Natthamon Pureepatpong Kongkasuriyachai, Patison Palee, Sukon Prasitwattanaseree, P. Mahakkanukrauh
The orbital shape is one of the most ambiguous features for morphological study in ancestry estimation. Recent research has used digital image analysis to obtain more objective and better results. The aim of this study was to create a method and formula to determine ancestry using image analysis of orbital shapes from skulls of Thai and Japanese individuals. This pilot study applied two-dimensional digital image processing techniques to analyze 440 skulls comprising 220 modern Thai and 220 modern Japanese samples of known identities. The image analysis involved four steps: pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification. Five shape measurements of both the left and right orbital rims were selected and a formula was derived using multivariate discriminant analysis. Another set of 68 Thai and Japanese skulls was used as a blind test set for accuracy. The formula had a predicted and cross-validated accuracy of 80.7% and a tested accuracy of 86.8%. This methodology potentially increases the utility of orbital shapes for ancestry estimation, especially between these two subgroups of Asians.
{"title":"Ancestry estimation using image analysis of orbital shapes from Thai and Japanese skulls","authors":"Natthamon Pureepatpong Kongkasuriyachai, Patison Palee, Sukon Prasitwattanaseree, P. Mahakkanukrauh","doi":"10.1537/ase.200128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.200128","url":null,"abstract":"The orbital shape is one of the most ambiguous features for morphological study in ancestry estimation. Recent research has used digital image analysis to obtain more objective and better results. The aim of this study was to create a method and formula to determine ancestry using image analysis of orbital shapes from skulls of Thai and Japanese individuals. This pilot study applied two-dimensional digital image processing techniques to analyze 440 skulls comprising 220 modern Thai and 220 modern Japanese samples of known identities. The image analysis involved four steps: pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification. Five shape measurements of both the left and right orbital rims were selected and a formula was derived using multivariate discriminant analysis. Another set of 68 Thai and Japanese skulls was used as a blind test set for accuracy. The formula had a predicted and cross-validated accuracy of 80.7% and a tested accuracy of 86.8%. This methodology potentially increases the utility of orbital shapes for ancestry estimation, especially between these two subgroups of Asians.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67030015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sesamoids of the metacarpophalangeal joint are tiny bones located in the volar plate and articulated with the metacarpal head. Almost all living humans have radial and ulnar sesamoids in their pollical metacarpophalangeal joints. These bones protect and guide the tendon of the long (= extrinsic) pollical flexor. Whereas this condition is considered to be primitive for primates, living great apes have a tendency to lose these pollical sesamoids. Susman (Science 1994; 265: 1570–1573) correlated the loss of the pollical sesamoids in living great apes with the remarkable reduction/loss of the tendon of the long pollical flexor. However, the prevalence of these pollical sesamoids in chimpanzees drastically differs among previous studies. Thus, we CT-scanned cadavers of 12 chimpanzees, four gorillas, and two orangutans, and investigated the frequency of pollical metacarpophalangeal joint sesamoids in these apes. Combining our findings with previously reported data gave updated frequencies of 21% in chimpanzees ( n = 24) and 0% in gorillas ( n = 7) and orangutans ( n = 6). This result is in accordance with the purport-ed independent reduction (or loss) of the tendon of extrinsic flexor of the pollex in great apes (Diogo et al., Journal of Human Evolution 2012; 63: 64–78) and underscores the view that living great apes independently lost this tendon–sesamoid complex. Given that a reduction (or loss) of the tendon of extrinsic pollical flexor in great apes is a trade-off between emphasis on hook grips and pollical reduction, human hands have not experienced specialization for hook grips and retain the primitive condition in this re-gard. Orangutans and chimpanzees independently specialized for hook grips. The case for gorillas, whose hand proportion is similar to that of humans, is equivocal. Gorilla hands may have attained their current state secondarily or they may have lost the powerful extrinsic flexor of the pollex for reasons other than specialized hook grips.
