Pub Date : 2019-06-14DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.432.1.1
R. Voss, David W. Fleck, S. Jansa
This report is the third in our monographic series on mammalian diversity and Matses ethnomammalogy in the Yavari-Ucayali interfluvial region of northeastern Peru. Based on taxonomic analysis of specimens collected in the region, we document the occurrence of 19 species of marsupials in the genera Caluromys, Glironia, Hyladelphys, Marmosa, Monodelphis, Metachirus, Chironectes, Didelphis, Philander, Gracilinanus, and Marmosops. Our principal taxonomic results include the following: (1) we provide a phylogenetic analysis of previously unpublished mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data for Caluromys that supports the reciprocal monophyly of all currently recognized species in the genus but reveals substantial heterogeneity in one extralimital taxon; (2) we explain why Marmosa constantiae is the correct name for the southwestern Amazonian taxon previously known as Mar. demerarae, and we diagnose Mar. constantiae from Mar. rapposa, a superficially similar species from southern Peru, eastern Bolivia, and central Brazil; (3) we explain why Mar. rutteri is the correct name for one of the Amazonian species currently known as Mar. regina, and we restrict the latter name to the transAndean holotype; (4) we recognize Metachirus myosuros as a species distinct from Met. nudicaudatus based on morphological comparisons and a phylogenetic analysis of new mtDNA sequence data; and (5) we name a new species of Marmosops to honor the late Finnish-Peruvian naturalist Pekka Soini.Of the 19 marsupial species known to occur in the Yavari-Ucayali interfluve, 16 have been recorded in sympatry at Nuevo San Juan, the Matses village where we based most of our fieldwork from 1995 to 1999. We explain why we believe the marsupial species list from Nuevo San Juan to be complete (or nearly so), and we compare it with a species list obtained by similarly intensive fieldwork at Paracou (French Guiana). Although Nuevo San Juan and Paracou are 2500 km apart on opposite sides of Amazonia, the same opossum genera are present at both sites, the lists differing only in the species represented in each fauna. We briefly discuss current explanations for spatial turnover in species of terrestrial vertebrates across Amazonian landscapes and provide evidence that the upper Amazon is a significant dispersal barrier for marsupials.Marsupials are not important to the Matses in any way. In keeping with their cultural inattention to mammals that are inconspicuous, harmless, and too small to be of dietary significance, the Matses lexically distinguish only a few kinds of opossums, and they are not close observers of opossum morphology or behavior.
本报告是我们关于秘鲁东北部亚瓦里-乌卡亚利河间地区哺乳动物多样性和马蒂斯民族哺乳动物学专题系列的第三篇。通过对该地区标本的分类分析，发现该地区有袋类动物共19种，分别为Caluromys、Glironia、Hyladelphys、Marmosa、Monodelphis、Metachirus、Chironectes、Didelphis、Philander、Gracilinanus和Marmosops。我们的主要分类结果包括以下内容:(1)我们对Caluromys先前未发表的线粒体DNA (mtDNA)序列数据进行了系统发育分析，该数据支持该属中所有目前公认的物种的相互单系性，但揭示了一个界外分类单元的实质性异质性;(2)我们解释了为什么Marmosa constantiae是亚马逊西南地区以前被称为Mar. demerarae的分类群的正确名称，并且我们将Mar. constantiae从Mar. rapposa中诊断出来，Marmosa constantiae是秘鲁南部、玻利维亚东部和巴西中部的一个表面相似的物种;(3)我们解释了为什么marr . rutteri是目前已知的marr . regina的一个亚马逊物种的正确名称，我们将后者的名称限制为跨安第斯山脉的全型;(4)我们认为肌赘元胞是一个不同于Met的物种。基于形态比较和新mtDNA序列数据的裸尾龙系统发育分析(5)我们为一种新的狨猴命名，以纪念已故的芬兰-秘鲁博物学家佩卡·索伊尼。在Yavari-Ucayali间隙已知的19种有袋类动物中，有16种是在新圣胡安(Nuevo San Juan)被记录下来的，Matses村是我们1995年至1999年大部分野外工作的基础。我们解释了为什么我们认为Nuevo San Juan的有袋类物种列表是完整的(或接近完整的)，并将其与在Paracou(法属圭亚那)通过类似的密集田野调查获得的物种列表进行了比较。虽然新圣胡安和帕拉库在亚马逊河两侧相距2500公里，但在两个地点都有相同的负鼠属，只是在每个动物群中所代表的物种不同。我们简要讨论了目前对亚马逊地区陆生脊椎动物物种空间迁移的解释，并提供证据表明亚马逊上游是有袋动物的重要传播屏障。无论如何，有袋动物对马蒂斯来说都不重要。由于他们的文化对不显眼的、无害的、太小而没有饮食意义的哺乳动物不重视，马泰人在词汇上只区分了几种负鼠，他们对负鼠的形态和行为也没有密切的观察。
{"title":"Mammalian Diversity and Matses Ethnomammalogy in Amazonian Peru Part 3: Marsupials (Didelphimorphia)","authors":"R. Voss, David W. Fleck, S. Jansa","doi":"10.1206/0003-0090.432.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.432.