Pub Date : 2021-09-17DOI: 10.1177/01436244211044669
Dorota Brzezińska, M. Fryda
The following technical note demonstrates full-scale staircase test results of the pressure differential system improvement method described by Fryda et al. in 2021. It is a continuation of experimental research on the impact of the escape route’s leakages on the pressure differential systems for staircases. Based on the lab experiments, it has been found that an additional throttle of the leak implemented in the pressure differential system improves its effectiveness and allows it to be more precisely adjusted to the required overpressure. The results presented in this article have confirmed this hypothesis and provided the opportunity to apply for new patent solutions of a special throttle of the leak control and pressure regulating system. The proposed new leakage-based improvements could increase the efficiency of existing systems based on proportional-integral-derivative controller and could also be installed in new buildings.
{"title":"Implementation of new high-rise building staircase pressure differential system improvements","authors":"Dorota Brzezińska, M. Fryda","doi":"10.1177/01436244211044669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244211044669","url":null,"abstract":"The following technical note demonstrates full-scale staircase test results of the pressure differential system improvement method described by Fryda et al. in 2021. It is a continuation of experimental research on the impact of the escape route’s leakages on the pressure differential systems for staircases. Based on the lab experiments, it has been found that an additional throttle of the leak implemented in the pressure differential system improves its effectiveness and allows it to be more precisely adjusted to the required overpressure. The results presented in this article have confirmed this hypothesis and provided the opportunity to apply for new patent solutions of a special throttle of the leak control and pressure regulating system. The proposed new leakage-based improvements could increase the efficiency of existing systems based on proportional-integral-derivative controller and could also be installed in new buildings.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":"43 1","pages":"197 - 205"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45879099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1177/01436244211034737
S. Wei, P. Tien, Yupeng Wu, J. Calautit
As external temperatures and internal gains from equipment rise, office buildings’ cooling demand and issues are likely to increase. Solutions such as demand-driven controls can help minimise energy consumption and maintain thermal comfort in buildings by coordinating the real-time heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) use to the requirements of the conditioned spaces. The present study introduces a real-time equipment usage detection and recognition approach for demand-driven controls using a deep learning method. A Faster R-CNN model was trained and deployed to a camera. The performance of this model was assessed through different evaluation metrics. Based on the initial field experiment results, a detection accuracy of 76.21% was achieved. To investigate the impact of the proposed approach on building heating and cooling energy demand, the case study building was modelled and simulated. The results showed that the deep learning–based method predicted up to 35.95% lower internal heat gains compared to static or ‘fixed’ schedules based on the set conditions. Practical Application: As the appliances and equipment in building spaces contribute to the internal heat gains, their usage can influence the building energy demand and indoor thermal environment. Linking equipment usage with occupants’ presence in space may not be fully accurate and may lead to the over- or under-estimation of heat emissions, especially when the space is unoccupied, and the equipment is powered ON or the opposite. This approach can be integrated with demand-driven controls for HVAC systems, which can minimise unnecessary building energy consumption while maintaining a comfortable indoor environment using computer vision and deep learning detection and recognition methods.
