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Assessing Fiscal Sustainability: A Comprehensive Analysis of Brazil's Continuous Cash Benefit (BPC) Program 评估财政可持续性:对巴西持续现金福利(BPC)计划的全面分析
Pub Date : 2024-01-23 DOI: 10.34257/gjhssevol23is5pg1
Thais Salzer Procópio
This paper analyzes the Brazilian social benefit known as Continuous Cash Benefit Programme (BPC), considering its rules, resource utilization, potential impacts,and adverse effects on society. The literature review was based on the Austrian Theory of Economic Intervention.We observed that the BPC needs to be reassessed regarding values, long-term sustainability, and control of adverse effects. Results showed that the value of the BPC per capita is higher than the value of other social benefits in Brazil. 37% of the budget for the analyzed social programs is allocated to the BPC, but it reaches only 18% of the total number of beneficiaries. The benefit amount is also higher than the nominal per capita household income of more than 40% of the Brazilian Federal Units. Since the BPC amount is tied to the minimum wage, which historically experiences real increases in value, and Brazilian data indicate a process of population aging, we expect that expenditures on the benefit will significantly rise in the coming decades. Additionally, we have observed that the BPC creates an adverse incentive for a portion of the population not to contribute to the country's social security system, as they anticipate fitting into the BPC's rules upon retirement. For the sake of public expenditure efficiency and fiscal sustainability, the value and rules of the BPC should be reviewed.
本文分析了被称为 "持续现金福利计划"(BPC)的巴西社会福利,考虑了其规则、资源利用、潜在影响以及对社会的不利影响。我们注意到,需要对 BPC 的价值、长期可持续性和不利影响的控制进行重新评估。结果显示,在巴西,人均 BPC 的价值高于其他社会福利的价值。在所分析的社会计划中,有 37% 的预算分配给了 BPC,但其受益人数仅占受益总人数的 18%。福利金额也高于 40% 以上巴西联邦单位的名义人均家庭收入。由于 BPC 的金额与最低工资挂钩,而最低工资的实际价值历来都在增长,而且巴西的数据显示人口老龄化进程正在加快,因此我们预计未来几十年该福利的支出将大幅增加。此外,我们还注意到,BPC 对一部分人不缴纳国家社会保障体系的费用产生了不利的激励作用,因为他们预计退休后会符合 BPC 的规定。为了公共支出的效率和财政的可持续性,应该对 BPC 的价值和规则进行审查。
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引用次数: 0
Learning to Think [Together] 学会[共同]思考
Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.34257/gjhsscvol23is7pg21
J. Bellous
The article demonstrates how thinking works according to German philosopher G.W.F. Hegel and shows what can go wrong if the reality Hegel relied on is compromised by images we encounter in the global world of media images, a critique made by French philosopher Jean Baudrillard. While people may connect with images on their devices rather than on television, Baudrillard’s analysis of images also applies to digital content. This article examines the human task of learning to think for oneself in the company of other people. Its central question focuses on the path thoughtfulness takes if thinking is authentically personal and socially sound. The article offers a model for thinking, abduction, that allows us to keep in touch with reality as we learn to think together about our opinions, knowledge, and beliefs. The article suggests a hopeful way forward for learning to think based on Western philosopher Immanuel Kant’s approach to the growth of the intellect.
文章展示了德国哲学家黑格尔(G.W.F. Hegel)的思维方式,并说明了如果我们在全球媒体图像世界中遇到的图像损害了黑格尔所依赖的现实,会出现什么问题。虽然人们可能通过设备而非电视与图像建立联系,但鲍德里亚对图像的分析同样适用于数字内容。本文探讨了人类在与他人相处时学会独立思考的任务。文章的中心问题是,如果思考是真实的个人思考,同时又是社会性的思考,那么思考的路径是什么。文章提供了一种思维模式--"诱导"(abduction),让我们在学会共同思考我们的观点、知识和信念时,能够与现实保持联系。文章以西方哲学家伊曼纽尔-康德(Immanuel Kant)的智力成长方法为基础,提出了一条充满希望的学习思考之路。
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引用次数: 0
Challenges for Assessing the Influence of Spirituality on Moral Development – In Search of a Scale 评估精神对道德发展影响的挑战--寻找量表
Pub Date : 2024-01-12 DOI: 10.34257/gjhsscvol23is7pg47
Lucas Guilherme Tetzlaff de Gerone, Patricia Unger Raphael Bataglia
This article aims to examine approaches to the assessment and measurement of spirituality, to establish correlations with moral development and ethical education. The methodology employed consisted of a literature review conducted in the databases of CAPES, SCIELO, BDTD, and Google Scholar. The results of this research revealed the existence of 50 measures intended for the assessment of spirituality and religiosity. Among these measures, the stages of Fowler's Faith and the PCBS stand out, both selected for detailed analysis due to their proximity to the assessment and measurement of spirituality, as well as their relevance in the moral and educational context. However, it is prudent to consider that the development of a more specific scale, focused on spirituality, moral development, and education, is still necessary to address the nuances and particularities of the Brazilian reality.
