The Pacopampa site is one of the largest Formative Period sites in Peru’s northern highlands. This study describes newly excavated human remains from the site, compares them with previous findings, and provides bioarchaeological approaches to assess social stratification in Formative Period Andes, leading to an understanding of how social stratification emerged in the Andean civilization. The human remains studied were two individuals from an elite tomb (the ‘Serpent-Jaguar Priests’ tomb) at the ceremonial center of the site. At the bottom of the tomb, a middle-aged female was laid over the remains of a young male. The central position of the tomb and the rich repertoire of grave goods suggest that these individuals had symbolic importance and belonged to an elite social group. The possible presence of artificial cranial deformation in the female suggests that the buried individuals were socially different from the other burial individuals of this site. There is no dental caries in these two individuals. The comparison of caries frequencies between these two individuals and non-elites showed lower caries frequencies in the former than in the latter. Taking into consideration existing isotopic data of Formative Period sites, the social differences in the caries frequencies can be attributed to the elites’ dietary patterns—which contained fewer cariogenic foods. Thus, this study revealed the emergence of social stratification in Peru’s northern highlands and its possible pathological impacts.
{"title":"Bioarchaeology of human skeletons from an elite tomb at Pacopampa in Peru’s northern highlands","authors":"T. Nagaoka, Yuji Seki, J. Hidalgo, D. M. Chocano","doi":"10.1537/ase.200218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.200218","url":null,"abstract":"The Pacopampa site is one of the largest Formative Period sites in Peru’s northern highlands. This study describes newly excavated human remains from the site, compares them with previous findings, and provides bioarchaeological approaches to assess social stratification in Formative Period Andes, leading to an understanding of how social stratification emerged in the Andean civilization. The human remains studied were two individuals from an elite tomb (the ‘Serpent-Jaguar Priests’ tomb) at the ceremonial center of the site. At the bottom of the tomb, a middle-aged female was laid over the remains of a young male. The central position of the tomb and the rich repertoire of grave goods suggest that these individuals had symbolic importance and belonged to an elite social group. The possible presence of artificial cranial deformation in the female suggests that the buried individuals were socially different from the other burial individuals of this site. There is no dental caries in these two individuals. The comparison of caries frequencies between these two individuals and non-elites showed lower caries frequencies in the former than in the latter. Taking into consideration existing isotopic data of Formative Period sites, the social differences in the caries frequencies can be attributed to the elites’ dietary patterns—which contained fewer cariogenic foods. Thus, this study revealed the emergence of social stratification in Peru’s northern highlands and its possible pathological impacts.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1537/ase.200218","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49483112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ryan W. Schmidt, Ken Wakabayashi, D. Waku, Takashi Gakuhari, Kae Koganebuchi, Motoyuki Ogawa, J. Karsten, Mykhailo Sokhatsky, Hiroki Oota
Verteba Cave (VC) in western Ukraine dates to the Eneolithic period (c. 5500 YBP), and contains the largest collection yet found of human skeletal remains associated with the Cucuteni–Tripolye culture. The subsistence economy of this people was based on agropastoralism, and included some of the largest and densest Middle Neolithic settlement sites in all of Europe. To understand further the evolutionary history of the Tripolye people, we examined population genetics patterns in mitochondrial DNA from ancient human remains excavated from VC chambers. From five commingled and secondary burial sites within the cave, we obtained 368 bp mtDNA HVR 1 sequences from 22 individuals assignable to eight haplogroups: H (three haplotypes), HV (two haplotypes), W, K, and T. Overall nucleotide diversity is low (π = 0.00621). The two largest samples, from Chamber G3 and Site 7, were significantly differentiated with respect to haplotype composition: G3 (n = 8) is dominated by haplotype W (π = 0), whereas Site 7 (n = 15) is dominated by H haplotypes (π = 0.00439). Tajima’s D as an indication of population expansion was not significantly negative for the complete sample (D = –1.37) or for sites G3 (D = –0.973) and 7 (D = –1.35), which were analyzed separately. Individuals from the Tripolye culture buried at VC c. 5500 YBP had predominantly haplogroup H and related haplotypes. This contrasts with predominantly haplogroup U individuals in pre Eneolithic peoples from the same area, which suggests lack of genetic continuity in a site that has been dated to the Mesolithic. Peoples of the Tripolye culture are more closely related to other early European farmers than to Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and/or preEneolithic cultures.