{"title":"The impact of deep learning–based equipment usage detection on building energy demand estimation","authors":"S. Wei, P. Tien, Yupeng Wu, J. Calautit","doi":"10.1177/01436244211034737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244211034737","url":null,"abstract":"As external temperatures and internal gains from equipment rise, office buildings’ cooling demand and issues are likely to increase. Solutions such as demand-driven controls can help minimise energy consumption and maintain thermal comfort in buildings by coordinating the real-time heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) use to the requirements of the conditioned spaces. The present study introduces a real-time equipment usage detection and recognition approach for demand-driven controls using a deep learning method. A Faster R-CNN model was trained and deployed to a camera. The performance of this model was assessed through different evaluation metrics. Based on the initial field experiment results, a detection accuracy of 76.21% was achieved. To investigate the impact of the proposed approach on building heating and cooling energy demand, the case study building was modelled and simulated. The results showed that the deep learning–based method predicted up to 35.95% lower internal heat gains compared to static or ‘fixed’ schedules based on the set conditions. Practical Application: As the appliances and equipment in building spaces contribute to the internal heat gains, their usage can influence the building energy demand and indoor thermal environment. Linking equipment usage with occupants’ presence in space may not be fully accurate and may lead to the over- or under-estimation of heat emissions, especially when the space is unoccupied, and the equipment is powered ON or the opposite. This approach can be integrated with demand-driven controls for HVAC systems, which can minimise unnecessary building energy consumption while maintaining a comfortable indoor environment using computer vision and deep learning detection and recognition methods.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":"42 1","pages":"545 - 557"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/01436244211034737","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42286318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1177/01436244211041803
Timothy L. Dwyer
{"title":"Revealing selected ‘unknown unknowns’ of building services engineering","authors":"Timothy L. Dwyer","doi":"10.1177/01436244211041803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244211041803","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":"42 1","pages":"505 - 506"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41757172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-22DOI: 10.1177/01436244211040449
G. Bennett, S. Watson, Grant Wilson, T. Oreszczyn
The heat decarbonisation challenge remains substantial, competing low carbon solutions such as hydrogen and heat pumps (HPs) and the entrenched position of gas combination boilers create inertia in many markets. Hybrid appliances which can directly replace gas boilers may provide a low disruption, low-cost pathway to net zero in gas-reliant markets. Emerging compact combination (CoCo) hybrid heating appliances which combine a gas combi boiler and a small HP unit in one appliance have been modelled for the English housing stock across a range of different scenarios. CoCo hybrids offer sizeable energy demand reduction of up to 60% compared to current gas boilers, also reducing peak electrical demand by 10 GW compared to air source heat pumps. The control strategy for switching between HP and gas boiler is key in determining the scale of demand reduction. Modelling sensitivity to the HP size within CoCo hybrids showed that a 50% reduction in energy demand compared to gas boilers could be achieved with a standard 2.5 kW HP. A lack of clarity in regulation and policy incentives for hybrids exists. To drive innovation and performance improvement, product regulation for hybrids needs to be improved to support decarbonisation of heat with this promising technology. Practical Application Convenient, low disruption heat decarbonisation technology is crucial to the speed of deployment necessary to achieve net zero. This article defines the size of HP necessary to achieve rapid low disruption impact and distinguishes the types of compact hybrid which can deliver the highest decarbonisation impact while minimising in house disruption and the electrical grid impact.
{"title":"Domestic heating with compact combination hybrids (gas boiler and heat pump): A simple English stock model of different heating system scenarios","authors":"G. Bennett, S. Watson, Grant Wilson, T. Oreszczyn","doi":"10.1177/01436244211040449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244211040449","url":null,"abstract":"The heat decarbonisation challenge remains substantial, competing low carbon solutions such as hydrogen and heat pumps (HPs) and the entrenched position of gas combination boilers create inertia in many markets. Hybrid appliances which can directly replace gas boilers may provide a low disruption, low-cost pathway to net zero in gas-reliant markets. Emerging compact combination (CoCo) hybrid heating appliances which combine a gas combi boiler and a small HP unit in one appliance have been modelled for the English housing stock across a range of different scenarios. CoCo hybrids offer sizeable energy demand reduction of up to 60% compared to current gas boilers, also reducing peak electrical demand by 10 GW compared to air source heat pumps. The control strategy for switching between HP and gas boiler is key in determining the scale of demand reduction. Modelling sensitivity to the HP size within CoCo hybrids showed that a 50% reduction in energy demand compared to gas boilers could be achieved with a standard 2.5 kW HP. A lack of clarity in regulation and policy incentives for hybrids exists. To drive innovation and performance improvement, product regulation for hybrids needs to be improved to support decarbonisation of heat with this promising technology. Practical Application Convenient, low disruption heat decarbonisation technology is crucial to the speed of deployment necessary to achieve net zero. This article defines the size of HP necessary to achieve rapid low disruption impact and distinguishes the types of compact hybrid which can deliver the highest decarbonisation impact while minimising in house disruption and the electrical grid impact.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":"43 1","pages":"143 - 159"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47339880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-18DOI: 10.1177/01436244211038863
Yanzhe Yu, Shijun You, Huan Zhang, Tianzheng Ye, Yaran Wang, C. Tang, Shen Wei
Due to the humid underground environment, underground metro stations often have internal condensation issues, especially during the commissioning and initial operation phases, and these issues will have a negative impact on the equipment operation and building life. This study aims to solve the issue by 1) identifying common areas with condensation risks based on on-site measurements and numerical simulation methods, and 2) proposing effective dehumidification solutions for the moisture control of stations. By on-site investigating the characteristics of the station’s moisture environment and numerical assessing the effects of two different dehumidification strategies, it has been found that 1) for Tianjin, during most times in summer, the air temperature of the station in the commissioning phase was maintained relatively stable, but with significantly changing humidity; 2) the relative humidity on the platforms was higher than 80% for almost 30% of the testing time, and the surface of the upper structure of platform doors having a high risk of condensation; 3) the dehumidification effect of industrial dehumidifiers was found to be better than that of increasing exhaust air volume. The authors hope that the research could aid the decision on dehumidification strategies and provide guidance for further moisture control in underground stations. Practical Application This article analyzed the moisture environment of the underground metro stations in the commissioning phase and conducted a numerical approach to assess the condensation risk. Potential dehumidification solutions including increasing the exhaust air volume and using industrial dehumidifiers have been proposed, and their effects have been investigated and compared. The authors hope that this research can aid the decision on dehumidification strategies for facilities maintenance and provide a guidance to further moisture control in underground stations.
