier, Neal L. Larson, J. Grier, Tom Linn, L. Tackett, B. Jicha
ABSTRACT We describe three species of large scaphitid ammonites (Ammonoidea: Ancyloceratina) from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian–lower Maastrichtian) of the Western Interior of North America. Each species occurs as two dimorphs, referred to as macroconch and microconch. All three species share a similar pattern of ornamentation consisting of long, thin, nonbifurcating ribs on the adoral part of the phragmocone, suggesting that they constitute a single monophyletic clade. Macroconchs of Hoploscaphites crassus (Coryell and Salmon, 1934) are characterized by a globose whorl section, with closely spaced ventrolateral tubercles on the body chamber, usually persisting to the aperture. Macroconchs of Hoploscaphites plenus (Meek and Hayden, 1860) differ from those of H. crassus in having a more subquadrate whorl section with flatter flanks, and fewer, larger, and more widely spaced ventrolateral tubercles. Macroconchs of Hoploscaphites peterseni, n. sp., closely resemble those of H. crassus, but differ in being nearly circular in side view with a more compressed whorl section. All three species lived at approximately the same time in the same general area and depositional environment. They are abundant in the Baculites baculus Zone but also occasionally occur in the B. eliasi Zone and possibly lower part of the B. grandis Zone. They are present in the Pierre Shale of east-central Montana and east-central Wyoming, the Lewis Shale of south-central Wyoming, and the Bearpaw Shale of northeast Montana. It is possible that these three species represent subspecies within a single species or a “flock” of very closely related species, similar to the “species flocks” observed in modern cichlid fishes.
{"title":"Large Scaphitid Ammonites (Hoploscaphites) from the Upper Cretaceous (Upper Campanian–Lower Maastrichtian) of North America: Endless Variation on a Single Theme","authors":"N. Landman, W. Kennedy, Joyce C. Grier, Neal L. Larson, J. Grier, Tom Linn, L. Tackett, B. Jicha","doi":"10.1206/0003-0090.441.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.441.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We describe three species of large scaphitid ammonites (Ammonoidea: Ancyloceratina) from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian–lower Maastrichtian) of the Western Interior of North America. Each species occurs as two dimorphs, referred to as macroconch and microconch. All three species share a similar pattern of ornamentation consisting of long, thin, nonbifurcating ribs on the adoral part of the phragmocone, suggesting that they constitute a single monophyletic clade. Macroconchs of Hoploscaphites crassus (Coryell and Salmon, 1934) are characterized by a globose whorl section, with closely spaced ventrolateral tubercles on the body chamber, usually persisting to the aperture. Macroconchs of Hoploscaphites plenus (Meek and Hayden, 1860) differ from those of H. crassus in having a more subquadrate whorl section with flatter flanks, and fewer, larger, and more widely spaced ventrolateral tubercles. Macroconchs of Hoploscaphites peterseni, n. sp., closely resemble those of H. crassus, but differ in being nearly circular in side view with a more compressed whorl section. All three species lived at approximately the same time in the same general area and depositional environment. They are abundant in the Baculites baculus Zone but also occasionally occur in the B. eliasi Zone and possibly lower part of the B. grandis Zone. They are present in the Pierre Shale of east-central Montana and east-central Wyoming, the Lewis Shale of south-central Wyoming, and the Bearpaw Shale of northeast Montana. It is possible that these three species represent subspecies within a single species or a “flock” of very closely related species, similar to the “species flocks” observed in modern cichlid fishes.","PeriodicalId":50721,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41376935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.439.1.1
R. Voss, Thomas C. Giarla, J. Díaz-Nieto, S. Jansa
ABSTRACT In this report, the second of a revisionary series on mouse opossums (Marmosa), we analyze cytochrome b sequence data from 166 specimens of the subgenus Micoureus and delimit putative species using the multirate Poisson Tree Processes (mPTP) method. That analysis identifies 21 putative species, many of which can be matched with available names, including alstoni, constantiae, demerarae, limae, germana, meridae, paraguayana, parda, perplexa, phaea, rapposa, and rutteri. However, some of these nominal taxa are not morphologically diagnosable, and in the absence of other corroborating evidence, we do not recommend that they all be recognized as valid. Phylogenetic analyses of a multigene dataset suggest that putative species of Micoureus belong to several well-supported clades, one of which (the “Rapposa Group”) is revised in this report. As defined herein, the Rapposa Group includes at least three valid species: M. rapposa Thomas, 1899 (including budini Thomas, 1920); M. parda Tate, 1931; and M. rutteri Thomas, 1924. Herein we document their ecogeographic distributions and diagnostic traits, comment on their taxonomic histories, and list the specimens we examined (including all relevant type material).