{"title":"Analysis of ancient human mitochondrial DNA from Verteba Cave, Ukraine: insights into the Late Neolithic-Chalcolithic Cucuteni–Tripolye culture","authors":"Ryan W. Schmidt, Ken Wakabayashi, D. Waku, Takashi Gakuhari, Kae Koganebuchi, Motoyuki Ogawa, J. Karsten, Mykhailo Sokhatsky, Hiroki Oota","doi":"10.1537/ase.200205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.200205","url":null,"abstract":"Verteba Cave (VC) in western Ukraine dates to the Eneolithic period (c. 5500 YBP), and contains the largest collection yet found of human skeletal remains associated with the Cucuteni–Tripolye culture. The subsistence economy of this people was based on agropastoralism, and included some of the largest and densest Middle Neolithic settlement sites in all of Europe. To understand further the evolutionary history of the Tripolye people, we examined population genetics patterns in mitochondrial DNA from ancient human remains excavated from VC chambers. From five commingled and secondary burial sites within the cave, we obtained 368 bp mtDNA HVR 1 sequences from 22 individuals assignable to eight haplogroups: H (three haplotypes), HV (two haplotypes), W, K, and T. Overall nucleotide diversity is low (π = 0.00621). The two largest samples, from Chamber G3 and Site 7, were significantly differentiated with respect to haplotype composition: G3 (n = 8) is dominated by haplotype W (π = 0), whereas Site 7 (n = 15) is dominated by H haplotypes (π = 0.00439). Tajima’s D as an indication of population expansion was not significantly negative for the complete sample (D = –1.37) or for sites G3 (D = –0.973) and 7 (D = –1.35), which were analyzed separately. Individuals from the Tripolye culture buried at VC c. 5500 YBP had predominantly haplogroup H and related haplotypes. This contrasts with predominantly haplogroup U individuals in pre Eneolithic peoples from the same area, which suggests lack of genetic continuity in a site that has been dated to the Mesolithic. Peoples of the Tripolye culture are more closely related to other early European farmers than to Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and/or preEneolithic cultures.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1537/ase.200205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49533192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomo Takano, M. Nakatsukasa, M. Pina, Y. Kunimatsu, Y. Nakano, Naoki Morimoto, N. Ogihara, H. Ishida
This article reports eight new humeral, ulnar, and radial fragments of Nacholapithecus kerioi collected from Nachola, Kenya during the 1998/1999 field seasons. The study refines the description of its forelimb bones, which was mostly based on a single partial skeleton. The most distinctive feature of the distal humerus is a large, globular, medially tilted capitulum. The groove between the capitulum and the zona conoidea is quite deep. The medial part of the humeral trochlea is also diagnostic in showing a less salient medial border. The medial epicondyle is moderately long and more posteriorly reflected than was previously presumed. The coronoid process of the ulna is quite wide. Its medial portion is distinctly concave. The ulnar shaft is anteroposteriorly deep in its proximal half, slender, straight in frontal view, and weakly anteriorly bowing. The elbow of Nacholapithecus exhibits a primitive functional pat-tern as a hominoid, including lack of universal stability of the humeroulnar joint through full extension and flexion, restriction of hyperextension of the elbow, and relatively anteroposteriorly oriented loading at the proximal ulna. On the other hand, it is derived in terms of enhanced rotational mobility and stability of the radius, incipiently increased stability at the humeroulnar joint, and more frequent maximum extension of the elbow compared to proconsulids. This mosaic morphology is different from both early Miocene proconsulids and later suspensory or orthograde European fossil apes. Although Nacholapithecus was neither suspensory nor orthograde, its forelimbs may have played a greater role for body support or balance maintenance, more frequently reaching to and exploiting overhead supports than in early Miocene proconsulids.
