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Recent advances in path integral control for trajectory optimization: An overview in theoretical and algorithmic perspectives 轨迹优化路径积分控制的最新进展:理论和算法概述
IF 9.4 2区 计算机科学 Q1 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcontrol.2023.100931
Muhammad Kazim, JunGee Hong, Min-Gyeom Kim, Kwang-Ki K. Kim

This paper presents a tutorial overview of path integral (PI) approaches for stochastic optimal control and trajectory optimization. We concisely summarize the theoretical development of path integral control to compute a solution for stochastic optimal control and provide algorithmic descriptions of the cross-entropy (CE) method, an open-loop controller using the receding horizon scheme known as the model predictive path integral (MPPI), and a parameterized state feedback controller based on the path integral control theory. We discuss policy search methods based on path integral control, efficient and stable sampling strategies, extensions to multi-agent decision-making, and MPPI for the trajectory optimization on manifolds. For tutorial demonstrations, some PI-based controllers are implemented in Python, MATLAB and ROS2/Gazebo simulations for trajectory optimization. The simulation frameworks and source codes are publicly available at the github page.

本文概述了用于随机优化控制和轨迹优化的路径积分(PI)方法。我们简明扼要地总结了路径积分控制的理论发展,以计算随机最优控制的解,并提供了交叉熵(CE)方法、使用称为模型预测路径积分(MPPI)的后退视界方案的开环控制器以及基于路径积分控制理论的参数化状态反馈控制器的算法说明。我们讨论了基于路径积分控制的策略搜索方法、高效稳定的采样策略、多代理决策的扩展以及流形上轨迹优化的 MPPI。为了进行教程演示,在 Python、MATLAB 和 ROS2/Gazebo 仿真中实现了一些基于 PI 的控制器,用于轨迹优化。模拟框架和源代码可在 github 页面上公开获取。
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引用次数: 0
Toward model-free safety-critical control with humans in the loop 以人为本,实现无模型安全控制
IF 9.4 2区 计算机科学 Q1 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcontrol.2024.100944
Wei Xiao , Anni Li , Christos G. Cassandras , Calin Belta

This vision article shows how to build on the framework of event-triggered Control Barrier Functions (CBFs) to design model-free controllers for safety-critical multi-agent systems with unknown dynamics, including humans in the loop. This event-triggered framework has been shown to be computationally efficient and robust while guaranteeing safety for systems with unknown dynamics. We show how to extend it to model-free safety critical control where a controllable ego agent does not need to model the dynamics of other agents and updates its control based only on events dependent on the error states of agents obtained by real-time sensor measurements. To facilitate the process of real-time sensor measurements critical in this approach, we also present CBF relative degree reduction methods, which can reduce the number of such measurements. We illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework on a multi-agent traffic merging decentralized control problem and on highway lane changing control with humans in the loop and relative degree reduction. We also compare the proposed event-driven method to the classical time-driven approach.

这篇展望文章展示了如何在事件触发控制障碍函数(CBF)框架的基础上,为具有未知动态(包括环路中的人类)的安全关键型多代理系统设计无模型控制器。这一事件触发框架已被证明具有计算效率和鲁棒性,同时还能保证未知动态系统的安全性。我们展示了如何将其扩展到无模型安全临界控制,即可控的自我代理无需对其他代理的动态进行建模,只需根据实时传感器测量获得的代理误差状态事件更新其控制。为了简化这种方法中至关重要的实时传感器测量过程,我们还提出了 CBF 相对度降低方法,它可以减少此类测量的次数。我们在一个多代理交通合并分散控制问题上,以及在有人类参与的高速公路变道控制和相对度降低问题上,说明了所提框架的有效性。我们还将所提出的事件驱动方法与经典的时间驱动方法进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Design, modeling, and experimental analysis of the Crawler Unit for inspection in constrained space 用于受限空间检测的履带式装置的设计、建模和实验分析
IF 9.4 2区 计算机科学 Q1 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcontrol.2024.100950
Sergio Leggieri, Carlo Canali, Darwin G. Caldwell

