Pub Date : 2024-06-05DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2024.1380040
M. K. Noseworthy, Eric A. Allen, Angela L. Dale, Isabel Leal, Esme P John, T. J. Souque, Joey B. Tanney, Adnan Uzunovic
Research on reducing the movement of pests on wood products has led to several options for safer trade including heat treatment of wood to mitigate pests. In this study, pathogenic organisms commonly regulated in the trade of forest products were tested to determine the minimum heat dose (temperature and time) required to cause mortality. The mycelial stage of tree pathogens, Heterobasidion occidentale, Grosmannia clavigera, Bretziella fagacearum, Phytophthora cinnamomi, P. lateralis, P. ramorum and P. xmultiformis, which may be found in untreated wood products, were tested in vitro using the Humble water bath with parameters simulating the rate of heat applied to wood in a commercial kiln. RNA detection using reverse transcription real-time PCR was used to validate pathogen mortality following treatment for: P. ramorum, P. lateralis, P. cinnamomi, P. xmultiformis and G. clavigera. The lethal temperature for all pathogens ranged from 44 to 50°C for a 30-min treatment duration. Using this method to evaluate heat treatment for other forest product pests is recommended to accurately identify the minimum dose required to support phytosanitary trade. With more data potentially lower heat treatment applications may be recommended under specific conditions to produce more efficient and economical heat treatment schedules and reduce environmental impacts.
{"title":"Evidence to support phytosanitary policies–the minimum effective heat treatment parameters for pathogens associated with forest products","authors":"M. K. Noseworthy, Eric A. Allen, Angela L. Dale, Isabel Leal, Esme P John, T. J. Souque, Joey B. Tanney, Adnan Uzunovic","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2024.1380040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2024.1380040","url":null,"abstract":"Research on reducing the movement of pests on wood products has led to several options for safer trade including heat treatment of wood to mitigate pests. In this study, pathogenic organisms commonly regulated in the trade of forest products were tested to determine the minimum heat dose (temperature and time) required to cause mortality. The mycelial stage of tree pathogens, Heterobasidion occidentale, Grosmannia clavigera, Bretziella fagacearum, Phytophthora cinnamomi, P. lateralis, P. ramorum and P. xmultiformis, which may be found in untreated wood products, were tested in vitro using the Humble water bath with parameters simulating the rate of heat applied to wood in a commercial kiln. RNA detection using reverse transcription real-time PCR was used to validate pathogen mortality following treatment for: P. ramorum, P. lateralis, P. cinnamomi, P. xmultiformis and G. clavigera. The lethal temperature for all pathogens ranged from 44 to 50°C for a 30-min treatment duration. Using this method to evaluate heat treatment for other forest product pests is recommended to accurately identify the minimum dose required to support phytosanitary trade. With more data potentially lower heat treatment applications may be recommended under specific conditions to produce more efficient and economical heat treatment schedules and reduce environmental impacts.","PeriodicalId":507254,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"59 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141383662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2024.1376465
Filip Pastierovič, Jaroslav Čepl, Alina Kalyniukova, Kanakachari Mogilicherla, J. Hradecký, Jaromír Bláha, Ivana Tomášková
Plant metabolism response to insect herbivores is the central theme of this publication. Genetically uniform individuals of European aspen (Populus tremula) were exposed to recurrent feeding by spongy moths (Lepidoptera) at specific time intervals. Changes in physiology, contents of phenolics and saccharides were quantified over the first hour. The unconventional experiment design, integrating analytical methods, and timeline led to the revealing of unexpected dynamics in plant metabolism. The time interval between herbivory initiation and sample collection revealed a pivotal moment, with induced defense activating strongly after 5 min of chewing resulting in an increase in catechin and procyanidin B1. After 10 min, a shift to a tolerant strategy occurs and induced substance concentrations return to control levels. Delayed physiological response was recorded as the first significant difference in transpiration between affected and nonaffected plants and was found after 10 min. A different strategy in exploitation of saccharides after spongy moths infestation was applied because the pool of selected saccharides was rising in the leaves but decreasing in the roots. Placing our results in the context of existing knowledge highlights the uncertain conceptual basis behind the often rigid and definitive classifications in induced plant defense or tolerance strategy.