{"title":"A Revision of the Didelphid Marsupial Genus MarmosaPart 2. Species of the Rapposa Group (Subgenus Micoureus)","authors":"R. Voss, Thomas C. Giarla, J. Díaz-Nieto, S. Jansa","doi":"10.1206/0003-0090.439.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.439.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this report, the second of a revisionary series on mouse opossums (Marmosa), we analyze cytochrome b sequence data from 166 specimens of the subgenus Micoureus and delimit putative species using the multirate Poisson Tree Processes (mPTP) method. That analysis identifies 21 putative species, many of which can be matched with available names, including alstoni, constantiae, demerarae, limae, germana, meridae, paraguayana, parda, perplexa, phaea, rapposa, and rutteri. However, some of these nominal taxa are not morphologically diagnosable, and in the absence of other corroborating evidence, we do not recommend that they all be recognized as valid. Phylogenetic analyses of a multigene dataset suggest that putative species of Micoureus belong to several well-supported clades, one of which (the “Rapposa Group”) is revised in this report. As defined herein, the Rapposa Group includes at least three valid species: M. rapposa Thomas, 1899 (including budini Thomas, 1920); M. parda Tate, 1931; and M. rutteri Thomas, 1924. Herein we document their ecogeographic distributions and diagnostic traits, comment on their taxonomic histories, and list the specimens we examined (including all relevant type material).","PeriodicalId":50721,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44697872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-28DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.438.1.1
Fernando Álvarez-Padilla, R. Kallal, G. Hormiga
ABSTRACT The spider family Tetragnathidae Menge is a cosmopolitan, relatively well-studied spider clade with some members readily identifiable by their elongate chelicerae and/or their horizontal orb webs. It has four recognized subfamilies—Tetragnathinae, Metainae, Leucauginae, and the Australasian endemic Nanometinae—although many genera remain unassigned to subfamilial groups. Nanometinae alpha taxonomy is the least well understood of these lineages despite the inclusion of members of the subfamily in a number of phylogenetic analyses over the past decade. Here we describe 10 new species and revise seven additional tetragnathids from Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, and Papua New Guinea in the genera Nanometa, Taraire, gen. nov., Tawhai, gen. nov., Harlanethis, gen. nov., and Iamarra, gen. nov. These 17 species are: Nanometa gentilis Simon, 1908, N. trivittata (Keyserling, 1887), comb. nov., N. sarasini (Berland, 1924), comb. nov., N. lagenifera (Urquhart, 1888), comb. nov., N. purpurapunctata (Urquhart, 1889), comb. nov., N. fea, sp. nov., N. tasmaniensis, sp. nov., N. tetracaena, sp. nov., N. dimitrovi, sp. nov., N. dutrorum, sp. nov., N. forsteri, sp. nov., Taraire rufolineata (Urquhart, 1889), comb. nov., Taraire oculta, sp. nov., Tawhai arborea (Urquhart, 1891), comb. nov., Harlanethis lipscombae, sp. nov., H. weintrauborum, sp. nov., and Iamarra multitheca, sp. nov. We also synonymize Nediphya Marusik and Omelko, 2017, and the monotypic genus Eryciniolia Strand, 1912, with Nanometa, bringing the total number of species in the genus from one to 14. Using an expanded taxon sampling for prior studies based on six molecular markers—12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, and histone H3—and both maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods, we place these taxa in the tetragnathid tree of life. Nanometinae and its constituent genera Nanometa and Pinkfloydia are reciprocally monophyletic. Harlanethis belongs to Leucauginae. The genera Taraire, Tawhai, and Iamarra defy robust phylogenetic placement and are not yet assigned to subfamily.