Inspections of industrial and civil infrastructures prevent unexpected failures that may lead to loss of life. Although inspection robotics is gaining momentum, most of field operations are still performed by human workers. For inspection robots, the main limiting factors are the low versatility and reliability in dynamic, non-structured and highly complex environments. To tackle these issues, we have designed a modular and self-reconfigurable hybrid platform, which consists of three units: the mobile Main Base and two Crawler Units with docking interfaces. The Crawler Unit operates in constrained environments and narrow spaces, while the Main Base will inspect wide areas and deploy/recover the Crawler Units near/from inspection sites, as in marsupial robots. Docking interfaces will allow the Crawler Units to reconfigure into a snake robot or mobile manipulators. In particular, the Crawler Units consist of four modules connected by three kinematic chains for nine active joints in total. Each module is equipped with half active, half passive tracks for moving. This paper discusses in detail the dynamic model of the Crawler Unit, especially focusing on the definition of effective constraint equations, which closely model the system features avoiding common simplifications. Numerical simulations and physical experiments validate the proposed dynamic model of the Crawler Unit.

对工业和民用基础设施进行检测,可以防止可能导致生命损失的意外故障。尽管巡检机器人技术的发展势头日益强劲,但大多数现场操作仍由人类工人完成。对于巡检机器人来说,主要的限制因素是在动态、非结构化和高度复杂的环境中通用性和可靠性较低。为了解决这些问题,我们设计了一种模块化、可自我重新配置的混合平台,它由三个单元组成:移动式主基座和两个带有对接接口的履带单元。爬行装置可在受限环境和狭窄空间中运行,而主基座将对广阔区域进行检测,并像有袋类机器人一样,在检测点附近或从检测点附近部署/回收爬行装置。通过对接接口,爬行装置可以重新配置为蛇形机器人或移动机械手。特别是,爬行装置由四个模块组成,由三个运动链连接,共有九个活动关节。每个模块都配有一半主动、一半被动的移动轨道。本文详细讨论了爬行装置的动态模型,尤其侧重于有效约束方程的定义,这些方程密切模拟了系统特征,避免了常见的简化。数值模拟和物理实验验证了所提出的爬行装置动态模型。
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引用次数: 0
Analyzing stability in 2D systems via LMIs: From pioneering to recent contributions 通过 LMI 分析二维系统的稳定性:从先驱到最新贡献
IF 9.4 2区 计算机科学 Q1 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcontrol.2024.100933
Graziano Chesi

2D systems, also known as doubly-indexed systems, have gained an increasingly special attention in the control community, as they allow for modeling systems with more complex dynamics than the classical so called 1D systems where the signals are indexed by one variable only usually representing the time. Like for 1D systems, stability conditions have been proposed for 2D systems in the form of a linear matrix inequality (LMI) feasibility test, as such conditions may be tested by solving a convex optimization problem, and as such conditions may open the door for a number of developments such as establishing robust stability and designing stabilizing controllers. This paper aims at presenting, under a unified framework, various LMI stability conditions for 2D systems that have been proposed in the literature, from pioneering to recent contributions, in order to provide the reader with a comprehensive collection that may serve as a source of historical information as well as a platform for comparing the major characteristics of each condition. Also, this paper proposes novel investigations of the presented conditions, in particular through conservatism and complexity analyses carried out in the best cases, in the worst cases, and for various specific numerical examples with different type of dynamics, dimensions and difficulty.

二维系统(又称双索引系统)在控制领域受到越来越多的关注,因为与传统的所谓一维系统相比,二维系统可以为具有更复杂动态的系统建模,在一维系统中,信号仅由一个变量索引,通常代表时间。与一维系统一样,二维系统的稳定性条件也是以线性矩阵不等式(LMI)可行性测试的形式提出的,因为这些条件可以通过求解凸优化问题进行测试,而且这些条件可以为建立鲁棒稳定性和设计稳定控制器等一系列发展打开大门。本文旨在一个统一的框架下,介绍文献中提出的二维系统的各种 LMI 稳定条件,从开创性的到最新的贡献,以便为读者提供一个全面的集合,既可作为历史信息的来源,也可作为比较各条件主要特征的平台。此外,本文还对所提出的条件进行了新颖的研究,特别是通过在最佳情况、最差情况以及具有不同动态类型、维度和难度的各种具体数值示例中进行保守性和复杂性分析。
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引用次数: 0
A survey on convex optimization for guidance and control of vehicular systems 车辆系统制导和控制的凸优化研究
IF 9.4 2区 计算机科学 Q1 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcontrol.2024.100957
Zhenbo Wang