{"title":"Time is of the essence: unveiling the rapid response of Populus to insect feeding","authors":"Filip Pastierovič, Jaroslav Čepl, Alina Kalyniukova, Kanakachari Mogilicherla, J. Hradecký, Jaromír Bláha, Ivana Tomášková","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2024.1376465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2024.1376465","url":null,"abstract":"Plant metabolism response to insect herbivores is the central theme of this publication. Genetically uniform individuals of European aspen (Populus tremula) were exposed to recurrent feeding by spongy moths (Lepidoptera) at specific time intervals. Changes in physiology, contents of phenolics and saccharides were quantified over the first hour. The unconventional experiment design, integrating analytical methods, and timeline led to the revealing of unexpected dynamics in plant metabolism. The time interval between herbivory initiation and sample collection revealed a pivotal moment, with induced defense activating strongly after 5 min of chewing resulting in an increase in catechin and procyanidin B1. After 10 min, a shift to a tolerant strategy occurs and induced substance concentrations return to control levels. Delayed physiological response was recorded as the first significant difference in transpiration between affected and nonaffected plants and was found after 10 min. A different strategy in exploitation of saccharides after spongy moths infestation was applied because the pool of selected saccharides was rising in the leaves but decreasing in the roots. Placing our results in the context of existing knowledge highlights the uncertain conceptual basis behind the often rigid and definitive classifications in induced plant defense or tolerance strategy.","PeriodicalId":507254,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"2 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141266209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-03DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2024.1352265
Himanshu Bargali, Aseesh Pandey, Dinesh Bhatt, R. Sundriyal
Unprecedented seasonal forest fires pose a significant threat to the carbon stocks of diverse ecosystems, particularly in regions like Uttarakhand, west Himalaya. Understanding the impact of varying fire frequencies on different forest types is crucial for effective conservation and management strategies. This study aims to assess the loss of carbon stock in three distinct forest types—Sal, Pine, and Mixed across an elevation gradient in Uttarakhand, facing unprecedented seasonal forest fires. By investigating pre- and post-fire conditions, analyzing biomass dynamics, and mapping fire frequencies, the research aims to provide insights into the complex interplay of fire regimes and forest resilience. The investigation covers vegetation analysis, biomass assessment, and fire frequency mapping. Biomass and carbon stock calculations were carried out using a non-destructive sampling method. Fire frequency maps were generated using Landsat satellite imagery spanning a decade, integrating MODIS hotspot data for classification. The study reveals distinct patterns in biomass changes across Sal, Pine, and Mixed forests in response to varying fire frequencies. Sal forests exhibit resilience to low-intensity fires, while Pine forests show higher sensitivity. Carbon stock contributions of dominant species varied significantly, with Sal and Chir-Pine forests emerging as crucial contributors. High fire frequencies lead to substantial carbon stock reduction in all forest types. The findings emphasize the sensitivity of aboveground biomass to fire frequency, with significant carbon stock loss observed in higher fire frequency classes. The study underscores the importance of nuanced conservation strategies tailored to distinct forest types and species characteristics. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers, forest managers, and conservationists in formulating targeted conservation and management approaches.
前所未有的季节性森林火灾对各种生态系统的碳储量构成了重大威胁，尤其是在喜马拉雅山脉西部的北阿坎德邦等地区。了解不同火灾频率对不同森林类型的影响对于制定有效的保护和管理策略至关重要。本研究旨在评估北方邦海拔梯度上三种不同森林类型--萨尔、松树和混交林--在面临前所未有的季节性森林火灾时的碳储量损失情况。通过调查火灾前后的状况、分析生物量动态以及绘制火灾频率图，该研究旨在深入了解火灾机制与森林恢复力之间复杂的相互作用。调查内容包括植被分析、生物量评估和火灾频率绘图。生物量和碳储量计算采用无损采样法进行。火灾频率图是利用 Landsat 十年间的卫星图像生成的，并整合了 MODIS 热点数据进行分类。研究揭示了萨尔、松树和混交林在不同火灾频率下生物量变化的独特模式。盐林表现出对低强度火灾的适应能力，而松林则表现出更高的敏感性。主要树种对碳储量的贡献差异很大，其中盐碱地和奇松林对碳储量的贡献至关重要。高火灾频率导致所有类型森林的碳储量大幅减少。研究结果强调了地上生物量对火灾频率的敏感性，火灾频率越高，碳储量损失越大。这项研究强调了针对不同森林类型和物种特征制定细致入微的保护战略的重要性。这项研究为政策制定者、森林管理者和保护主义者制定有针对性的保护和管理方法提供了宝贵的见解。