{"title":"Measuring and modeling moisture environment in underground metro stations during commissioning stage: A case study","authors":"Yanzhe Yu, Shijun You, Huan Zhang, Tianzheng Ye, Yaran Wang, C. Tang, Shen Wei","doi":"10.1177/01436244211038863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244211038863","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the humid underground environment, underground metro stations often have internal condensation issues, especially during the commissioning and initial operation phases, and these issues will have a negative impact on the equipment operation and building life. This study aims to solve the issue by 1) identifying common areas with condensation risks based on on-site measurements and numerical simulation methods, and 2) proposing effective dehumidification solutions for the moisture control of stations. By on-site investigating the characteristics of the station’s moisture environment and numerical assessing the effects of two different dehumidification strategies, it has been found that 1) for Tianjin, during most times in summer, the air temperature of the station in the commissioning phase was maintained relatively stable, but with significantly changing humidity; 2) the relative humidity on the platforms was higher than 80% for almost 30% of the testing time, and the surface of the upper structure of platform doors having a high risk of condensation; 3) the dehumidification effect of industrial dehumidifiers was found to be better than that of increasing exhaust air volume. The authors hope that the research could aid the decision on dehumidification strategies and provide guidance for further moisture control in underground stations. Practical Application This article analyzed the moisture environment of the underground metro stations in the commissioning phase and conducted a numerical approach to assess the condensation risk. Potential dehumidification solutions including increasing the exhaust air volume and using industrial dehumidifiers have been proposed, and their effects have been investigated and compared. The authors hope that this research can aid the decision on dehumidification strategies for facilities maintenance and provide a guidance to further moisture control in underground stations.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":"43 1","pages":"241 - 259"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49472356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-05DOI: 10.1177/01436244211035672
Xinyu Liu, Junjie Liu, Junyi He, Jinxian Zhang
The urbanization has resulted in an increasing number of transformer stations, which has resulted insignificant building noise problems. However, noise problems persist because of inadequate noise characterization and the use of imperfect noise evaluation indexes for centralized substations. Based on this problem, a transformer vibration noise coupling analysis method based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and spectrum analysis is proposed in this study. The proposed method accurately and effectively screens and characterizes transformer noise and provides a theoretical basis for transformer noise reduction. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, a transformer was reconstructed as an example. It was found that the low-frequency noise from the transformer was mainly caused by vibrations with a frequency below 500 Hz, particularly frequencies of 300 Hz and 100 Hz and 50 Hz. Through the calculation and analysis of eigenvalues, the noise reduction measures focusing on vibration reduction were proposed. In the end, a noise reduction of 10 dB was achieved, which meets the comfort requirements. This method can accurately and effectively identify the characteristics of transformer noise, which makes up for the insufficiency of transformer characteristics analysis in the past. Provide guidance for perfecting transformer noise evaluation index. Practical implication: The noise problem caused by substations is getting more and more serious. Conventional noise detection and noise reduction methods can no longer meet people’s requirements for sound comfort. The coupling analysis method of vibration and noise based on EMD and spectrum analysis proposed in this study can effectively extract the characteristics of transformer noise. It provides theoretical support for the noise reduction transformation of transformers, and solves the problem that the current engineering noise reduction transformation has no theoretical basis. Noise characteristic analysis can make up for the shortcomings of existing acoustic comfort indicators that only use sound pressure level as the evaluation indicator.