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"This report is the third in our monographic series on mammalian diversity and Matses ethnomammalogy in the Yavari-Ucayali interfluvial region of northeastern Peru. Based on taxonomic analysis of specimens collected in the region, we document the occurrence of 19 species of marsupials in the genera Caluromys, Glironia, Hyladelphys, Marmosa, Monodelphis, Metachirus, Chironectes, Didelphis, Philander, Gracilinanus, and Marmosops. Our principal taxonomic results include the following: (1) we provide a phylogenetic analysis of previously unpublished mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data for Caluromys that supports the reciprocal monophyly of all currently recognized species in the genus but reveals substantial heterogeneity in one extralimital taxon; (2) we explain why Marmosa constantiae is the correct name for the southwestern Amazonian taxon previously known as Mar. demerarae, and we diagnose Mar. constantiae from Mar. rapposa, a superficially similar species from southern Peru, eastern Bolivia, and central Brazil; (3) we explain why Mar. rutteri is the correct name for one of the Amazonian species currently known as Mar. regina, and we restrict the latter name to the transAndean holotype; (4) we recognize Metachirus myosuros as a species distinct from Met. nudicaudatus based on morphological comparisons and a phylogenetic analysis of new mtDNA sequence data; and (5) we name a new species of Marmosops to honor the late Finnish-Peruvian naturalist Pekka Soini.Of the 19 marsupial species known to occur in the Yavari-Ucayali interfluve, 16 have been recorded in sympatry at Nuevo San Juan, the Matses village where we based most of our fieldwork from 1995 to 1999. We explain why we believe the marsupial species list from Nuevo San Juan to be complete (or nearly so), and we compare it with a species list obtained by similarly intensive fieldwork at Paracou (French Guiana). Although Nuevo San Juan and Paracou are 2500 km apart on opposite sides of Amazonia, the same opossum genera are present at both sites, the lists differing only in the species represented in each fauna. We briefly discuss current explanations for spatial turnover in species of terrestrial vertebrates across Amazonian landscapes and provide evidence that the upper Amazon is a significant dispersal barrier for marsupials.Marsupials are not important to the Matses in any way. In keeping with their cultural inattention to mammals that are inconspicuous, harmless, and too small to be of dietary significance, the Matses lexically distinguish only a few kinds of opossums, and they are not close observers of opossum morphology or behavior.","PeriodicalId":50721,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44308303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-14DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.433.1.1
A. Forasiepi, R. Macphee, S. Pino
The caudal cranium of the South American sabertooth Thylacosmilus atrox (Thylacosmilidae, Sparassodonta, Metatheria) is described in detail, with emphasis on the constitution of the walls of the middle ear, cranial vasculature, and major nerve pathways. With the aid of micro-CT scanning of the holotype and paratype, we have established that five cranial elements (squamosal, alisphenoid, exoccipital, petrosal, and ectotympanic) and their various outgrowths participate in the tympanic floor and roof of this species. Thylacosmilus possessed a U-shaped ectotympanic that was evidently situated on the medial margin of the external acoustic meatus. The bulla itself is exclusively composed of the tympanic process of the exoccipital and rostral and caudal tympanic processes of the squamosal. Contrary to previous reports, neither the alisphenoid nor the petrosal participate in the actual tympanic floor, although they do contribute to the roof. In these regards Thylacosmilus is distinctly different from other borhyaenoids, in which the tympanic floor was largely membranous (e.g., Borhyaena) and lacked an enlarged ectotympanic (e.g., Paraborhyaena). In some respects Thylacosmilus is more similar to hathliacynids than to borhyaenoids, in that the former also possessed large caudal outgrowths of the squamosal and exoccipital that were clearly tympanic processes rather than simply attachment sites for muscles. However, hathliacynids also exhibited a large alisphenoid tympanic process, a floor component that is absent in Thylacosmilus. Habitual head posture was inferred on the basis of inner ear features. Large paratympanic spaces invade all of the elements participating in bounding the middle ear, another distinctive difference of Thylacosmilus compared to other sparassodonts. Arterial and venous vascular organization is relatively conservative in this species, although some vascular trackways could not have been securely identified without the availability of CT scanning. The anatomical correlates of the internal carotid in relation to other basicranial structures, the absence of a functional arteria diploetica magna, and the network for venous return from the endocranium agree with conditions in other sparassodonts.