本文旨在研究评估和衡量灵性的方法,以确定灵性与道德发展和道德教育的相关性。所采用的方法包括在 CAPES、SCIELO、BDTD 和 Google Scholar 数据库中进行文献综述。研究结果表明,有 50 项措施用于评估灵性和宗教性。在这些测量方法中,福勒的信仰阶段和 PCBS 比较突出,由于它们与灵性的评估和测量非常接近,而且与道德和教育相关,因此被选中进行详细分析。不过,我们还是有必要考虑制定一个更加具体的量表,重点关注灵性、道德发展和教育,以应对巴西现实的细微差别和特殊性。
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引用次数: 0
Unveiling Dynamics of Contemporary Cities: The Influences of Urban Form on the Potential for the Socio-Spatial Vitality of Streets 揭开当代城市活力的面纱:城市形态对街道社会空间活力潜力的影响
Pub Date : 2024-01-12 DOI: 10.34257/gjhsscvol23is7pg63
Dr. Willian Carlos Siqueira Lima, Dr. Letícia Peret Antunes Hardt, Dr. Carlos Hardt
Starting from the assertion that vitality can be promoted by morphological elements, the article focuses on the significance of understanding these relationships for the urban security. The research aims to develop an original methodological essay in different scalar approaches of the Cidade Industrial de Curitiba (CIC) neighborhood in the state capital of Paraná, Brazil. The study began with spatial syntax on a macroscale (CIC) associating road axes integration with crime spots, resulting in the selection of four analysis points on the microscale (street). The integration of these two scales as a unique feature of the study. Considering the lot frontage as a unit of evaluation for interpreting characteristics of public spaces, private areas, temporary conditions, and nighttime scenarios, the answers to the investigative question indicate similar behavior for the parameters of the two latter themes. At the same time, significant connections with criminal activities are found only for the second subject. This result is primarily conditioned by the existence of elements that do not generate vitalized places and are not attractive to the attention of offenders. In conclusion, the guiding hypothesis that certain variables for vitality have more relevant relationships between landscape and security is confirmed. The practical implications of this confirmation have real-world applications in structuring integrated policies for urban planning and security measures in contemporary cities.
文章从形态要素可以促进活力这一论断出发,重点论述了理解这些关系对城市安全的重要意义。该研究旨在通过对巴西巴拉那州首府库里提巴工业区(CIC)不同尺度的研究,开发出一种独创的方法论文章。研究从宏观尺度(库里提巴工业区)的空间句法开始,将道路轴线与犯罪点结合起来,从而在微观尺度(街道)上选择了四个分析点。这两个尺度的整合是本研究的独特之处。考虑到地段正面是解释公共空间、私人区域、临时条件和夜间场景特征的评估单位,调查问题的答案表明后两个主题的参数具有相似的行为。同时,只有第二个主题与犯罪活动有明显联系。造成这一结果的主要原因是,存在一些不会产生活力的场所,也不会吸引犯罪者的注意力。总之,"某些活力变量与景观和安全之间的关系更为相关 "这一指导性假设得到了证实。这一结论的实际意义可用于构建当代城市的城市规划和安全措施的综合政策。
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引用次数: 0
Navigating Care Boundaries: Exploring the Limits between Compassionate Care and Neglect1 探索护理界限:探索体恤关怀与忽视之间的界限1
Pub Date : 2024-01-12 DOI: 10.34257/gjhsscvol23is7pg11
Dr. Gabriele Di Patrizio
For over two decades in France, the concept of "bientraitance" has echoed within the walls of nursing homes. While recommendations for good professional practices stand as a beacon for the care of the elderly, aiming to prevent the indignity of mistreatment, they may not consistently guide daily care giving practices in these establishments. This study does not delve into the reasons for this discrepancy.Instead, it presents three situations extracted from the field, exploring the concepts of "bientraitance" and its antithesis. Employing a qualitative and reflective approach, the research seeks to examine the nuanced boundary between these two antagonistic modes of care. The caregiver's individual response becomes pivotal, signifying their positioning—whether to remain or contemplate a shift—while respecting the construction of their professional identity and the dignity of the vulnerable individual.