{"title":"Loss of carbon stock in the forests of Uttarakhand due to unprecedented seasonal forest fires","authors":"Himanshu Bargali, Aseesh Pandey, Dinesh Bhatt, R. Sundriyal","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2024.1352265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2024.1352265","url":null,"abstract":"Unprecedented seasonal forest fires pose a significant threat to the carbon stocks of diverse ecosystems, particularly in regions like Uttarakhand, west Himalaya. Understanding the impact of varying fire frequencies on different forest types is crucial for effective conservation and management strategies. This study aims to assess the loss of carbon stock in three distinct forest types—Sal, Pine, and Mixed across an elevation gradient in Uttarakhand, facing unprecedented seasonal forest fires. By investigating pre- and post-fire conditions, analyzing biomass dynamics, and mapping fire frequencies, the research aims to provide insights into the complex interplay of fire regimes and forest resilience. The investigation covers vegetation analysis, biomass assessment, and fire frequency mapping. Biomass and carbon stock calculations were carried out using a non-destructive sampling method. Fire frequency maps were generated using Landsat satellite imagery spanning a decade, integrating MODIS hotspot data for classification. The study reveals distinct patterns in biomass changes across Sal, Pine, and Mixed forests in response to varying fire frequencies. Sal forests exhibit resilience to low-intensity fires, while Pine forests show higher sensitivity. Carbon stock contributions of dominant species varied significantly, with Sal and Chir-Pine forests emerging as crucial contributors. High fire frequencies lead to substantial carbon stock reduction in all forest types. The findings emphasize the sensitivity of aboveground biomass to fire frequency, with significant carbon stock loss observed in higher fire frequency classes. The study underscores the importance of nuanced conservation strategies tailored to distinct forest types and species characteristics. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers, forest managers, and conservationists in formulating targeted conservation and management approaches.","PeriodicalId":507254,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"17 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141271078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The tropical dry forests (TDF) have an enormously rich flora and fauna that offer various ecological services to the surrounding human societies. Biodiversity assessment is mandatory for implementing any sustainable forest management policy, which is why it is one of the important criteria and indicators currently used. Threats to TDF biodiversity are the primary challenges arising from environmental concerns caused by anthropogenic activity leading to global warming issues. The study aimed to investigate the vegetation assessment and several environmental and anthropogenic variables influencing forest biodiversity from 5 threatened forest sites of District Sialkot (Ghalotian, Kishan Garh, Daburgi Chanda Singh, Pir Kot, and Ghulab Garh), Pakistan. We collected 170 distinct plant species, including 135 dicots, 27 monocots, seven pteridophytes, and one bryophyte, categorized into 138 genera and 62 families, divided into 114 herbs, 32 trees, and 24 shrubs. The phytosociological analysis described the quantitative characteristics, including % frequency, % density, % cover, and importance Value Index (IVI) of all forest areas. Gulab Garh forest has the richest biodiversity forest area, and herbs are the dominant species that have been documented. Environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, organic matter, soil pH, Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, Cl−, and electric conductivity (EC) strongly affect forest vegetation investigated by principal coordinate analysis. Shannon and Simpson’s diversity indexes reveal that all sites contain loamy and sandy soil and display a significant relationship between alpha diversity and richness. Increasing trends in temperature and decreasing trends in rainfall suggested that climate significantly affects the Sialkot region’s plant biodiversity. SWOT analysis highlighted that population growth leads to increasing anthropogenic activities such as constructing housing societies and roads, inadequate farming, and excessive grazing, impacting the forest vegetation and altering TDF ecosystem properties/services and functioning. Our findings reinforce the vegetational assessment and importance of local forest biodiversity and significant environmental drivers that influence the plant species diversity in TDF areas. Future conservation strategies are suggested to reduce unlawful resource consumption, restore plant biodiversity in designated protected areas, and conserve rare species locally.