Guidance and control (G&C) technologies play a central role in the development and operation of vehicular systems. The emergence of computational guidance and control (CG&C) and highly efficient numerical algorithms has opened up the great potential for solving complex constrained G&C problems onboard, enabling higher level of autonomous vehicle operations. In particular, convex-optimization-based G&C has matured significantly over the years and many advances continue to be made, allowing the generation of optimal G&C solutions in real-time for many vehicular systems in aerospace, automotive, and other domains. In this paper, we review recent major advances in convex optimization and convexification techniques for G&C of vehicular systems, focusing primarily on three important application fields: (1) Space vehicles for powered descent guidance, small body landing, rendezvous and proximity operations, orbital transfer, spacecraft reorientation, space robotics and manipulation, spacecraft formation flying, and station keeping; (2) Air vehicles including hypersonic/entry vehicles, missiles and projectiles, launch/ascent vehicles, and low-speed air vehicles; and (3) Motion control and powertrain control of ground vehicles. Throughout the paper, we draw figures that illustrate the basic mission concepts and objectives, introduce key equations that characterize the feature of each class of problems and approaches, and present tables that summarize similarities and distinctions among the problems, ideas, and methods. Where available, we provide comparative analyses and reveal correlations between different applications and technical approaches. Finally, we identify open challenges and issues, discuss potential opportunities, and make suggestions for future research directions.

制导与控制(G&C)技术在车辆系统的开发和运行中发挥着核心作用。计算制导与控制(CG&C)和高效数值算法的出现,为解决复杂受限的车载 G&C 问题提供了巨大的潜力,使更高级别的自主车辆运行成为可能。特别是,基于凸优化的 G&C 经过多年的发展已经非常成熟,而且仍在不断取得许多进展,可以为航空航天、汽车和其他领域的许多车辆系统实时生成最优 G&C 解决方案。在本文中,我们回顾了用于车辆系统 G&C 的凸优化和凸化技术的最新主要进展,主要侧重于三个重要应用领域:(1) 用于动力下降制导、小体着陆、交会和邻近操作、轨道转移、航天器重新定向、空间机器人和操纵、航天器编队飞行和空间站保持的空间飞行器;(2) 包括高超音速/进入飞行器、导弹和射弹、发射/上升飞行器和低速航空飞行器在内的航空飞行器;以及 (3) 地面飞行器的运动控制和动力传动系统控制。在整篇论文中,我们绘制了一些图表来说明任务的基本概念和目标,引入了一些关键方程来描述每一类问题和方法的特点,并用表格总结了问题、想法和方法之间的相似之处和不同之处。在可能的情况下,我们提供比较分析,揭示不同应用和技术方法之间的关联。最后,我们确定了尚未解决的挑战和问题,讨论了潜在的机遇,并对未来的研究方向提出了建议。
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引用次数: 0
Safety-critical control for autonomous multi-agent systems 自主多代理系统的安全关键控制
IF 9.4 2区 计算机科学 Q1 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcontrol.2024.100953
Wei Xiao , Christos G. Cassandras
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引用次数: 0
Mastering chaos: A review 掌握混乱:回顾
IF 7.3 2区 计算机科学 Q1 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcontrol.2024.100966
Baghdadi Hamidouche , Kamel Guesmi , Najib Essounbouli

Chaos control remains a crucial area of study in nonlinear dynamics due to its ability to enhance system stability and efficiency in various applications. This review thoroughly examines modern chaos control techniques and offers new insights and methods for stabilizing inherently unpredictable systems. It discusses recent advancements in chaos control, focusing on theoretical breakthroughs and practical applications. Various methods for controlling chaos are explored, including the OGY method, Delayed Feedback Control (DFC), Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) control, Sliding Mode Control (SMC), and some unconventional techniques, evaluating their effectiveness in different chaotic systems. By analyzing the literature, this review highlights the potential of chaos control techniques to enhance system predictability and reliability, opening up promising paths for future research.