{"title":"New forelimb long bone specimens of Nacholapithecus kerioi from the Middle Miocene of northern Kenya","authors":"Tomo Takano, M. Nakatsukasa, M. Pina, Y. Kunimatsu, Y. Nakano, Naoki Morimoto, N. Ogihara, H. Ishida","doi":"10.1537/ase.200116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.200116","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports eight new humeral, ulnar, and radial fragments of Nacholapithecus kerioi collected from Nachola, Kenya during the 1998/1999 field seasons. The study refines the description of its forelimb bones, which was mostly based on a single partial skeleton. The most distinctive feature of the distal humerus is a large, globular, medially tilted capitulum. The groove between the capitulum and the zona conoidea is quite deep. The medial part of the humeral trochlea is also diagnostic in showing a less salient medial border. The medial epicondyle is moderately long and more posteriorly reflected than was previously presumed. The coronoid process of the ulna is quite wide. Its medial portion is distinctly concave. The ulnar shaft is anteroposteriorly deep in its proximal half, slender, straight in frontal view, and weakly anteriorly bowing. The elbow of Nacholapithecus exhibits a primitive functional pat-tern as a hominoid, including lack of universal stability of the humeroulnar joint through full extension and flexion, restriction of hyperextension of the elbow, and relatively anteroposteriorly oriented loading at the proximal ulna. On the other hand, it is derived in terms of enhanced rotational mobility and stability of the radius, incipiently increased stability at the humeroulnar joint, and more frequent maximum extension of the elbow compared to proconsulids. This mosaic morphology is different from both early Miocene proconsulids and later suspensory or orthograde European fossil apes. Although Nacholapithecus was neither suspensory nor orthograde, its forelimbs may have played a greater role for body support or balance maintenance, more frequently reaching to and exploiting overhead supports than in early Miocene proconsulids.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1537/ase.200116","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44459579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Nagaoka, Yuji Seki, Mauro Ordoñez Livia, D. M. Chocano
The Pacopampa site is one of the largest Formative Period sites in Peru’s northern highlands. In the 2013 field season, we uncovered human remains from the stairs between the second and third platforms and found a rare case of a depressed skull fracture on the cranial vault of a middleaged male. This study aims to describe the fracture and explore chronological changes in violence in Peru’s northern highlands. The radiocarbon date of this male is 910 ± 30 14 C yr BP, which corresponds to the Late Caja marca Period (AD 950–1200). The fracture is elliptical in shape, 23.7 mm long and 23.3 mm wide. De pressed debris, adhering to part of the vault, entered the cranial cavity and may have compressed dura mater and brain substance. A healing reaction formed a smooth edge around the fracture, suggesting that it is an antemortem fracture and that the individual survived the injury. It is reasonable to infer that the presence of trauma on the Pacopampa cranium is consistent with the sociopolitical background, typified by high social tension and the appearance of organized warfare in Andean societies.
帕科帕遗址是秘鲁北部高地最大的形成时期遗址之一。在2013年的野外季节，我们在第二和第三平台之间的楼梯上发现了人类遗骸，并在一名中年男性的颅顶发现了一例罕见的凹陷性颅骨骨折。本研究旨在描述秘鲁北部高地的断裂和探索暴力的年代变化。该男性的放射性碳测年为910±3014 C yr BP，对应于Caja marca晚期(公元950-1200)。断口呈椭圆形，长23.7 mm，宽23.3 mm。受压碎片粘附在部分穹窿上，进入颅腔，可能压迫硬脑膜和脑物质。愈合反应在骨折周围形成了光滑的边缘，这表明这是死前骨折，这个人在受伤后幸存了下来。可以合理地推断，Pacopampa头盖骨上创伤的存在与安第斯社会高度紧张和出现有组织战争的社会政治背景是一致的。
{"title":"Depressed skull fracture at Pacopampa in the Peru’s northern highlands in the Late Cajamarca Period","authors":"T. Nagaoka, Yuji Seki, Mauro Ordoñez Livia, D. M. Chocano","doi":"10.1537/ase.2004061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.2004061","url":null,"abstract":"The Pacopampa site is one of the largest Formative Period sites in Peru’s northern highlands. In the 2013 field season, we uncovered human remains from the stairs between the second and third platforms and found a rare case of a depressed skull fracture on the cranial vault of a middleaged male. This study aims to describe the fracture and explore chronological changes in violence in Peru’s northern highlands. The radiocarbon date of this male is 910 ± 30 14 C yr BP, which corresponds to the Late Caja marca Period (AD 950–1200). The fracture is elliptical in shape, 23.7 mm long and 23.3 mm wide. De pressed debris, adhering to part of the vault, entered the cranial cavity and may have compressed dura mater and brain substance. A healing reaction formed a smooth edge around the fracture, suggesting that it is an antemortem fracture and that the individual survived the injury. It is reasonable to infer that the presence of trauma on the Pacopampa cranium is consistent with the sociopolitical background, typified by high social tension and the appearance of organized warfare in Andean societies.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67030052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper seeks to provide a stabilized (i.e. less vulnerable to differences in sex representa tion) equation for estimating maternal mortality for biased skeletal samples. The stabilized equation is developed and tested on the United Nations data used to develop the original method (McFadden and Oxenham, Current Anthropology, 60(1), 141–146), and is applied to 16 bioarchaeological samples from mainland Southeast Asia. First-order correlations and basic descriptive statistics were applied to the data. The stabilized equation was comparable in accuracy to the original equation. When applied to bioarchae ological samples, it proved to be advantageous where the sex ratio differed by more than 0.15 in either direction (i.e. more females or more males). The stabilized equation is an improvement over the original equation for samples that exhibit sex bias that is randomly distributed by age. This method extends the potential applications of the maternal mortality estimator.