{"title":"Assessment of plant biodiversity in tropical dry forests of Sialkot, Pakistan; insight into environmental, anthropogenic influence and conservation strategies","authors":"Khurram Shahzad, Waqar Shoukat Ali, Sohaib Muhammad, Junhu Dai, U. Zeb, Mengyao Zhu","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2024.1362117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2024.1362117","url":null,"abstract":"The tropical dry forests (TDF) have an enormously rich flora and fauna that offer various ecological services to the surrounding human societies. Biodiversity assessment is mandatory for implementing any sustainable forest management policy, which is why it is one of the important criteria and indicators currently used. Threats to TDF biodiversity are the primary challenges arising from environmental concerns caused by anthropogenic activity leading to global warming issues. The study aimed to investigate the vegetation assessment and several environmental and anthropogenic variables influencing forest biodiversity from 5 threatened forest sites of District Sialkot (Ghalotian, Kishan Garh, Daburgi Chanda Singh, Pir Kot, and Ghulab Garh), Pakistan. We collected 170 distinct plant species, including 135 dicots, 27 monocots, seven pteridophytes, and one bryophyte, categorized into 138 genera and 62 families, divided into 114 herbs, 32 trees, and 24 shrubs. The phytosociological analysis described the quantitative characteristics, including % frequency, % density, % cover, and importance Value Index (IVI) of all forest areas. Gulab Garh forest has the richest biodiversity forest area, and herbs are the dominant species that have been documented. Environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, organic matter, soil pH, Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, Cl−, and electric conductivity (EC) strongly affect forest vegetation investigated by principal coordinate analysis. Shannon and Simpson’s diversity indexes reveal that all sites contain loamy and sandy soil and display a significant relationship between alpha diversity and richness. Increasing trends in temperature and decreasing trends in rainfall suggested that climate significantly affects the Sialkot region’s plant biodiversity. SWOT analysis highlighted that population growth leads to increasing anthropogenic activities such as constructing housing societies and roads, inadequate farming, and excessive grazing, impacting the forest vegetation and altering TDF ecosystem properties/services and functioning. Our findings reinforce the vegetational assessment and importance of local forest biodiversity and significant environmental drivers that influence the plant species diversity in TDF areas. Future conservation strategies are suggested to reduce unlawful resource consumption, restore plant biodiversity in designated protected areas, and conserve rare species locally.","PeriodicalId":507254,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"11 40","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141098788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2024.1424150
Jiacun Gu, Liang Kou, I. Ostonen
{"title":"Editorial: Root functional traits in the context of forest ecology and management","authors":"Jiacun Gu, Liang Kou, I. Ostonen","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2024.1424150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2024.1424150","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":507254,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"33 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141104273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2024.1416373
Yelong Zeng, Li Jia, M. Menenti, Min Jiang, Chaolei Zheng, A. Bennour, Yunzhe Lv
The vegetation dynamics of the Sahel-Sudan-Guinea region in Africa, one of the largest transition zones between arid and humid zones, is of great significance for understanding regional ecosystem changes. However, a time-unvarying trend based on linear assumption challenges the overall understanding of vegetation greenness evolution and of tracking a complex ecosystem response to climate in the Sahel-Sudan-Guinea region.This study first applied the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method to detect the time-varying trends in vegetation greenness based on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data in the region during 2001–2020, and then identified the dominant climatic drivers of NDVI trends by employing explainable machine learning framework.The study revealed an overall vegetation greening but a significant nonlinear spatio-temporal evolution characteristic over the region. Trend reversals, i.e., browning-to-greening and greening-to-browning, were dominant in approximately 60% of the study area. The browning-to-greening reversal was primarily observed in the southern Sahel, Congo Basin north of the Equator, and East Africa, with a breakpoint around 2008, while the greening-to-browning reversal was mainly observed in West Africa, with a breakpoint around 2011. The sustained greening primarily took place in northern Sahel, Central African Republic and South Sudan; while sustained browning clustered in central West Africa and Uganda, mainly in agricultural lands. Furthermore, the combination of Random Forest (RF) algorithm and the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method could robustly model and reveal the relationships between the observed trends in NDVI and in climatic variables, also detected by applying EEMD. The results suggested that air temperature and precipitation were the most important climatic drivers controlling the NDVI trends across the Sahel-Sudan-Guinea region. The NDVI trends were more likely to have negative correlations with solar radiation and vapor pressure deficit in arid areas, while they could have positive correlations in humid areas. The study also found that large-scale climate changes induced by sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies had strong relationships with trend reversals in vegetation greenness at a sub-continental scale. These findings advanced the understanding of the impacts of climatic drivers on vegetation greenness evolution in the Sahel-Sudan-Guinea region.