{"title":"Caudal Cranium of Thylacosmilus atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), a South American Predaceous Sabertooth","authors":"A. Forasiepi, R. Macphee, S. Pino","doi":"10.1206/0003-0090.433.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.433.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"The caudal cranium of the South American sabertooth Thylacosmilus atrox (Thylacosmilidae, Sparassodonta, Metatheria) is described in detail, with emphasis on the constitution of the walls of the middle ear, cranial vasculature, and major nerve pathways. With the aid of micro-CT scanning of the holotype and paratype, we have established that five cranial elements (squamosal, alisphenoid, exoccipital, petrosal, and ectotympanic) and their various outgrowths participate in the tympanic floor and roof of this species. Thylacosmilus possessed a U-shaped ectotympanic that was evidently situated on the medial margin of the external acoustic meatus. The bulla itself is exclusively composed of the tympanic process of the exoccipital and rostral and caudal tympanic processes of the squamosal. Contrary to previous reports, neither the alisphenoid nor the petrosal participate in the actual tympanic floor, although they do contribute to the roof. In these regards Thylacosmilus is distinctly different from other borhyaenoids, in which the tympanic floor was largely membranous (e.g., Borhyaena) and lacked an enlarged ectotympanic (e.g., Paraborhyaena). In some respects Thylacosmilus is more similar to hathliacynids than to borhyaenoids, in that the former also possessed large caudal outgrowths of the squamosal and exoccipital that were clearly tympanic processes rather than simply attachment sites for muscles. However, hathliacynids also exhibited a large alisphenoid tympanic process, a floor component that is absent in Thylacosmilus. Habitual head posture was inferred on the basis of inner ear features. Large paratympanic spaces invade all of the elements participating in bounding the middle ear, another distinctive difference of Thylacosmilus compared to other sparassodonts. Arterial and venous vascular organization is relatively conservative in this species, although some vascular trackways could not have been securely identified without the availability of CT scanning. The anatomical correlates of the internal carotid in relation to other basicranial structures, the absence of a functional arteria diploetica magna, and the network for venous return from the endocranium agree with conditions in other sparassodonts.","PeriodicalId":50721,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66160218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.431.1.1
F. P. Dagosta, M. Pinna
We provide a general compilation of the diversity and geographical distribution of Amazonian fishes, updated to the end of 2018. Our database includes documented distributions of 4214 species (both Amazonian and from surrounding basins), compiled from published information plus original data from ichthyological collections. Our results show that the Amazon basin comprises the most diverse regional assemblage of freshwater fishes in the world, with 2716 valid species (1696 of which are endemic) representing 529 genera, 60 families, and 18 orders. These data permit a view of the diversity and distribution of Amazonian fishes on a basinwide scale, which in turn allows the identification of congruent biogeographical patterns, here defined as the overlapping distributions of two or more lineages (species or monophyletic groups). We recognize 20 distinct distributional patterns of Amazonian fishes, which are herein individually delimited, named, and diagnosed. Not all these patterns are associated with identifiable geographical barriers, and some may result from ecological constraints. All the major Amazonian subdrainages fit into more than one biogeographical pattern. This fact reveals the complex history of hydrographical basins and shows that modern basin-defined units contribute relatively little as explanatory factors for the present distributions of Amazonian fishes. An understanding of geomorphological processes and associated paleographic landscape changes provides a far better background for interpreting observed patterns. Our results are expected to provide a framework for future studies on the diversification and historical biogeography of the Amazonian aquatic biota.