{"title":"Taxonomy and Phylogenetics of Nanometinae and Other Australasian Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae)","authors":"Fernando Álvarez-Padilla, R. Kallal, G. Hormiga","doi":"10.1206/0003-0090.438.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.438.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The spider family Tetragnathidae Menge is a cosmopolitan, relatively well-studied spider clade with some members readily identifiable by their elongate chelicerae and/or their horizontal orb webs. It has four recognized subfamilies—Tetragnathinae, Metainae, Leucauginae, and the Australasian endemic Nanometinae—although many genera remain unassigned to subfamilial groups. Nanometinae alpha taxonomy is the least well understood of these lineages despite the inclusion of members of the subfamily in a number of phylogenetic analyses over the past decade. Here we describe 10 new species and revise seven additional tetragnathids from Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, and Papua New Guinea in the genera Nanometa, Taraire, gen. nov., Tawhai, gen. nov., Harlanethis, gen. nov., and Iamarra, gen. nov. These 17 species are: Nanometa gentilis Simon, 1908, N. trivittata (Keyserling, 1887), comb. nov., N. sarasini (Berland, 1924), comb. nov., N. lagenifera (Urquhart, 1888), comb. nov., N. purpurapunctata (Urquhart, 1889), comb. nov., N. fea, sp. nov., N. tasmaniensis, sp. nov., N. tetracaena, sp. nov., N. dimitrovi, sp. nov., N. dutrorum, sp. nov., N. forsteri, sp. nov., Taraire rufolineata (Urquhart, 1889), comb. nov., Taraire oculta, sp. nov., Tawhai arborea (Urquhart, 1891), comb. nov., Harlanethis lipscombae, sp. nov., H. weintrauborum, sp. nov., and Iamarra multitheca, sp. nov. We also synonymize Nediphya Marusik and Omelko, 2017, and the monotypic genus Eryciniolia Strand, 1912, with Nanometa, bringing the total number of species in the genus from one to 14. Using an expanded taxon sampling for prior studies based on six molecular markers—12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, and histone H3—and both maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods, we place these taxa in the tetragnathid tree of life. Nanometinae and its constituent genera Nanometa and Pinkfloydia are reciprocally monophyletic. Harlanethis belongs to Leucauginae. The genera Taraire, Tawhai, and Iamarra defy robust phylogenetic placement and are not yet assigned to subfamily.","PeriodicalId":50721,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42611982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.440.1.1
Pittman, Ashley M. Heers, Francisco Serrano, D. Field, M. Habib, T. Dececchi, Thomas G. Kaye, H. Larsson
{"title":"Methods of studying early theropod flight","authors":"Pittman, Ashley M. Heers, Francisco Serrano, D. Field, M. Habib, T. Dececchi, Thomas G. Kaye, H. Larsson","doi":"10.1206/0003-0090.440.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.440.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50721,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66160649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-04DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.437.1.1
E. Tschopp, S. Maidment, M. Lamanna, M. Norell
ABSTRACT The Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of the western United States preserves one of the best-known Mesozoic paleoecosystems worldwide. The formation crops out over an area from New Mexico and Oklahoma to Montana and Utah and encompasses a time span of approximately eight million years. Recent studies indicate a high diversity of gigantic, herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs, but the geographic and temporal distributions of species or even genera of these animals remain poorly understood. In particular, sauropod specimens from northern outcrops of the formation have rarely been studied in detail, and temporal relationships among sites are imprecise. Here, we reassess the taxonomic diversity of the sauropods from a historic Carnegie Museum locality in northern Wyoming. Previous referrals of material to the well-known diplodocid genera Apatosaurus and Diplodocus cannot be confidently confirmed; instead, all these specimens more likely represent elements from the recently recognized Galeamopus. Specimens previously assigned to Camarasaurus and Haplocanthosaurus could not be referred to these genera based on apomorphies, due to a lack of detailed knowledge concerning the genus- and species-level taxonomy of these sauropods. Our findings imply that many referrals of incomplete diplodocid skeletons to Apatosaurus and Diplodocus must be reassessed. These reassessments are particularly important with regard to specimens from northern localities of the Morrison Formation, as it is becoming increasingly evident that diplodocids from this area were distinct from better-known, more southerly taxa. This geographic segregation does not seem to apply to nondiplodocid sauropods; however, these taxa are also in need of systematic revision, which may reveal species-level patterns similar to those observed in Diplodocidae.