{"title":"Regional divergent evolution of vegetation greenness and climatic drivers in the Sahel-Sudan-Guinea region: nonlinearity and explainable machine learning","authors":"Yelong Zeng, Li Jia, M. Menenti, Min Jiang, Chaolei Zheng, A. Bennour, Yunzhe Lv","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2024.1416373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2024.1416373","url":null,"abstract":"The vegetation dynamics of the Sahel-Sudan-Guinea region in Africa, one of the largest transition zones between arid and humid zones, is of great significance for understanding regional ecosystem changes. However, a time-unvarying trend based on linear assumption challenges the overall understanding of vegetation greenness evolution and of tracking a complex ecosystem response to climate in the Sahel-Sudan-Guinea region.This study first applied the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method to detect the time-varying trends in vegetation greenness based on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data in the region during 2001–2020, and then identified the dominant climatic drivers of NDVI trends by employing explainable machine learning framework.The study revealed an overall vegetation greening but a significant nonlinear spatio-temporal evolution characteristic over the region. Trend reversals, i.e., browning-to-greening and greening-to-browning, were dominant in approximately 60% of the study area. The browning-to-greening reversal was primarily observed in the southern Sahel, Congo Basin north of the Equator, and East Africa, with a breakpoint around 2008, while the greening-to-browning reversal was mainly observed in West Africa, with a breakpoint around 2011. The sustained greening primarily took place in northern Sahel, Central African Republic and South Sudan; while sustained browning clustered in central West Africa and Uganda, mainly in agricultural lands. Furthermore, the combination of Random Forest (RF) algorithm and the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method could robustly model and reveal the relationships between the observed trends in NDVI and in climatic variables, also detected by applying EEMD. The results suggested that air temperature and precipitation were the most important climatic drivers controlling the NDVI trends across the Sahel-Sudan-Guinea region. The NDVI trends were more likely to have negative correlations with solar radiation and vapor pressure deficit in arid areas, while they could have positive correlations in humid areas. The study also found that large-scale climate changes induced by sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies had strong relationships with trend reversals in vegetation greenness at a sub-continental scale. These findings advanced the understanding of the impacts of climatic drivers on vegetation greenness evolution in the Sahel-Sudan-Guinea region.","PeriodicalId":507254,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141105560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-22DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2024.1324475
J. Drewer, R. S. Tarigan, Lindsay F. Banin, Stella White, Elizabeth Raine, S. Luke, E. C. Turner, Ute Skiba, Nicholas J. Cowan, Jassica Prajna Dewi, A. D. Advento, A. A. K. Aryawan, J. Caliman, Pujianto
Oil palm (OP) plantations have replaced large areas of forest in the tropical landscape of Southeast Asia and are major emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs). To move towards more environmentally friendly plantation management, a hopeful approach is to implement strategies to increase vegetation complexity. These options include relaxed management of understory vegetation to increase complexity in productive plantations, passive restoration of forest areas around rivers by leaving mature oil palm during replanting, and active forest restoration along river margins with planting of forest trees. These practices have the potential to deliver a range of benefits such as soil protection, reduced erosion and sedimentation in rivers, pest control and support for biodiversity, but little is known about their impact on greenhouse gas fluxes. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of improved understory growth management and the use of riparian forestry on GHG fluxes in OP plantations, making use of two long-term experiments (the Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function in Tropical Agriculture Understory Vegetation (BEFTA UV) Project; the Riparian Ecosystem Restoration in Tropical Agriculture (RERTA) Project) in Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. We measured nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and ecosystem respiration (CO2) from mature OP sites with different levels of understory vegetation and different riparian buffer restoration treatments using the static chamber method. We used linear mixed effects models to test for treatment effects, whilst accounting for soil moisture and experimental design factors (time and space). The understory vegetation treatments (normal, reduced and enhanced complexity of understory) had no effect on N2O and CH4 flux. Regarding differences in ecosystem respiration, effects attributable to the understory vegetation treatments were not strong. For the riparian restoration treatments, the fixed effects variables in the models explained little variation in the fluxes of all GHGs. Therefore, given the proven benefits of more complex understory vegetation for supporting biodiversity and healthy ecosystem functioning, plus the potential for restored riparian buffers to support biodiversity and services and to reduce GHG emissions over time, our findings reinforce the concept that these features bring environmental benefits in OP landscapes, with no measurable effects on GHG emissions.