混沌控制因其在各种应用中提高系统稳定性和效率的能力,仍然是非线性动力学的一个重要研究领域。这篇综述深入探讨了现代混沌控制技术,为稳定固有的不可预测系统提供了新的见解和方法。它讨论了混沌控制的最新进展,重点关注理论突破和实际应用。文章探讨了各种控制混沌的方法,包括 OGY 方法、延迟反馈控制 (DFC)、比例-积分-微分控制 (PID)、滑动模式控制 (SMC) 和一些非常规技术,并评估了它们在不同混沌系统中的有效性。通过分析文献,本综述强调了混沌控制技术在提高系统可预测性和可靠性方面的潜力,为今后的研究开辟了前景广阔的道路。
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引用次数: 0
Control practice for robotic applications in challenging environments 挑战性环境中机器人应用的控制实践
IF 9.4 2区 计算机科学 Q1 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcontrol.2024.100956
Kaiqiang Zhang , Guido Herrmann

The use of robots has exceeded the standard focus of manufacturing and production. Over the last decades, special robotic systems have been developed in various extreme environments, such as in the maintenance, repair or even decommissioning of large-scale, strategic facilities, important to any nation’s infrastructure, including power, space, mining, etc. The deployment areas for these robots, like nuclear fuel handling systems, are generally hazardous or unreachable for human beings. The control techniques therein will play an indispensable role in the overall performance of a robotic system as they need to answer enhanced requirements for performance, robustness, and long-term reliability, driven by the fundamental demand for safe operation in complex and hazardous environments. This also needs an understanding of the enhanced industrial standards and requirements for the research, development, design and use of control systems in such environments. The control systems need to be designed specifically capable of tackling different practical control challenges caused by extreme environmental factors. This special section is designed and motivated to bridge the gap between the research community and application engineers, and to help connect control theory, control applications and industrial requirements/regulations.

机器人的使用已经超出了制造和生产的标准范围。在过去的几十年里,在各种极端环境中开发了特殊的机器人系统,如大型战略设施的维护、修理甚至退役,这些设施对任何国家的基础设施都很重要,包括电力、航天、采矿等。这些机器人的部署区域,如核燃料处理系统,一般都很危险或人类无法到达。在复杂和危险环境中安全运行的基本要求下,机器人系统需要满足更高的性能、鲁棒性和长期可靠性要求,因此其中的控制技术将在机器人系统的整体性能中发挥不可或缺的作用。这也需要了解在此类环境中研究、开发、设计和使用控制系统所需的更高工业标准和要求。控制系统需要经过专门设计,能够应对极端环境因素造成的各种实际控制挑战。本专题的目的和动机是在研究界和应用工程师之间架起一座桥梁,帮助将控制理论、控制应用和工业要求/法规联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
How to build a Digital Twin for operating PEM-Electrolyser system – A reference approach 如何为运行 PEM 电解槽系统构建数字孪生系统 - 一种参考方法
IF 9.4 2区 计算机科学 Q1 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcontrol.2024.100943
Domenico Monopoli , Concetta Semeraro , Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem , Abdul Hai Alami , Abdul Ghani Olabi , Michele Dassisti

Operating electrolyzers for producing green hydrogen is a critical emerging issue because of either the broader use of hydrogen for several scopes or the short life span and efficiency of these components. Digital Twin offers a new opportunity to effectively face these problems by improving online control and providing fault detection, diagnosis, and prediction services. Since the Digital Twin is, in fact, a virtual mirror of a real system continuously updated by information received from the field, it allows it to swiftly react to small signals of departure from standard or optimal conditions. Although Digital Twins are widely applied in different fields, comprehensive guidance on developing and designing a Digital Twin in the literature is still lacking. This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive guide on how to build the Digital Twin of a PEM-Electrolyzer. In particular, the architecture of the Digital Twin is initially presented, then all its components are analyzed, showing the steps to be performed to build a Digital Twin for operating PEM-Electrolyser system.

生产绿色氢气的电解槽的运行是一个新出现的重要问题,因为氢气的使用范围越来越广,或者这些组件的寿命和效率很短。数字孪生系统通过改进在线控制和提供故障检测、诊断和预测服务,为有效应对这些问题提供了新的机遇。由于数字孪生系统实际上是一个真实系统的虚拟镜像,不断根据从现场接收到的信息进行更新,因此能够对偏离标准或最佳条件的微小信号做出迅速反应。尽管数字孪生系统被广泛应用于不同领域,但文献中仍缺乏关于开发和设计数字孪生系统的全面指导。本手稿旨在就如何构建 PEM 电解槽数字孪生系统提供全面指导。具体而言,首先介绍了数字孪生系统的架构,然后分析了其所有组件,并展示了为运行 PEM 电解器系统而构建数字孪生系统所需的步骤。
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引用次数: 0
An offender–defender safety game 罪犯与罪犯之间的安全游戏
IF 9.4 2区 计算机科学 Q1 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcontrol.2024.100939
Miroslav Krstic