{"title":"The Fishes of the Amazon: Distribution and Biogeographical Patterns, with a Comprehensive List of Species","authors":"F. P. Dagosta, M. Pinna","doi":"10.1206/0003-0090.431.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.431.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"We provide a general compilation of the diversity and geographical distribution of Amazonian fishes, updated to the end of 2018. Our database includes documented distributions of 4214 species (both Amazonian and from surrounding basins), compiled from published information plus original data from ichthyological collections. Our results show that the Amazon basin comprises the most diverse regional assemblage of freshwater fishes in the world, with 2716 valid species (1696 of which are endemic) representing 529 genera, 60 families, and 18 orders. These data permit a view of the diversity and distribution of Amazonian fishes on a basinwide scale, which in turn allows the identification of congruent biogeographical patterns, here defined as the overlapping distributions of two or more lineages (species or monophyletic groups). We recognize 20 distinct distributional patterns of Amazonian fishes, which are herein individually delimited, named, and diagnosed. Not all these patterns are associated with identifiable geographical barriers, and some may result from ecological constraints. All the major Amazonian subdrainages fit into more than one biogeographical pattern. This fact reveals the complex history of hydrographical basins and shows that modern basin-defined units contribute relatively little as explanatory factors for the present distributions of Amazonian fishes. An understanding of geomorphological processes and associated paleographic landscape changes provides a far better background for interpreting observed patterns. Our results are expected to provide a framework for future studies on the diversification and historical biogeography of the Amazonian aquatic biota.","PeriodicalId":50721,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45251202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-01DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.430.1.1
S. Jansa, M. Carleton, V. Soarimalala, Z. Rakotomalala, S. Goodman
ABSTRACT Based on 372 specimens examined, we integrated information from two mitochondrial and four nuclear gene sequences, morphological comparisons and morphometric analyses, as well as distributional patterns and ecological occurrences to revise the Eliurus tanala species group (Nesomyinae), a rodent complex endemic to Madagascar's forests. These evidentiary sources generally proved concordant, supporting description of a new species, E. tsingimbato, indigenous to western dry deciduous forest, mostly associated with limestone karst (tsingy); the two other members of this species group, E. ellermani and E. tanala, are restricted to eastern montane humid forest. Phylogenetic relationships among the three species were poorly resolved, suggesting that their speciation was both recent and rapid. We encountered one instance of conflict between mitochondrial DNA and all other data sources, which we interpret as incomplete lineage sorting involving a population of the new western species. Attention was focused on molecular and morphometric discrimination of the E. tanala and E. antsingy groups where their species distributions overlap in limestone-associated forests of western and northern Madagascar. Phyletic divisions demonstrated within the E. tanala species group are discussed apropos of current models of speciation identified for Malagasy forest-dwelling organisms.
{"title":"A Review of the Eliurus tanala Complex (Rodentia: Muroidea: Nesomyidae), with Description of a New Species from Dry Forests of Western Madagascar","authors":"S. Jansa, M. Carleton, V. Soarimalala, Z. Rakotomalala, S. Goodman","doi":"10.1206/0003-0090.430.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.430.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Based on 372 specimens examined, we integrated information from two mitochondrial and four nuclear gene sequences, morphological comparisons and morphometric analyses, as well as distributional patterns and ecological occurrences to revise the Eliurus tanala species group (Nesomyinae), a rodent complex endemic to Madagascar's forests. These evidentiary sources generally proved concordant, supporting description of a new species, E. tsingimbato, indigenous to western dry deciduous forest, mostly associated with limestone karst (tsingy); the two other members of this species group, E. ellermani and E. tanala, are restricted to eastern montane humid forest. Phylogenetic relationships among the three species were poorly resolved, suggesting that their speciation was both recent and rapid. We encountered one instance of conflict between mitochondrial DNA and all other data sources, which we interpret as incomplete lineage sorting involving a population of the new western species. Attention was focused on molecular and morphometric discrimination of the E. tanala and E. antsingy groups where their species distributions overlap in limestone-associated forests of western and northern Madagascar. Phyletic divisions demonstrated within the E. tanala species group are discussed apropos of current models of speciation identified for Malagasy forest-dwelling organisms.","PeriodicalId":50721,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48004140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-01DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.429.1.1
P. Velazco, Bruce D. Patterson
ABSTRACT We present the results of an inventory of small mammals in the Mayo River basin, one of the least-studied regions of the Central Andes in Peru. We conducted inventories at three locations in May 2007. We collected 47 species of small mammals in the study area: five marsupials, 31 bats, and 11 rodents. A new species of Sturnira was encountered and is described. The new species, which was previously confused with S. lilium, occurs east of the Andes in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and Brazil, with an isolated record on the western slope of the Andes in Peru. Additionally, we report the presence of Anoura geoffroyi in Peru, Carollia sp. sensu Solari and Baker (2006) south of the Marañon River, and extend the elevational range of Neacomys spinosus and Oligoryzomys destructor. Our results highlight the need to conduct additional inventories to increase our understanding of the biodiversity of this rich and increasingly impacted region.