本文旨在提供一个稳定的(即不容易受到性别代表差异的影响)方程来估计有偏差的骨骼样本的孕产妇死亡率。稳定的方程是在联合国用于开发原始方法的数据上开发和测试的(McFadden和Oxenham, Current Anthropology, 60(1)， 141-146)，并应用于来自东南亚大陆的16个生物考古样本。一阶相关和基本描述性统计应用于数据。稳定后的方程在精度上与原方程相当。当应用于生物考古样本时，它被证明是有利的，当性别比例在两个方向上的差异超过0.15(即更多的女性或更多的男性)。稳定方程是对表现出按年龄随机分布的性别偏差的样本的原始方程的改进。该方法扩展了产妇死亡率估计器的潜在应用。
{"title":"A stabilized maternal mortality rate estimator for biased skeletal samples","authors":"Clare McFadden, Britta Tiel, M. Oxenham","doi":"10.1537/ase.2005051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.2005051","url":null,"abstract":"This paper seeks to provide a stabilized (i.e. less vulnerable to differences in sex representa tion) equation for estimating maternal mortality for biased skeletal samples. The stabilized equation is developed and tested on the United Nations data used to develop the original method (McFadden and Oxenham, Current Anthropology, 60(1), 141–146), and is applied to 16 bioarchaeological samples from mainland Southeast Asia. First-order correlations and basic descriptive statistics were applied to the data. The stabilized equation was comparable in accuracy to the original equation. When applied to bioarchae ological samples, it proved to be advantageous where the sex ratio differed by more than 0.15 in either direction (i.e. more females or more males). The stabilized equation is an improvement over the original equation for samples that exhibit sex bias that is randomly distributed by age. This method extends the potential applications of the maternal mortality estimator.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67030057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Akira Tagaya (2019) Tetrachoric correlation of bilateral nonmetric traits: a defect in the conventional procedure and a proposal for two alternative estimation methods. Anthropological Science, 127(1): 39–45.","authors":"","doi":"10.1537/ase.190227e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.190227e","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67029969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studies have revealed the existence of statistically significant sex differences in the frequen cy of nonmetric traits, but no agreement seems to exist about their variability among populations. This problem was examined using the multifactorial threshold model. Considering the assumption of additive effects of factors on the liability and the nature of effect of sex difference on the development of nonmet ric traits, it would be reasonable to assume that the sex difference in the mean of liability is constant across populations. This hypothesis was tested and the magnitude of sex difference was examined using the world-wide dataset collected by Ossenberg and the dual-liability threshold model formulated by the author with a modification to accommodate side difference in the probability of trait occurrence. The data were divided into 16 samples regarded as randomly sampled from regional populations. The data of 31 bilateral traits were analyzed using maximum likelihood estimation procedures. After confirming the homogeneity of the variance of liability between sexes and across populations, the homogeneity and significance of sex difference in the mean of liability were tested. The results indicate the homogeneity of sex difference across populations. The assumed constant sex difference was statistically significant in 17 traits at the 1% level, and its magnitude exceeded half the averaged distance between eight groups of populations in 12 traits. Population comparisons without distinguishing sex are justifiable if they use the traits with enough weak sex difference in comparison with population differences. Since the sex differ ence has proved to be basically constant across populations, the estimates of the assumed constant sex difference reported in this study would provide references for selecting traits appropriate for each com -parison. The Breslow–Day test of homogeneity of sex difference indicated the inapplicability of the genotype model to the data, supporting Ossenberg’s proposal for the use of side counts.