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Pub Date : 2019-07-18DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.265.1.5
L. Herman
This catalog (published in seven parts, all released on the same day) is based on only the published literature for the Staphylinidae. Of the 32 subfamilies, the following 28 are included herein: Apateticinae, Dasycerinae, Empelinae, Euaesthetinae, Glypholomatinae, Habrocerinae, Leptotyphlinae, Megalopsidiinae, Micropeplinae, Microsilphinae, Neophoninae, Olisthaerinae, Omaliinae, Osoriinae, Oxyporinae, Oxytelinae, Phloeocharinae, Piestinae, Protactinae†, Proteininae, Protopselaphinae, Pseudopsinae, Solieriinae, Staphylininae, Steninae, Tachyporinae, Trichophyinae, and Trigonurinae. The Aleocharinae, Paederinae, Pselphinae, and Scaphidiinae are excluded from this edition of the catalog. References to the original citation or description are given for available family-group, genus-group, and species-group names of both extant and extinct forms. The type genus is cited for each family-group name, the type species for each genus-group name, and the type locality for each species-group name. Where appropriate, all subgenera, subspecies, or synonyms are listed for each valid name. Annotated subsequent references are presented for all names. Distributional summaries are given for each valid taxon. Full bibliographic citations are in Part VII. A short historical review, coauthored with Aleš Smetana, follows the Introduction (Part I), with the main focus on biographical sketches that include many photographs. The goal of this catalog is to summarize the current state of knowledge of the family and to stimulate worldwide monographic studies. iv Address correspondence to: Lee H. Herman, Curator, Division of Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA (herman@amnh.org). Please send comments, corrections, or updates to either the postal or e-mail address. Reprints of new publications would be helpful and appreciated.
{"title":"Catalog of the Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). 1758 to the End of the Second Millennium.V. Staphylinine Group (Part 2)Staphylininae: Diochini, Maorothiini, Othiini, Platyprosopini, Staphylinini (Amblyopinina, Anisolinina, Hyptiomina, Philonthina)","authors":"L. Herman","doi":"10.1206/0003-0090.265.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.265.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"This catalog (published in seven parts, all released on the same day) is based on only the published literature for the Staphylinidae. Of the 32 subfamilies, the following 28 are included herein: Apateticinae, Dasycerinae, Empelinae, Euaesthetinae, Glypholomatinae, Habrocerinae, Leptotyphlinae, Megalopsidiinae, Micropeplinae, Microsilphinae, Neophoninae, Olisthaerinae, Omaliinae, Osoriinae, Oxyporinae, Oxytelinae, Phloeocharinae, Piestinae, Protactinae†, Proteininae, Protopselaphinae, Pseudopsinae, Solieriinae, Staphylininae, Steninae, Tachyporinae, Trichophyinae, and Trigonurinae. The Aleocharinae, Paederinae, Pselphinae, and Scaphidiinae are excluded from this edition of the catalog. References to the original citation or description are given for available family-group, genus-group, and species-group names of both extant and extinct forms. The type genus is cited for each family-group name, the type species for each genus-group name, and the type locality for each species-group name. Where appropriate, all subgenera, subspecies, or synonyms are listed for each valid name. Annotated subsequent references are presented for all names. Distributional summaries are given for each valid taxon. Full bibliographic citations are in Part VII. A short historical review, coauthored with Aleš Smetana, follows the Introduction (Part I), with the main focus on biographical sketches that include many photographs. The goal of this catalog is to summarize the current state of knowledge of the family and to stimulate worldwide monographic studies. iv Address correspondence to: Lee H. Herman, Curator, Division of Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA (herman@amnh.org). Please send comments, corrections, or updates to either the postal or e-mail address. Reprints of new publications would be helpful and appreciated.","PeriodicalId":50721,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47328722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-28DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.436.1.1
M. O'Leary, M. Bouaré, Kerin M. Claeson, Kelly Heilbronn, Robert V. Hill, J. A. Mccartney, J. Sessa, F. Sissoko, L. Tapanila, E. Wheeler, E. Roberts
An epicontinental sea bisected West Africa periodically from the Late Cretaceous to the early Eocene, in dramatic contrast to the current Sahara Desert that dominates the same region today. Known as the Trans-Saharan Seaway, this warm and shallow ocean was a manifestation of globally elevated sea level associated with the rapid break-up of the supercontinent Gondwana in the late Mesozoic. Although it varied in size through time, the Trans-Saharan Seaway is estimated to have covered as much as 3000 km2 of the African continent and was approximately 50 m deep. The edges of the sea were defined in part by the high topography of the Precambrian cratons and mobile belts of West Africa. Over its approximately 50 million year episodic existence, through six major periods of transgression and regression, the Trans-Saharan Seaway left behind extensive nearshore marine sedimentary strata with abundant fossils. The waters that yielded these deposits supported and preserved the remains of numerous vertebrate, invertebrate, plant, and