二十多年来,"bientraitance "的概念一直在法国的养老院中回响。虽然良好的专业实践建议是护理老人的指路明灯,旨在防止虐待老人的侮辱行为,但这些建议可能无法始终如一地指导这些机构的日常护理实践。本研究没有深入探讨造成这种差异的原因,而是介绍了从实地调查中提取的三种情况,探讨了 "bientraitance "及其对立面的概念。本研究采用定性和反思的方法,试图研究这两种对立的护理模式之间的微妙界限。护理人员的个人反应变得至关重要,这表明了他们的定位--是继续留守还是考虑转移--同时尊重其职业身份的构建和弱势个体的尊严。
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引用次数: 0
An Artificial Intelligence (AI) Research-Doing Approach for Higher Education 高等教育的人工智能(AI)研究与实践方法
Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.34257/gjhssgvol23is12pg13
J. L. Rivera
The 21st Century has changed, like no other centuries, the human society’s development on unprecedent scale. Is the century of technological advances such Artificial Intelligence (AI) that, is currently hard-pressing the field of research-doing at Higher Education beyond human intellectual capabilities. This can change the future of this educational field. As it is becoming a global education phenomenon. The study aims to present an outlook about the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into academia research. An interdisciplinary approach based on prior trustworthy research-works results has been used to address the research hypotheses and answer their respective questions. A qualitative methodology has been used to accomplish the aim. This research criterium involved a theory triangulation, the reviewing of academic and scientific research works, books, and Internet accredited websites.
21 世纪以前所未有的规模改变了人类社会的发展。人工智能(Artificial Intelligence,简称 AI)等技术的进步,使高等教育研究领域目前正面临着超出人类智力能力的巨大压力。这可能会改变这一教育领域的未来。因为它正在成为一种全球教育现象。本研究旨在展望人工智能(AI)对学术研究的影响。研究采用了一种基于先前值得信赖的研究成果的跨学科方法来解决研究假设并回答各自的问题。为实现这一目标,我们采用了定性方法。这一研究标准包括理论三角测量、对学术和科学研究著作、书籍和互联网认证网站的审查。
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引用次数: 0
Three Women, Three Generations: An In-Depth Case Study of Language Retention and Shift in One Family from the Maltese Australian Community in Melbourne 三个女人,三代人:墨尔本马耳他裔澳大利亚人社区一个家庭语言保留和转变的深入案例研究
Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.34257/gjhssgvol23is12pg27
Adrian Muscat
This paper analysis one family pertaining to the Maltese Australian community in Melbourne and investigates the retention of the Maltese language. The Maltese Australian community is a small community that is getting smaller since migration from Malta to Australia has largely stopped. Thus, the Maltese language is spoken mostly by the first generation of immigrants who left the island after the Second World War seeking a better future. The second generation, born in Australia, usually understands the language but lacks the opportunity or the will to speak the language except with members of the family. The third generation, raised in a multicultural country, normally has very little fluency in the Maltese language. The investigation is grounded in interview data gathered among a family of three generations of Maltese origin in Melbourne. The findings of this research show that the aging population of the Maltese community and the dominance of the English language do not favour the retention of the Maltese language in the future. With the end of the first generation of post-World War Two migrants and the emergence of the fourth and fifth generations, probably, there will be an absolute shift to English, the de-facto national language of Australia.
本文分析了墨尔本马耳他裔澳大利亚人社区的一个家庭,并调查了马耳他语的保留情况。马耳他裔澳大利亚人社区是一个小社区,由于从马耳他到澳大利亚的移民基本停止,该社区的规模越来越小。因此,讲马耳他语的主要是第二次世界大战后离开马耳他岛寻求美好未来的第一代移民。在澳大利亚出生的第二代人通常能听懂马耳他语,但除了与家庭成员交谈外,他们没有机会或意愿说马耳他语。第三代在一个多元文化的国家长大,通常很少能说流利的马耳他语。本研究以墨尔本一个三代同堂的马耳他裔家庭的访谈资料为基础。研究结果表明,马耳他社区人口的老龄化和英语的主导地位不利于马耳他语在未来的保留。随着二战后第一代移民的结束以及第四代和第五代移民的出现,很可能会出现向英语--澳大利亚事实上的国语--的绝对转变。
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引用次数: 0
Politological View on Free Primary Education in the DRC 刚果(金)免费初等教育的政治观点
Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.34257/gjhssfvol23is7pg1
Par Kanze Kitambo Valentin
As most of the developing countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is known as singular about the delay in the field of education on the one hand and the free primary education on the other hand, whence the levels of education and training of its people are getting retrogressed day by day. The daily voices to decry not only the steep drop in the level of education, but also the cost of quality and effective teaching, which falls over the heads of the parents in schools, with the consequence that we are seeing the rise of illiteracy compared with the rate of population increase. For this purpose, it is not enough that the constitutional and legal provisions are of the free primary education a shot principle of international and regional legal instruments, we need to clear the State of affairs and the relationship between these provisions and the effectiveness of this free issue itself of the right to education.