油棕种植园取代了东南亚热带地区的大片森林，是温室气体（GHG）的主要排放源。为了实现更环保的种植园管理，一种有希望的方法是实施增加植被复杂性的战略。这些方案包括放宽对林下植被的管理，以增加高产种植园的植被复杂性；在重新种植过程中保留成熟的油棕榈，从而被动地恢复河流周围的森林区域；以及通过种植林木积极恢复河流边缘的森林。这些做法有可能带来一系列好处，如保护土壤、减少河流侵蚀和沉积、控制虫害和支持生物多样性，但人们对其对温室气体通量的影响知之甚少。本研究旨在利用印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛廖内省的两个长期实验（热带农业下层植被生物多样性和生态系统功能（BEFTA UV）项目；热带农业河岸生态系统恢复（RERTA）项目），评估改善下层植被生长管理和使用河岸林业对 OP 人工林温室气体通量的影响。我们采用静态室法测量了不同林下植被水平和不同河岸缓冲区恢复处理的成熟 OP 地点的氧化亚氮（N2O）、甲烷（CH4）和生态系统呼吸作用（CO2）。我们使用线性混合效应模型来检验处理效应，同时考虑土壤湿度和实验设计因素（时间和空间）。林下植被处理（林下复杂度正常、降低和提高）对 N2O 和 CH4 通量没有影响。关于生态系统呼吸作用的差异，林下植被处理的影响不大。对于河岸植被恢复处理，模型中的固定效应变量对所有温室气体通量的影响很小。因此，鉴于更复杂的林下植被对支持生物多样性和健康生态系统功能的益处已得到证实，再加上恢复后的河岸缓冲区有可能支持生物多样性和服务，并随着时间的推移减少温室气体排放，我们的研究结果强化了这一概念，即这些特征在 OP 景观中带来了环境效益，但对温室气体排放没有可测量的影响。
{"title":"Restoring understory and riparian areas in oil palm plantations does not increase greenhouse gas fluxes","authors":"J. Drewer, R. S. Tarigan, Lindsay F. Banin, Stella White, Elizabeth Raine, S. Luke, E. C. Turner, Ute Skiba, Nicholas J. Cowan, Jassica Prajna Dewi, A. D. Advento, A. A. K. Aryawan, J. Caliman, Pujianto","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2024.1324475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2024.1324475","url":null,"abstract":"Oil palm (OP) plantations have replaced large areas of forest in the tropical landscape of Southeast Asia and are major emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs). To move towards more environmentally friendly plantation management, a hopeful approach is to implement strategies to increase vegetation complexity. These options include relaxed management of understory vegetation to increase complexity in productive plantations, passive restoration of forest areas around rivers by leaving mature oil palm during replanting, and active forest restoration along river margins with planting of forest trees. These practices have the potential to deliver a range of benefits such as soil protection, reduced erosion and sedimentation in rivers, pest control and support for biodiversity, but little is known about their impact on greenhouse gas fluxes. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of improved understory growth management and the use of riparian forestry on GHG fluxes in OP plantations, making use of two long-term experiments (the Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function in Tropical Agriculture Understory Vegetation (BEFTA UV) Project; the Riparian Ecosystem Restoration in Tropical Agriculture (RERTA) Project) in Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. We measured nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and ecosystem respiration (CO2) from mature OP sites with different levels of understory vegetation and different riparian buffer restoration treatments using the static chamber method. We used linear mixed effects models to test for treatment effects, whilst accounting for soil moisture and experimental design factors (time and space). The understory vegetation treatments (normal, reduced and enhanced complexity of understory) had no effect on N2O and CH4 flux. Regarding differences in ecosystem respiration, effects attributable to the understory vegetation treatments were not strong. For the riparian restoration treatments, the fixed effects variables in the models explained little variation in the fluxes of all GHGs. Therefore, given the proven benefits of more complex understory vegetation for supporting biodiversity and healthy ecosystem functioning, plus the potential for restored riparian buffers to support biodiversity and services and to reduce GHG emissions over time, our findings reinforce the concept that these features bring environmental benefits in OP landscapes, with no measurable effects on GHG emissions.","PeriodicalId":507254,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141112336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-25DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2024.1215734
Tomáš Klouček, Roman Modlinger, Markéta Zikmundová, Marlena Kycko, Jan Komárek
Over the last decade, biotic disturbances caused by bark beetles have represented a serious environmental and economic issue in Central Europe. Great efforts are expended on the early detection and management of bark beetle infestation. Our study analyses a time series of UAV-borne multispectral imagery of a 250-ha forest in the Vysočina region in the Czech Republic. The study site represents a typical European spruce forest with routine silvicultural management. UAV-borne data was acquired three times during the vegetation period, specifically (a) before swarming, (b) at the early stage of infestation, and (c) in the post-abandon phase, i.e., after most bark beetle offspring left the trees. The spectral reflectance values and vegetation indices calculated from orthorectified and radiometrically calibrated imageries were statistically analyzed by quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA). The study shows that healthy and infested trees could be distinguished at the early stage of infestation, especially using NIR-related vegetation indices (NDVI and BNDVI in our case). Detecting infested trees is more significant by vegetation indices than spectral bands and increases with the increasing time after infestation. The study verified the usability of UAV-borne multispectral imageries for early detection of bark beetle infestation at the level of individual trees. Thus, these methods can contribute to precise and effective forest management on a local level.