{"title":"Constant sex difference across populations in liability of nonmetric traits","authors":"A. Tagaya","doi":"10.1537/ase.2004062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.2004062","url":null,"abstract":"Studies have revealed the existence of statistically significant sex differences in the frequen cy of nonmetric traits, but no agreement seems to exist about their variability among populations. This problem was examined using the multifactorial threshold model. Considering the assumption of additive effects of factors on the liability and the nature of effect of sex difference on the development of nonmet ric traits, it would be reasonable to assume that the sex difference in the mean of liability is constant across populations. This hypothesis was tested and the magnitude of sex difference was examined using the world-wide dataset collected by Ossenberg and the dual-liability threshold model formulated by the author with a modification to accommodate side difference in the probability of trait occurrence. The data were divided into 16 samples regarded as randomly sampled from regional populations. The data of 31 bilateral traits were analyzed using maximum likelihood estimation procedures. After confirming the homogeneity of the variance of liability between sexes and across populations, the homogeneity and significance of sex difference in the mean of liability were tested. The results indicate the homogeneity of sex difference across populations. The assumed constant sex difference was statistically significant in 17 traits at the 1% level, and its magnitude exceeded half the averaged distance between eight groups of populations in 12 traits. Population comparisons without distinguishing sex are justifiable if they use the traits with enough weak sex difference in comparison with population differences. Since the sex differ ence has proved to be basically constant across populations, the estimates of the assumed constant sex difference reported in this study would provide references for selecting traits appropriate for each com -parison. The Breslow–Day test of homogeneity of sex difference indicated the inapplicability of the genotype model to the data, supporting Ossenberg’s proposal for the use of side counts.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67030054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The intertrochanteric line on the proximal human femur has been the focus of paleoanthropological study for several decades, as it is thought to be a defining characteristic of bipedalism. Expres sion of this trait is highly variable in human fossils. However, the relatively narrow range of modern human groups in which its expression has been documented limits understanding of its variability and interpretation of its meaning. Our study analyzed variation in the expression of the intertrochanteric line in a population comprising young, middle and old age groups living in the 19th–20th centuries in Kunming city, southwestern China. Results showed that this trait was not equally present in all age groups. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in frequencies of absence between the age groups, and also highlighted strong correlations between age and the degree of expression of the intertrochanteric line. It was more frequently absent or subtly expressed in young individuals, while individuals in the middle and old age groups tended to exhibit a more pronounced expression of this feature. The degree of expression of the intertrochanteric line also differed significantly between sexes, and it was significantly positively correlated with body size. Interestingly, the degree of expression of the intertrochanteric line rarely exhibited significant correlations with magnitudes of cross-sectional geometric properties of the femoral diaphysis, used as proxy measurements for physical activity patterns.