我们提出了在梅奥河流域，在秘鲁中部安第斯山脉研究最少的地区之一的小型哺乳动物的清查结果。我们于2007年5月在三个地点进行了清查。在研究区共收集到47种小型哺乳动物，其中有袋类动物5种，蝙蝠31种，啮齿动物11种。发现了一种新的Sturnira，并对其进行了描述。这个新物种以前与百合属植物混淆，它出现在安第斯山脉以东的哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔、秘鲁、玻利维亚、委内瑞拉、圭亚那和巴西，在秘鲁安第斯山脉西坡有一个孤立的记录。此外，我们报道了在Marañon河以南的秘鲁、卡罗莱亚sp. sensu Solari和Baker(2006)中存在的Anoura geoffroyi，并扩大了Neacomys spinosus和Oligoryzomys destructor的海拔范围。我们的研究结果表明，有必要进行额外的调查，以增加我们对这一丰富且受影响日益严重的地区生物多样性的了解。
{"title":"Small Mammals of the Mayo River Basin in Northern Peru, with the Description of a New Species of Sturnira (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)","authors":"P. Velazco, Bruce D. Patterson","doi":"10.1206/0003-0090.429.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.429.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We present the results of an inventory of small mammals in the Mayo River basin, one of the least-studied regions of the Central Andes in Peru. We conducted inventories at three locations in May 2007. We collected 47 species of small mammals in the study area: five marsupials, 31 bats, and 11 rodents. A new species of Sturnira was encountered and is described. The new species, which was previously confused with S. lilium, occurs east of the Andes in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and Brazil, with an isolated record on the western slope of the Andes in Peru. Additionally, we report the presence of Anoura geoffroyi in Peru, Carollia sp. sensu Solari and Baker (2006) south of the Marañon River, and extend the elevational range of Neacomys spinosus and Oligoryzomys destructor. Our results highlight the need to conduct additional inventories to increase our understanding of the biodiversity of this rich and increasingly impacted region.","PeriodicalId":50721,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44206063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-04DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.428.1.1
G. Morgan, R. Macphee, Roseina Woods, S. Turvey
ABSTRACT Abundant fossils of nesophontid lipotyphlan insectivores and capromyid rodents have been collected from late Quaternary deposits on the Cayman Islands, an island group separated by a major marine barrier from other Caribbean landmasses and isolated from anthropogenic impacts until the arrival of Columbus in 1503 CE. These collections have not previously been formally described. Using morphological and ancient DNA approaches, we document three new taxa of extinct endemic terrestrial mammals from this island group: Nesophontes hemicingulus (Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac), Capromys pilorides lewisi (Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Cayman Brac), and Geocapromys caymanensis (Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac). Morphometric comparisons with other extinct and living West Indian mammals indicate that the biogeographic origins of all three new taxa are from source populations on Cuba. Ancient DNA data indicate very low sequence divergence of Capromys pilorides lewisi from mainland Cuban C. pilorides (only 0.5% across the entire mitogenome). Using probabilistic analysis of existing and new radiometric dates, we calculate an estimated extinction date of 1700 CE (95% confidence interval = 1632–1774 CE) for the Cayman Brac Capromys population. This result suggests that at least one endemic Cayman terrestrial mammal population survived for well over a century following first European arrival in the Cayman Islands. The West Indies lost nearly all its species-rich late Quaternary land mammal fauna during the late Holocene due to direct or indirect human impacts, and this study provides a new baseline to understand the magnitude of human-caused mammal extinctions during the recent past.