In this tutorial we study a safety analog of the classical zero-sum differential game with positive definite penalties on the state and the two inputs. Consider a nonlinear system affine in two inputs, which are called “offender” and “defender.” Let the inputs have the opposing objectives in relation to an infinite-time cost which, in addition to penalizing the inputs of both agents, incorporates a safety index of the system (a barrier function), with the defender aiming to maximize the system safety and the offender aiming to minimize it. If there is a pair of (offender, defender) non-Nash feedback policies of the Lgh form with a safe outcome, namely, where the defender maintains safety while the offender fails to violate safety, then there exists an inverse optimal pair of policies that attain a Nash equilibrium relative to the safety minimax objective. In the tutorial we study both deterministic and stochastic offenders. The deterministic offender applies its feedback through its deterministic input value, while the stochastic offender applies its feedback through its incremental covariance. In addition to Nash policies for a minimax offender–defender formulation, we provide feedback laws for the defender, in the scenario where the offender action is unrestricted by optimality, and where the defender ensures input-to-state safety in the deterministic and stochastic senses. This tutorial is derived from our recent article on inverse optimal safety filters, by setting the nominal control to zero and declaring the disturbance to be the offender agent.

Among several illustrative examples, one is particularly interesting and unconventional. We consider a safety game played on a unicycle vehicle between its two inputs: the angular velocity and the linear velocity, as the opposing players. We consider two scenarios. In the first, the angular velocity, acting as an offender, attempts to run the vehicle into an obstacle by steering, while the linear velocity, acting as a defender, drives the vehicle forward or in reverse to prevent the vehicle being run into the obstacle. In the second scenario, the linear velocity acts as an offender and angular velocity acts as a defender (in the deterministic case by varying the heading rate; in the stochastic case by varying the variance of a white noise driving the heading rate). A “wind” towards the obstacle advantages the offender in both scenarios. The input policies derived are optimal in the sense of their opposite objectives, under the best possible policy of the opponent, under meaningful costs on their actions. The linear velocity input prevails, whether acting in the role of a defender, in which case the collision with the obstacle is prevented, or in the role of an offender, in which case the collision with the obstacle is achieved.

在本教程中,我们将研究经典零和微分博弈的安全类似问题,该博弈对状态和两个输入具有正定的惩罚。考虑一个非线性系统,它有两个输入,分别称为 "进攻方 "和 "防守方"。除了对两个代理的输入进行惩罚外,该成本还包括系统的安全指数(障碍函数),防御方的目标是最大化系统安全,而进攻方的目标是最小化系统安全。如果存在一对 Lgh 形式的(犯罪者、防御者)非纳什反馈策略,其结果是安全的,即防御者保持安全,而犯罪者不违反安全,那么就存在一对反向最优策略,相对于安全最小目标而言,这对策略达到了纳什均衡。在教程中,我们同时研究了确定性和随机性罪犯。确定性违规者通过其确定性输入值进行反馈,而随机违规者则通过其增量协方差进行反馈。除了最小犯罪者-防御者表述的纳什策略外,我们还提供了防御者的反馈定律,在这种情况下,犯罪者的行动不受最优性的限制,防御者确保确定性和随机性意义上的输入-状态安全。本教程源于我们最近发表的一篇关于逆最优安全滤波器的文章,方法是将名义控制设为零,并将干扰宣布为犯罪代理。在几个示例中,有一个特别有趣且非传统的例子。我们将独轮车上的两个输入(角速度和线速度)视为对立双方,进行安全博弈。我们考虑了两种情况。在第一种情况下,角速度作为进攻方,试图通过转向将车辆撞向障碍物,而线速度作为防守方,则驾驶车辆前进或后退,以防止车辆撞向障碍物。在第二种情况下,线速度充当攻击者,角速度充当防御者(在确定情况下,通过改变航向率;在随机情况下,通过改变驱动航向率的白噪声的方差)。在这两种情况下,冲向障碍物的 "风 "都会对违规者有利。从目标相反的意义上讲,在对手可能采取的最佳策略下,在其行动付出有意义的代价后,所得出的输入策略都是最优的。无论是作为防御者(防止与障碍物碰撞),还是作为进攻者(实现与障碍物碰撞),线性速度输入都是最优的。
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引用次数: 0
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