microbial species that are now extinct. These species document a regional picture of ancient tropical life that spanned two major Earth events: the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary and the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Whereas extensive epeiric seas flooded the interior portions of most continents during these intervals, the emerging multicontinental narrative has often overlooked the Trans-Saharan Seaway, in part because fundamental research, including the naming of geological formations and the primary description and analysis of fossil species, remained to be done. We provide such synthesis here based on two decades of fieldwork and analyses of sedimentary deposits in the Republic of Mali. Northern parts of the Republic of Mali today include some of the farthest inland reaches of the ancient sea. We bring together and expand on our prior geological and paleontological publications and provide new information on ancient sedimentary rocks and fossils that document paleoequatorial life of the past. Ours is the first formal description of and nomenclature for the Upper Cretaceous and lower Paleogene geological formations of this region and we tie these names to regional correlations over multiple modern territorial boundaries. The ancient seaway left intriguing and previously unclassified phosphate deposits that, quite possibly, represent the most extensive vertebrate macrofossil bone beds known from anywhere on Earth. These bone beds, and the paper shales and carbonates associated with them, have preserved a diverse assemblage of fossils, including a variety of new species of invertebrates and vertebrates, rare mammals, and trace fossils. The shallow marine waters included a wide range of paleoenvironments from delta systems, to hypersaline embayments, protected lagoons, and carbonate shoals. Our overarching goal has been to collect vertebrate fossils tied to a K-Pg stratigraphic section in Africa. We provid
{"title":"Stratigraphy and Paleobiology of the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene Sediments from the Trans-Saharan Seaway in Mali","authors":"M. O'Leary, M. Bouaré, Kerin M. Claeson, Kelly Heilbronn, Robert V. Hill, J. A. Mccartney, J. Sessa, F. Sissoko, L. Tapanila, E. Wheeler, E. Roberts","doi":"10.1206/0003-0090.436.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.436.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"An epicontinental sea bisected West Africa periodically from the Late Cretaceous to the early Eocene, in dramatic contrast to the current Sahara Desert that dominates the same region today. Known as the Trans-Saharan Seaway, this warm and shallow ocean was a manifestation of globally elevated sea level associated with the rapid break-up of the supercontinent Gondwana in the late Mesozoic. Although it varied in size through time, the Trans-Saharan Seaway is estimated to have covered as much as 3000 km2 of the African continent and was approximately 50 m deep. The edges of the sea were defined in part by the high topography of the Precambrian cratons and mobile belts of West Africa. Over its approximately 50 million year episodic existence, through six major periods of transgression and regression, the Trans-Saharan Seaway left behind extensive nearshore marine sedimentary strata with abundant fossils. The waters that yielded these deposits supported and preserved the remains of numerous vertebrate, invertebrate, plant, and microbial species that are now extinct. These species document a regional picture of ancient tropical life that spanned two major Earth events: the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary and the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Whereas extensive epeiric seas flooded the interior portions of most continents during these intervals, the emerging multicontinental narrative has often overlooked the Trans-Saharan Seaway, in part because fundamental research, including the naming of geological formations and the primary description and analysis of fossil species, remained to be done. We provide such synthesis here based on two decades of fieldwork and analyses of sedimentary deposits in the Republic of Mali. Northern parts of the Republic of Mali today include some of the farthest inland reaches of the ancient sea. \u0000 \u0000We bring together and expand on our prior geological and paleontological publications and provide new information on ancient sedimentary rocks and fossils that document paleoequatorial life of the past. Ours is the first formal description of and nomenclature for the Upper Cretaceous and lower Paleogene geological formations of this region and we tie these names to regional correlations over multiple modern territorial boundaries. The ancient seaway left intriguing and previously unclassified phosphate deposits that, quite possibly, represent the most extensive vertebrate macrofossil bone beds known from anywhere on Earth. These bone beds, and the paper shales and carbonates associated with them, have preserved a diverse assemblage of fossils, including a variety of new species of invertebrates and vertebrates, rare mammals, and trace fossils. The shallow marine waters included a wide range of paleoenvironments from delta systems, to hypersaline embayments, protected lagoons, and carbonate shoals. \u0000 \u0000Our overarching goal has been to collect vertebrate fossils tied to a K-Pg stratigraphic section in Africa. We provid","PeriodicalId":50721,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47711792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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