{"title":"Late Quaternary Fossil Mammals from the Cayman Islands, West Indies","authors":"G. Morgan, R. Macphee, Roseina Woods, S. Turvey","doi":"10.1206/0003-0090.428.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.428.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Abundant fossils of nesophontid lipotyphlan insectivores and capromyid rodents have been collected from late Quaternary deposits on the Cayman Islands, an island group separated by a major marine barrier from other Caribbean landmasses and isolated from anthropogenic impacts until the arrival of Columbus in 1503 CE. These collections have not previously been formally described. Using morphological and ancient DNA approaches, we document three new taxa of extinct endemic terrestrial mammals from this island group: Nesophontes hemicingulus (Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac), Capromys pilorides lewisi (Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Cayman Brac), and Geocapromys caymanensis (Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac). Morphometric comparisons with other extinct and living West Indian mammals indicate that the biogeographic origins of all three new taxa are from source populations on Cuba. Ancient DNA data indicate very low sequence divergence of Capromys pilorides lewisi from mainland Cuban C. pilorides (only 0.5% across the entire mitogenome). Using probabilistic analysis of existing and new radiometric dates, we calculate an estimated extinction date of 1700 CE (95% confidence interval = 1632–1774 CE) for the Cayman Brac Capromys population. This result suggests that at least one endemic Cayman terrestrial mammal population survived for well over a century following first European arrival in the Cayman Islands. The West Indies lost nearly all its species-rich late Quaternary land mammal fauna during the late Holocene due to direct or indirect human impacts, and this study provides a new baseline to understand the magnitude of human-caused mammal extinctions during the recent past.","PeriodicalId":50721,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42060967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-22DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.427.1.1
N. Landman, W. Kennedy, Neal L. Larson, Joyce C. Grier, J. Grier, Tom Linn
ABSTRACT Two species of scaphitid ammonites (Ammonoidea: Ancyloceratina) from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Maastrichtian) of the Western Interior of North America are described. Hoploscaphites macer, n. sp., is medium size, with coarse ribs on the phragmocone, which become finer on the body chamber, and closely spaced ventrolateral tubercles. It occurs in the upper part of the Baculites baculus Zone and lower part of the overlying B. grandis Zone in the Pierre Shale in Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado, and in the Bearpaw Shale in Montana. Hoploscaphites criptonodosus (Riccardi, 1983) is larger and more coarsely ornamented, including one or two rows of lateral tubercles on the flanks of the phragmocone. It occurs in the upper part of the Baculites baculus Zone and overlying B. grandis Zone in the Pierre Shale in Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and possibly South Dakota, and in the Bearpaw Shale in Montana and Saskatchewan, Canada. Both species form part of an evolving lineage of Hoploscaphites that first appears in the Western Interior of North America in the middle Campanian.
摘要描述了北美西部内陆上白垩纪(下马斯垂克)的两种船形菊石(菊石总科:Ancyloceratina)。Hoploscaphites macer, n. sp.，中等大小，膈体上有粗肋，体腔上细肋，腹外侧结节紧密间隔。在蒙大拿、怀俄明和科罗拉多州的皮埃尔页岩和蒙大拿的熊掌页岩中，它位于杆状岩杆状带的上部和上覆的B. grandis带的下部。Hoploscaphites criptonodosus (Riccardi, 1983)体型更大，纹饰更粗糙，包括一排或两排绒节两侧的侧结节。它出现在蒙大拿、怀俄明、科罗拉多、可能还有南达科他州的皮埃尔页岩的杆状岩杆状带的上部和上覆的B. grandis带，以及蒙大拿和加拿大萨斯喀彻温省的Bearpaw页岩。这两个物种都是野人进化谱系的一部分，最早出现在坎帕尼亚中期的北美西部内陆。
{"title":"Description of Two Species of Hoploscaphites (Ammonoidea: Ancyloceratina) from the Upper Cretaceous (Lower Maastrichtian) of the U.S. Western Interior","authors":"N. Landman, W. Kennedy, Neal L. Larson, Joyce C. Grier, J. Grier, Tom Linn","doi":"10.1206/0003-0090.427.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.427.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Two species of scaphitid ammonites (Ammonoidea: Ancyloceratina) from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Maastrichtian) of the Western Interior of North America are described. Hoploscaphites macer, n. sp., is medium size, with coarse ribs on the phragmocone, which become finer on the body chamber, and closely spaced ventrolateral tubercles. It occurs in the upper part of the Baculites baculus Zone and lower part of the overlying B. grandis Zone in the Pierre Shale in Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado, and in the Bearpaw Shale in Montana. Hoploscaphites criptonodosus (Riccardi, 1983) is larger and more coarsely ornamented, including one or two rows of lateral tubercles on the flanks of the phragmocone. It occurs in the upper part of the Baculites baculus Zone and overlying B. grandis Zone in the Pierre Shale in Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and possibly South Dakota, and in the Bearpaw Shale in Montana and Saskatchewan, Canada. Both species form part of an evolving lineage of Hoploscaphites that first appears in the Western Interior of North America in the middle Campanian.","PeriodicalId":50721,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2019-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45755633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-15DOI: 10.1206/00030090-426.1.1