{"title":"Early detection of bark beetle infestation using UAV-borne multispectral imagery: a case study on the spruce forest in the Czech Republic","authors":"Tomáš Klouček, Roman Modlinger, Markéta Zikmundová, Marlena Kycko, Jan Komárek","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2024.1215734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2024.1215734","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last decade, biotic disturbances caused by bark beetles have represented a serious environmental and economic issue in Central Europe. Great efforts are expended on the early detection and management of bark beetle infestation. Our study analyses a time series of UAV-borne multispectral imagery of a 250-ha forest in the Vysočina region in the Czech Republic. The study site represents a typical European spruce forest with routine silvicultural management. UAV-borne data was acquired three times during the vegetation period, specifically (a) before swarming, (b) at the early stage of infestation, and (c) in the post-abandon phase, i.e., after most bark beetle offspring left the trees. The spectral reflectance values and vegetation indices calculated from orthorectified and radiometrically calibrated imageries were statistically analyzed by quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA). The study shows that healthy and infested trees could be distinguished at the early stage of infestation, especially using NIR-related vegetation indices (NDVI and BNDVI in our case). Detecting infested trees is more significant by vegetation indices than spectral bands and increases with the increasing time after infestation. The study verified the usability of UAV-borne multispectral imageries for early detection of bark beetle infestation at the level of individual trees. Thus, these methods can contribute to precise and effective forest management on a local level.","PeriodicalId":507254,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"5 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140652989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-25DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2024.1371144
R. Motta, Giorgio Alberti, Davide Ascoli, R. Berretti, Srdjan Bilic, Alessia Bono, Curovic Milic, Dukić Vojislav, Walter Finsinger, M. Garbarino, Z. Govedar, Srdjan Keren, F. Meloni, Flavio Ruffinatto, P. Nola
According to various censuses, Europe has less than 1.5 million ha of old-growth forests (OGF). Most of them are in the boreal zone, while their presence in the temperate zone is residual and fragmented.In the framework of the EU biodiversity strategy, it has been adopted a broad definition of OGF which includes late-seral forests and forests with some management legacies. However, research purposes need to identify strictly defined OGFs characterized by structure, disturbance history, and processes typical and exclusive of the last stage of the forest dynamic.The present paper wants to contribute to this debate by presenting a research network of four mixed (Fagus-Abies-Picea) montane OGFs in the Dinaric Alps (Lom, BiH; Janj, BiH; Perućica, BiH; Biogradska Gora, MNE), summarizing 20 years of multidisciplinary research by focusing on the structural characteristics and the disturbance history of the whole network and their coherency with strict OGF indicators. These sites were selected in relatively structurally uniform study areas, where 142 permanent plots have been established since 2002.The study sites have a high living (747–1,201 m3 ha−1) and coarse woody debris (CWD) biomass (304–410 m3 ha−1), resulting in the highest forest carbon sink at the continental level (398–484 Mg C ha−1). The presence of large and old trees is one of the critical characteristics of the old-growth stage: in Lom and Perućica, there are 19 trees and 14 ha−1 larger than 1 m at breast height, respectively, and 14 trees and 15 trees ha−1 older than 400 years. In the last three centuries, continuous small-scale disturbances have driven forest dynamics, developing stands characterized by gap-phase dynamics and quasi-equilibrium structure. The Dinaric OGF network presents robust indicators of old-growthness, similar structural characteristics, and dynamic processes across all four sites. Identifying this sub-set of OGF using strict criteria is critical for recognizing conservation priorities and for quantifying, along an old-growthness chronosequence, the current structural differences of managed or recently abandoned forests. Besides, only OGF selected with rigorous criteria can act as a reliable reference for ecological restoration and sustainable forest management as a benchmark for carbon sink and for quantifying the impact of climate change on forests.