与撒哈拉以南非洲的大多数发展中国家一样,众所周知,刚果民主共和国一方面在教育领域迟迟不能实现免费初等教育,另一方面,其人民的教育和培训水平却日渐退步。每天都有声音谴责的不仅是教育水平的急剧下降,还有优质和有效教学的成本,这些都落在了学校家长的头上,其后果是,与人口增长速度相比,我们看到了文盲率的上升。为此,仅凭《宪法》和法律规定将免费初等教育作为国际和地区法律文书的一项重要原则是不够的,我们还需要理清现状以及这些规定与受教育权这一免费问题本身的有效性之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
The Recreational and Developmental Environment’s Role in Restoring Adolescent Potential 娱乐和发展环境在恢复青少年潜能方面的作用
Pub Date : 2024-01-03 DOI: 10.34257/gjhssavol23is8pg37
Tetyana I. Svatenkova, Oleksandr V. Svatenkov
Recreation, leisure, and sports play an important role in adolescent communities. Their benefits include improving individual health and well-being, facilitating developmental opportunities, and interpersonal relationships. People of all ages, abilities and skill levels individually or small groups, teams, whole communities can be involved in recreation, leisure and sporting activities. The recreation, leisure and sporting activities vary considerably depending on the local context and reflect social systems and cultural values.Rest is vital for any age. Especially essential during the personality formation period in adolescence. Socialization opportunities through recreation are necessary to support social-emotional maturity in healthy adulthood. Useful entertainment skills, like any life skill, requires a well-planned training and support program.
娱乐、休闲和体育运动在青少年群体中发挥着重要作用。它们的益处包括改善个人健康和福祉、促进发展机会和人际关系。不同年龄、能力和技能水平的个人或小组、团队、整个社区都可以参与娱乐、休闲和体育活动。娱乐、休闲和体育活动因地制宜,反映了社会制度和文化价值观。休息对任何年龄段的人都至关重要,尤其是在青少年人格形成时期。在健康的成年期,通过娱乐活动获得社交机会对于支持社会情感的成熟十分必要。与其他生活技能一样,有用的娱乐技能也需要精心策划的培训和支持计划。
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引用次数: 0
Psychological Wellbeing, Help Seeking Behaviour on Coping Amongst Professional Psychologists 专业心理学家的心理健康、求助行为和应对能力
Pub Date : 2024-01-03 DOI: 10.34257/gjhssavol23is8pg1
Anthonio, Benedicta Mansa
The study explored and examined effect of help seeking behaviours on psychological wellbeing, and ways of coping among Professional Psychologists in Accra, Ghana using a case study research design. A total of 116 respondents were selected using purposive sampling. Data was collected using standardized Likert type questionnaires which comprised the WHO Well-Being Index (WHO-5; 1998 version), Africultural Coping Systems Inventory (ACSI) (Utsey, Adams, & Bolden 2000), and the Attitudes Towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale (ATSPPHS) (Fischer & Farina, 1995). Data was analyzed using Descriptive statistics, Reliability and Normality tests, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient test, Simple Linear Regression Analysis, and Multivariate Analysis of Variance test. Results revealed that a significant positive correlation exists between help seeking behaviour and psychological wellbeing. Secondly, Coping style (i.e., cognitive and emotional debriefing, and ritual centered coping) significantly predicts help seeking behaviours. Meanwhile, only cognitive and emotional debriefing coping style predicts psychological wellbeing.
本研究采用案例研究设计,探讨和研究了求助行为对心理健康的影响,以及加纳阿克拉专业心理学家的应对方式。研究采用有目的的抽样方法,共选取了 116 名受访者。采用标准化的李克特式问卷收集数据,其中包括世界卫生组织幸福指数(WHO-5;1998 年版)、非洲文化应对系统量表(ACSI)(Utsey、Adams 和 Bolden,2000 年)以及寻求专业心理帮助的态度量表(ATSPPHS)(Fischer 和 Farina,1995 年)。数据分析采用了描述性统计、可靠性和正态性检验、皮尔逊乘积矩相关系数检验、简单线性回归分析和多元方差分析检验。结果显示,求助行为与心理健康之间存在明显的正相关。其次,应对方式(即认知和情绪汇报以及以仪式为中心的应对方式)能显著预测求助行为。同时,只有认知和情绪汇报应对方式能预测心理健康。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Global Journal of Human-Social Science
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