{"title":"Analysis of the characteristics of noise from substations in buildings","authors":"Xinyu Liu, Junjie Liu, Junyi He, Jinxian Zhang","doi":"10.1177/01436244211035672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244211035672","url":null,"abstract":"The urbanization has resulted in an increasing number of transformer stations, which has resulted insignificant building noise problems. However, noise problems persist because of inadequate noise characterization and the use of imperfect noise evaluation indexes for centralized substations. Based on this problem, a transformer vibration noise coupling analysis method based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and spectrum analysis is proposed in this study. The proposed method accurately and effectively screens and characterizes transformer noise and provides a theoretical basis for transformer noise reduction. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, a transformer was reconstructed as an example. It was found that the low-frequency noise from the transformer was mainly caused by vibrations with a frequency below 500 Hz, particularly frequencies of 300 Hz and 100 Hz and 50 Hz. Through the calculation and analysis of eigenvalues, the noise reduction measures focusing on vibration reduction were proposed. In the end, a noise reduction of 10 dB was achieved, which meets the comfort requirements. This method can accurately and effectively identify the characteristics of transformer noise, which makes up for the insufficiency of transformer characteristics analysis in the past. Provide guidance for perfecting transformer noise evaluation index. Practical implication: The noise problem caused by substations is getting more and more serious. Conventional noise detection and noise reduction methods can no longer meet people’s requirements for sound comfort. The coupling analysis method of vibration and noise based on EMD and spectrum analysis proposed in this study can effectively extract the characteristics of transformer noise. It provides theoretical support for the noise reduction transformation of transformers, and solves the problem that the current engineering noise reduction transformation has no theoretical basis. Noise characteristic analysis can make up for the shortcomings of existing acoustic comfort indicators that only use sound pressure level as the evaluation indicator.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":"43 1","pages":"41 - 56"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/01436244211035672","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45268239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-29DOI: 10.1177/01436244211034739
Shazia Farman Ali, A. Gillich
By 2050, the UK government plans to create ‘Net zero society’. 1 To meet this ambitious target, the deployment of low carbon technologies is an urgent priority. The low carbon heat recovery technologies such as heat recovery from sewage via heat pump can play an important role. It is based on recovering heat from the sewage that is added by the consumer, used and flushed in the sewer. This technology is currently successfully operating in many cities around the world. In the UK, there is also a rising interest to explore this technology after successful sewage heat recovery demonstration project at Borders College, Galashiels, Scotland. 2 However, further experimental research is needed to build the evidence base, replicate, and de-risk the concept elsewhere in the UK. The Home Energy 4 Tomorrow (HE4T) project at London South Bank University was created to address this evidence gap. This is the fourth article in the series of outputs on sewage heat recovery and presents some results using sewage data from the UK’s capital London. These data are scarce and provide useful information on the variation of flows and temperatures encountered in the sewers of the UK’s capital. Lastly, we discuss the recoverable heat potential along with policy implications for the UK heat strategy. Practical application This work focuses and accentuate that in order to meet climate change targets, substantial improvements can come by heat recovery from the raw (influent) and treated wastewater (effluent from wastewater treatment plant) that is still unexploited in the UK. The estimation presented indicates that there is much theoretical potential in the UK with significant opportunity for future energy and revenue retrieval along with GHGs emission reduction in the longer term to fulfil the ‘net zero’ objective. This work aims to raise awareness and seek support to promote pilot scale studies to help demonstrate technical and economic feasibility in the building industry.