{"title":"Variation in the intertrochanteric line in a modern human population from southwestern China (19th–20th centuries)","authors":"Jiaming Hui, Wu Liu, K. Carlson, P. Wei","doi":"10.1537/ase.200224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.200224","url":null,"abstract":"The intertrochanteric line on the proximal human femur has been the focus of paleoanthropological study for several decades, as it is thought to be a defining characteristic of bipedalism. Expres sion of this trait is highly variable in human fossils. However, the relatively narrow range of modern human groups in which its expression has been documented limits understanding of its variability and interpretation of its meaning. Our study analyzed variation in the expression of the intertrochanteric line in a population comprising young, middle and old age groups living in the 19th–20th centuries in Kunming city, southwestern China. Results showed that this trait was not equally present in all age groups. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in frequencies of absence between the age groups, and also highlighted strong correlations between age and the degree of expression of the intertrochanteric line. It was more frequently absent or subtly expressed in young individuals, while individuals in the middle and old age groups tended to exhibit a more pronounced expression of this feature. The degree of expression of the intertrochanteric line also differed significantly between sexes, and it was significantly positively correlated with body size. Interestingly, the degree of expression of the intertrochanteric line rarely exhibited significant correlations with magnitudes of cross-sectional geometric properties of the femoral diaphysis, used as proxy measurements for physical activity patterns.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67030049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Omoto, H. Baba, E. Kanazawa, M. Yoneda, K. Shinoda, Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Tsuneo Kakuda, Noboru Adachi, K. Sakaue, F. Almeda, L. Bauzon
We examined fragmentary human skeletal remains from Escalon Cave near Surigao City, northeastern Mindanao, the Philippines, with respect to the morphology of bones and teeth, radiocarbon dating, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. These remains contained parts of the left tempo ral bone, the right humerus, the right femur, the upper right first and second premolars, and the first molar. They are presumed to belong to an early-middle adult male, whom we named the Escalon Man. Using the femur sample, we estimated the 14 C date of the individual at 2692 ± 39 years BP (uncalibrat -ed). His stature, estimated from the maximum femur length, was about 170 cm—this makes him much taller than the Aeta and the Mamanwa, who are indigenous negrito hunter-gatherers of the Philippines. The femur is sturdy and shows well-developed muscle markings. Numerous narrow grooves on the hu merus were found in close proximity to each other, but we could not prove whether these are artificial cut marks made by humans with sharp-edged tools or scratches from some non-human entity. The me siodistal crown diameters of the molar and premolars are large and resemble those of native Oceanians. Analysis of mtDNA haplogroup was carried out using a DNA sample extracted from a molar. A next-generation sequencer was used to determine the nucleotide sequences of the mtDNA genome. The results indicated that the Escalon Man belongs to the haplogroup E1a1a, which is known to be the mark er of Austronesian-speaking agriculturist populations that originated in Taiwan and spread southwards through the Philippines to the Western Pacific, since about 4000 BP. Thus, the Escalon Man was likely a member of the late Neolithic or early Metal Age agriculturist peoples who settled in northeastern Min danao and who may be the ancestors of the territory’s present-day occupants, such as the Manobo.
{"title":"An integrated study of the human skeletal remains discovered in Escalon Cave, northeastern Mindanao, the Philippines","authors":"K. Omoto, H. Baba, E. Kanazawa, M. Yoneda, K. Shinoda, Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Tsuneo Kakuda, Noboru Adachi, K. Sakaue, F. Almeda, L. Bauzon","doi":"10.1537/ase.200706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.200706","url":null,"abstract":"We examined fragmentary human skeletal remains from Escalon Cave near Surigao City, northeastern Mindanao, the Philippines, with respect to the morphology of bones and teeth, radiocarbon dating, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. These remains contained parts of the left tempo ral bone, the right humerus, the right femur, the upper right first and second premolars, and the first molar. They are presumed to belong to an early-middle adult male, whom we named the Escalon Man. Using the femur sample, we estimated the 14 C date of the individual at 2692 ± 39 years BP (uncalibrat -ed). His stature, estimated from the maximum femur length, was about 170 cm—this makes him much taller than the Aeta and the Mamanwa, who are indigenous negrito hunter-gatherers of the Philippines. The femur is sturdy and shows well-developed muscle markings. Numerous narrow grooves on the hu merus were found in close proximity to each other, but we could not prove whether these are artificial cut marks made by humans with sharp-edged tools or scratches from some non-human entity. The me siodistal crown diameters of the molar and premolars are large and resemble those of native Oceanians. Analysis of mtDNA haplogroup was carried out using a DNA sample extracted from a molar. A next-generation sequencer was used to determine the nucleotide sequences of the mtDNA genome. The results indicated that the Escalon Man belongs to the haplogroup E1a1a, which is known to be the mark er of Austronesian-speaking agriculturist populations that originated in Taiwan and spread southwards through the Philippines to the Western Pacific, since about 4000 BP. Thus, the Escalon Man was likely a member of the late Neolithic or early Metal Age agriculturist peoples who settled in northeastern Min danao and who may be the ancestors of the territory’s present-day occupants, such as the Manobo.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67030061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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