I. Magalhães, M. Ramírez
ABSTRACT Filistatidae is one of the most phylogenetically enigmatic spider groups, and the genus Kukulcania Lehtinen includes the commonest representatives of the family. Its type species, K. hibernalis (Hentz, 1842), remains a favorite candidate for studies on spider phylogeny and comparative morphology. However, little is known about the taxonomy, species limits, and distribution of its closest relatives, because no generic revision has ever been undertaken. We present the first comprehensive assessment of the taxonomy of Kukulcania. The species K. hibernalis, K. arizonica (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1935), K. utahana (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1935), K. hurca (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1942), K. brignolii (Alayón, 1981) comb. nov. (transferred here from Filistata Latreille), K. tractans (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896), and K. geophila (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1935) are redescribed based on our examination of type material. We show that the name Filistata brevipes Keyserling, 1883, which had previously been placed in Kukulcania, actually belongs to a prithine spider, and propose the new combination Pikelinia brevipes (Keyserling, 1883). Filistata geophila wawona Chamberlin and Ivie, 1942, is newly synonymized with Kukulcania geophila. Eight new species of Kukulcania are described: K. cochimi, sp. nov. (from Baja California), K. gertschi, sp. nov. (northern Mexico), K. mexicana, sp. nov. (central Mexico), K. santosi, sp. nov. (southern Mexico to northern South America; previously misidentified as K. brevipes), K. tequila, sp. nov. (western Mexico), K. chingona, sp. nov. (western Mexico), K. benita, sp. nov. (endemic to the San Benito Islands in Baja California) and K. bajacali, sp. nov. (Baja California). With this, the number of recognized species in the genus is increased to 15. All species have their distributions mapped and both sexes illustrated. The first identification key to the genus is presented. A study on the morphology of the genus is undertaken using light and scanning electron microscopy, and the phylogenetic position of Kukulcania within the Filistatinae is briefly discussed. A novel putative synapomorphy for the subfamily is proposed.
{"title":"The Crevice Weaver Spider Genus Kukulcania (Araneae: Filistatidae)","authors":"I. Magalhães, M. Ramírez","doi":"10.1206/00030090-426.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/00030090-426.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Filistatidae is one of the most phylogenetically enigmatic spider groups, and the genus Kukulcania Lehtinen includes the commonest representatives of the family. Its type species, K. hibernalis (Hentz, 1842), remains a favorite candidate for studies on spider phylogeny and comparative morphology. However, little is known about the taxonomy, species limits, and distribution of its closest relatives, because no generic revision has ever been undertaken. We present the first comprehensive assessment of the taxonomy of Kukulcania. The species K. hibernalis, K. arizonica (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1935), K. utahana (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1935), K. hurca (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1942), K. brignolii (Alayón, 1981) comb. nov. (transferred here from Filistata Latreille), K. tractans (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896), and K. geophila (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1935) are redescribed based on our examination of type material. We show that the name Filistata brevipes Keyserling, 1883, which had previously been placed in Kukulcania, actually belongs to a prithine spider, and propose the new combination Pikelinia brevipes (Keyserling, 1883). Filistata geophila wawona Chamberlin and Ivie, 1942, is newly synonymized with Kukulcania geophila. Eight new species of Kukulcania are described: K. cochimi, sp. nov. (from Baja California), K. gertschi, sp. nov. (northern Mexico), K. mexicana, sp. nov. (central Mexico), K. santosi, sp. nov. (southern Mexico to northern South America; previously misidentified as K. brevipes), K. tequila, sp. nov. (western Mexico), K. chingona, sp. nov. (western Mexico), K. benita, sp. nov. (endemic to the San Benito Islands in Baja California) and K. bajacali, sp. nov. (Baja California). With this, the number of recognized species in the genus is increased to 15. All species have their distributions mapped and both sexes illustrated. The first identification key to the genus is presented. A study on the morphology of the genus is undertaken using light and scanning electron microscopy, and the phylogenetic position of Kukulcania within the Filistatinae is briefly discussed. A novel putative synapomorphy for the subfamily is proposed.","PeriodicalId":50721,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2019-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49334512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-02DOI: 10.1206/00030090-425.1.1