{"title":"Opportunities to decarbonize heat in the UK using Urban Wastewater Heat Recovery","authors":"Shazia Farman Ali, A. Gillich","doi":"10.1177/01436244211034739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244211034739","url":null,"abstract":"By 2050, the UK government plans to create ‘Net zero society’. 1 To meet this ambitious target, the deployment of low carbon technologies is an urgent priority. The low carbon heat recovery technologies such as heat recovery from sewage via heat pump can play an important role. It is based on recovering heat from the sewage that is added by the consumer, used and flushed in the sewer. This technology is currently successfully operating in many cities around the world. In the UK, there is also a rising interest to explore this technology after successful sewage heat recovery demonstration project at Borders College, Galashiels, Scotland. 2 However, further experimental research is needed to build the evidence base, replicate, and de-risk the concept elsewhere in the UK. The Home Energy 4 Tomorrow (HE4T) project at London South Bank University was created to address this evidence gap. This is the fourth article in the series of outputs on sewage heat recovery and presents some results using sewage data from the UK’s capital London. These data are scarce and provide useful information on the variation of flows and temperatures encountered in the sewers of the UK’s capital. Lastly, we discuss the recoverable heat potential along with policy implications for the UK heat strategy. Practical application This work focuses and accentuate that in order to meet climate change targets, substantial improvements can come by heat recovery from the raw (influent) and treated wastewater (effluent from wastewater treatment plant) that is still unexploited in the UK. The estimation presented indicates that there is much theoretical potential in the UK with significant opportunity for future energy and revenue retrieval along with GHGs emission reduction in the longer term to fulfil the ‘net zero’ objective. This work aims to raise awareness and seek support to promote pilot scale studies to help demonstrate technical and economic feasibility in the building industry.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":"42 1","pages":"715 - 732"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/01436244211034739","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43680760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-15DOI: 10.1177/01436244211030667
S. Hong, D. Godoy-Shimizu, Y. Schwartz, I. Korolija, A. Mavrogianni, D. Mumovic
The recent commitment towards a net-zero target by 2050 will require considerable improvement to the UK’s building stock. Accounting for over 10% of the services energy consumption of the United Kingdom, the education sector will play an important role. This study aims to improve the understanding of English primary and secondary schools, using national on-site survey data with several large-scale disaggregate data sources. Property Data Survey Programme (PDSP) data on 18,970 schools collected between 2012 and 2014, Display Energy Certificate (DEC) and school census data from the same period were linked and processed to form a unified schools dataset. Statistical analyses were undertaken on 10,392 schools, with a focus on energy performance, and the relationship to several building and system characteristics. The analyses may point to the possibility of assessing operational energy use of schools in a more disaggregate manner. New datasets with detailed and accurate disaggregate information on characteristics of buildings, such as those used in this study, provide opportunities to develop more robust models of the building stock. Such data would provide an opportunity to identify pathways for reducing carbon emissions effectively and provide lessons for other organisations seeking to achieve significant reductions for achieving climate change goals. Practical Application: Outputs from this study are expected to benefit researchers in various organisations to establish a basis for typical buildings and their performance, facilities managers to assess the operational energy efficiency of school buildings, and relevant public bodies to make informed decisions on improving energy efficiency of the school stock.
{"title":"Characterising the English school stock using a unified national on-site survey and energy database","authors":"S. Hong, D. Godoy-Shimizu, Y. Schwartz, I. Korolija, A. Mavrogianni, D. Mumovic","doi":"10.1177/01436244211030667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244211030667","url":null,"abstract":"The recent commitment towards a net-zero target by 2050 will require considerable improvement to the UK’s building stock. Accounting for over 10% of the services energy consumption of the United Kingdom, the education sector will play an important role. This study aims to improve the understanding of English primary and secondary schools, using national on-site survey data with several large-scale disaggregate data sources. Property Data Survey Programme (PDSP) data on 18,970 schools collected between 2012 and 2014, Display Energy Certificate (DEC) and school census data from the same period were linked and processed to form a unified schools dataset. Statistical analyses were undertaken on 10,392 schools, with a focus on energy performance, and the relationship to several building and system characteristics. The analyses may point to the possibility of assessing operational energy use of schools in a more disaggregate manner. New datasets with detailed and accurate disaggregate information on characteristics of buildings, such as those used in this study, provide opportunities to develop more robust models of the building stock. Such data would provide an opportunity to identify pathways for reducing carbon emissions effectively and provide lessons for other organisations seeking to achieve significant reductions for achieving climate change goals. Practical Application: Outputs from this study are expected to benefit researchers in various organisations to establish a basis for typical buildings and their performance, facilities managers to assess the operational energy efficiency of school buildings, and relevant public bodies to make informed decisions on improving energy efficiency of the school stock.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":"43 1","pages":"89 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/01436244211030667","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44544383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1177/01436244211025431
Kiyomi D Lim, D. Maskell
Moisture buffering utilises hygroscopic construction materials as a more sustainable approach to passively moderate indoor humidity. This study seeks to develop a reproducible test method to obtain a moisture buffering value of common building materials under conditions that reflect typical indoor environmental conditions. Temperature and humidity variations in sinusoidal profiles for two different materials, typically used to finish internal surfaces, have been studied to identify their potential moisture regulation behaviour. Outcomes were then combined and ranked indicating the potential of materials to passively regulate the indoor humidity and the need for robust methods of investigation. Practical application: In response to current practice and materials’ testing procedures, a reproducible test method is considered to enable comprehensive understanding of a hydroscopic materials’ behaviour, where subsequent interpretation of their performance can be quantified. The practicality to consider the use of passive regulation using hygroscopic materials can then be justified to bring indoor RH closer to the optimal range without heavy reliance on mechanical solutions, achieving a more effective passive indoor climate monitoring. It is expected that the outcome of this investigation can potentially form the basis of further improvement on a standardised test method to obtain moisture buffering value of hygroscopic non-structural elements for pragmatic application during design integration process.