{"title":"Old-growth forests in the Dinaric Alps of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro: a continental hot-spot for research and biodiversity","authors":"R. Motta, Giorgio Alberti, Davide Ascoli, R. Berretti, Srdjan Bilic, Alessia Bono, Curovic Milic, Dukić Vojislav, Walter Finsinger, M. Garbarino, Z. Govedar, Srdjan Keren, F. Meloni, Flavio Ruffinatto, P. Nola","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2024.1371144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2024.1371144","url":null,"abstract":"According to various censuses, Europe has less than 1.5 million ha of old-growth forests (OGF). Most of them are in the boreal zone, while their presence in the temperate zone is residual and fragmented.In the framework of the EU biodiversity strategy, it has been adopted a broad definition of OGF which includes late-seral forests and forests with some management legacies. However, research purposes need to identify strictly defined OGFs characterized by structure, disturbance history, and processes typical and exclusive of the last stage of the forest dynamic.The present paper wants to contribute to this debate by presenting a research network of four mixed (Fagus-Abies-Picea) montane OGFs in the Dinaric Alps (Lom, BiH; Janj, BiH; Perućica, BiH; Biogradska Gora, MNE), summarizing 20 years of multidisciplinary research by focusing on the structural characteristics and the disturbance history of the whole network and their coherency with strict OGF indicators. These sites were selected in relatively structurally uniform study areas, where 142 permanent plots have been established since 2002.The study sites have a high living (747–1,201 m3 ha−1) and coarse woody debris (CWD) biomass (304–410 m3 ha−1), resulting in the highest forest carbon sink at the continental level (398–484 Mg C ha−1). The presence of large and old trees is one of the critical characteristics of the old-growth stage: in Lom and Perućica, there are 19 trees and 14 ha−1 larger than 1 m at breast height, respectively, and 14 trees and 15 trees ha−1 older than 400 years. In the last three centuries, continuous small-scale disturbances have driven forest dynamics, developing stands characterized by gap-phase dynamics and quasi-equilibrium structure. The Dinaric OGF network presents robust indicators of old-growthness, similar structural characteristics, and dynamic processes across all four sites. Identifying this sub-set of OGF using strict criteria is critical for recognizing conservation priorities and for quantifying, along an old-growthness chronosequence, the current structural differences of managed or recently abandoned forests. Besides, only OGF selected with rigorous criteria can act as a reliable reference for ecological restoration and sustainable forest management as a benchmark for carbon sink and for quantifying the impact of climate change on forests.","PeriodicalId":507254,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"54 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140655836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2024.1239424
Weizheng Jiang, Zhibo Chen, Haiyan Zhang, Juhu Li
This study aims to achieve early and reliable monitoring of wood-boring pests, which are often highly concealed, have long lag times, and cause significant damage to forests. Specifically, the research focuses on the larval feeding vibration signal of the emerald ash borer as a representative pest. Given the crucial importance of such pest monitoring for the protection of forestry resources, developing a method that can accurately identify and interpret their vibration signals is paramount.We introduce MelSPPNET, a self-explaining model designed to extract prototypes from input vibration signals and obtain the most representative audio segments as the basis for model recognition. The study collected feeding vibration signals of emerald ash borer larvae using detectors, along with typical outdoor noises. The design of MelSPPNET considers both model accuracy and interpretability.Experimental results demonstrate that MelSPPNET compares favorably in accuracy with its similar non-interpretable counterparts, while providing interpretability that these networks lack. To evaluate the interpretability of the case-based self-explaining model, we designed an interpretability evaluation metric and proved that MelSPPNET exhibits good interpretability. This provides accurate and reliable technical support for the identification of emerald ash borer larvae.While the work in this study is limited to one pest type, future experiments will focus on the applicability of this network in identifying other vibration signals. With further research and optimization, MelSPPNET has the potential to provide broader and deeper pest monitoring solutions for forestry resource protection. Additionally, this study demonstrates the potential of self-explaining models in the field of signal processing, offering new ideas and methods for addressing similar problems.
{"title":"MelSPPNET—A self-explainable recognition model for emerald ash borer vibrational signals","authors":"Weizheng Jiang, Zhibo Chen, Haiyan Zhang, Juhu Li","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2024.1239424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2024.1239424","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to achieve early and reliable monitoring of wood-boring pests, which are often highly concealed, have long lag times, and cause significant damage to forests. Specifically, the research focuses on the larval feeding vibration signal of the emerald ash borer as a representative pest. Given the crucial importance of such pest monitoring for the protection of forestry resources, developing a method that can accurately identify and interpret their vibration signals is paramount.We introduce MelSPPNET, a self-explaining model designed to extract prototypes from input vibration signals and obtain the most representative audio segments as the basis for model recognition. The study collected feeding vibration signals of emerald ash borer larvae using detectors, along with typical outdoor noises. The design of MelSPPNET considers both model accuracy and interpretability.Experimental results demonstrate that MelSPPNET compares favorably in accuracy with its similar non-interpretable counterparts, while providing interpretability that these networks lack. To evaluate the interpretability of the case-based self-explaining model, we designed an interpretability evaluation metric and proved that MelSPPNET exhibits good interpretability. This provides accurate and reliable technical support for the identification of emerald ash borer larvae.While the work in this study is limited to one pest type, future experiments will focus on the applicability of this network in identifying other vibration signals. With further research and optimization, MelSPPNET has the potential to provide broader and deeper pest monitoring solutions for forestry resource protection. Additionally, this study demonstrates the potential of self-explaining models in the field of signal processing, offering new ideas and methods for addressing similar problems.","PeriodicalId":507254,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"20 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140660102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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