V. González, T. Griswold, M. Engel
ABSTRACT Leaf-cutter bees (genus Megachile Latreille) are among the most common and diverse group of bees. However, the identity and taxonomic placement of many species are problematic and species identification is often difficult. Some species are known only from a single specimen or from one of the sexes, and identification keys are not available for many groups. We address these taxonomic issues for the subgenera Rhyssomegachile Mitchell and Zonomegachile Mitchell, two poorly known South American lineages of leaf-cutter bees. We provide comparative diagnoses, redescriptions, illustrated identification keys, new geographical records, and designate needed neotypes for Megachile cara Mitchell, M. gigas Schrottky, M. guayaqui Schrottky, M. reliqua Mitchell, M. sanctipauli Schrottky, M. stabilis Mitchell, and M. turbulenta Mitchell. We resurrect M. tricosa Cockerell from synonymy with M. urbana Smith and synonymize M. turbulenta under M. tricosa. We recognize four species in Rhyssomegachile and eight species in Zonomegachile. In the latter subgenus, we revalidate M. reliqua from synonymy with M. moderata and propose the following four new species: Megachile kalina, new species, from French Guiana; M. durantae, new species, from Rondônia, Brazil; M. paisa, new species, from Antioquia, Colombia; and M. uncinata, new species, from Catamarca, Argentina. We confirm sex associations in Zonomegachile and describe its nest for the first time. Megachile tricosa, M. ardua Mitchell, and M. tacanensis Moure, currently assigned to Rhyssomegachile, exhibit morphological features that do not fit any of the known subgenera. Thus, we use a cladistic analysis to explore their phylogenetic relationships and establish two new subgenera for these species: Aporiochile Gonzalez and Engel, new subgenus, for M. tricosa and Chalepochile Gonzalez and Engel, new subgenus, for the remaining two species. We provide an updated key to the subgenera of Megachile s.l. of the Western Hemisphere.
{"title":"South American Leaf-Cutter Bees (Genus Megachile) of the Subgenera Rhyssomegachile and Zonomegachile, with Two New Subgenera (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)","authors":"V. González, T. Griswold, M. Engel","doi":"10.1206/00030090-425.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/00030090-425.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Leaf-cutter bees (genus Megachile Latreille) are among the most common and diverse group of bees. However, the identity and taxonomic placement of many species are problematic and species identification is often difficult. Some species are known only from a single specimen or from one of the sexes, and identification keys are not available for many groups. We address these taxonomic issues for the subgenera Rhyssomegachile Mitchell and Zonomegachile Mitchell, two poorly known South American lineages of leaf-cutter bees. We provide comparative diagnoses, redescriptions, illustrated identification keys, new geographical records, and designate needed neotypes for Megachile cara Mitchell, M. gigas Schrottky, M. guayaqui Schrottky, M. reliqua Mitchell, M. sanctipauli Schrottky, M. stabilis Mitchell, and M. turbulenta Mitchell. We resurrect M. tricosa Cockerell from synonymy with M. urbana Smith and synonymize M. turbulenta under M. tricosa. We recognize four species in Rhyssomegachile and eight species in Zonomegachile. In the latter subgenus, we revalidate M. reliqua from synonymy with M. moderata and propose the following four new species: Megachile kalina, new species, from French Guiana; M. durantae, new species, from Rondônia, Brazil; M. paisa, new species, from Antioquia, Colombia; and M. uncinata, new species, from Catamarca, Argentina. We confirm sex associations in Zonomegachile and describe its nest for the first time. Megachile tricosa, M. ardua Mitchell, and M. tacanensis Moure, currently assigned to Rhyssomegachile, exhibit morphological features that do not fit any of the known subgenera. Thus, we use a cladistic analysis to explore their phylogenetic relationships and establish two new subgenera for these species: Aporiochile Gonzalez and Engel, new subgenus, for M. tricosa and Chalepochile Gonzalez and Engel, new subgenus, for the remaining two species. We provide an updated key to the subgenera of Megachile s.l. of the Western Hemisphere.","PeriodicalId":50721,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2018-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1206/00030090-425.1.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42191552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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