{"title":"Development of methods to measure the potential of a plaster to regulate indoor humidity","authors":"Kiyomi D Lim, D. Maskell","doi":"10.1177/01436244211025431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244211025431","url":null,"abstract":"Moisture buffering utilises hygroscopic construction materials as a more sustainable approach to passively moderate indoor humidity. This study seeks to develop a reproducible test method to obtain a moisture buffering value of common building materials under conditions that reflect typical indoor environmental conditions. Temperature and humidity variations in sinusoidal profiles for two different materials, typically used to finish internal surfaces, have been studied to identify their potential moisture regulation behaviour. Outcomes were then combined and ranked indicating the potential of materials to passively regulate the indoor humidity and the need for robust methods of investigation. Practical application: In response to current practice and materials’ testing procedures, a reproducible test method is considered to enable comprehensive understanding of a hydroscopic materials’ behaviour, where subsequent interpretation of their performance can be quantified. The practicality to consider the use of passive regulation using hygroscopic materials can then be justified to bring indoor RH closer to the optimal range without heavy reliance on mechanical solutions, achieving a more effective passive indoor climate monitoring. It is expected that the outcome of this investigation can potentially form the basis of further improvement on a standardised test method to obtain moisture buffering value of hygroscopic non-structural elements for pragmatic application during design integration process.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":"42 1","pages":"559 - 566"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/01436244211025431","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46391983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1177/01436244211026120
P. Tien, S. Wei, J. Calautit, J. Darkwa, Christopher Wood
Occupancy behaviour in buildings can impact the energy performance and the operation of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems. To ensure building operations become optimised, it is vital to develop solutions that can monitor the utilisation of indoor spaces and provide occupants’ actual thermal comfort requirements. This study presents the analysis of the application of a vision-based deep learning approach for human activity detection and recognition in buildings. A convolutional neural network was employed to enable the detection and classification of occupancy activities. The model was deployed to a camera that enabled real-time detections, giving an average detection accuracy of 98.65%. Data on the number of occupants performing each of the selected activities were collected, and deep learning–influenced profile was generated. Building energy simulation and various scenario-based cases were used to assess the impact of such an approach on the building energy demand and provide insights into how the proposed detection method can enable heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems to respond to occupancy’s dynamic changes. Results indicated that the deep learning approach could reduce the over- or under-estimation of occupancy heat gains. It is envisioned that the approach can be coupled with heating, ventilation and air-conditioning controls to adjust the setpoint based on the building space’s actual requirements, which could provide more comfortable environments and minimise unnecessary building energy loads. Practical application Occupancy behaviour has been identified as an important issue impacting the energy demand of building and heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems. This study proposes a vision-based deep learning approach to capture, detect and recognise in real-time the occupancy patterns and activities within an office space environment. Initial building energy simulation analysis of the application of such an approach within buildings was performed. The proposed approach is envisioned to enable heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems to adapt and make a timely response based on occupancy’s dynamic changes. The results presented here show the practicality of such an approach that could be integrated with heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems for various building spaces and environments.
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