掌指关节的籽状骨是位于掌板上的小骨，与掌骨头相连。几乎所有人类的掌指关节都有桡骨和尺骨籽状骨。这些骨骼保护并引导长(=外源性)政治屈肌的肌腱。虽然这种情况被认为是灵长类动物的原始状态，但现存的类人猿有失去这些政治种子的倾向。苏斯曼(Science 1994;265: 1570-1573)将现存类人猿的政治籽状体的丧失与政治屈肌长肌腱的显著减少/丧失联系起来。然而，这些政治芝麻在黑猩猩中的流行程度在以前的研究中有很大的不同。因此，我们对12只黑猩猩、4只大猩猩和2只猩猩的尸体进行了ct扫描，并研究了这些类人猿掌指关节籽状体的频率。将我们的研究结果与先前报道的数据相结合，得出黑猩猩(n = 24)的更新频率为21%，大猩猩(n = 7)和猩猩(n = 6)的更新频率为0%。这一结果与先前声称的类人猿肢外屈肌腱独立减少(或丧失)一致(Diogo等人，Journal of Human Evolution 2012;63: 64-78)，并强调了现存的类人猿独立地失去了这种肌腱-籽复合体的观点。考虑到类人猿外在政治屈肌肌腱的减少(或丧失)是强调钩握和政治减少之间的权衡，人类的手没有经历过钩握的专门化，在这方面保持了原始状态。红毛猩猩和黑猩猩各自擅长抓钩。大猩猩的情况是模棱两可的，它们的手的比例与人类相似。大猩猩的手可能是次要达到他们现在的状态，或者他们可能失去了强大的外部屈肌的pollex的原因，而不是专门的钩握。
{"title":"Sesamoids of the pollical metacarpophalangeal joint and the evolution of hominoid hands","authors":"M. Nakatsukasa, Naoki Morimoto, Takeshi Nishimura","doi":"10.1537/ase.190908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.190908","url":null,"abstract":"Sesamoids of the metacarpophalangeal joint are tiny bones located in the volar plate and articulated with the metacarpal head. Almost all living humans have radial and ulnar sesamoids in their pollical metacarpophalangeal joints. These bones protect and guide the tendon of the long (= extrinsic) pollical flexor. Whereas this condition is considered to be primitive for primates, living great apes have a tendency to lose these pollical sesamoids. Susman (Science 1994; 265: 1570–1573) correlated the loss of the pollical sesamoids in living great apes with the remarkable reduction/loss of the tendon of the long pollical flexor. However, the prevalence of these pollical sesamoids in chimpanzees drastically differs among previous studies. Thus, we CT-scanned cadavers of 12 chimpanzees, four gorillas, and two orangutans, and investigated the frequency of pollical metacarpophalangeal joint sesamoids in these apes. Combining our findings with previously reported data gave updated frequencies of 21% in chimpanzees ( n = 24) and 0% in gorillas ( n = 7) and orangutans ( n = 6). This result is in accordance with the purport-ed independent reduction (or loss) of the tendon of extrinsic flexor of the pollex in great apes (Diogo et al., Journal of Human Evolution 2012; 63: 64–78) and underscores the view that living great apes independently lost this tendon–sesamoid complex. Given that a reduction (or loss) of the tendon of extrinsic pollical flexor in great apes is a trade-off between emphasis on hook grips and pollical reduction, human hands have not experienced specialization for hook grips and retain the primitive condition in this re-gard. Orangutans and chimpanzees independently specialized for hook grips. The case for gorillas, whose hand proportion is similar to that of humans, is equivocal. Gorilla hands may have attained their current state secondarily or they may have lost the powerful extrinsic flexor of the pollex for reasons other than specialized hook grips.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1537/ase.190908","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44565830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yasuo Hagihara, Tomoki Ohtani, Yuka Hatano, M. Yoneda, Toshihiko Suzuki, Fumiko Saeki, J. Sawada, Ryoko Koibuchi, T. Nara
The excavation of the Shomyoji shell midden in 2017 recovered more than 26 human skeletal remains belonging to the Jomon, Kofun, and Heian periods. In this paper, we describe one Heian-period (AD 794–1185) individual (SK1), who was dated to 957–900 calBP by radiocarbon dating. SK1 is well preserved, presumably a male, and aged approximately 20–35 years. The morphology of the cranium and teeth are not similar to that seen in the Kanto Jomon and Kamakura populations; it is closer to that of Yayoi immigrants from northern Kyusyu. SK1 has a severe lesion around the hip joint, and the left innominate bone and femur are atrophied. From this lesion, we can presume that SK1 had suffered from a hip joint disease such as tuberculous arthritis of the hip.
{"title":"Heian-period human skeletal remains from the Shomyoji shell midden in Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture","authors":"Yasuo Hagihara, Tomoki Ohtani, Yuka Hatano, M. Yoneda, Toshihiko Suzuki, Fumiko Saeki, J. Sawada, Ryoko Koibuchi, T. Nara","doi":"10.1537/ase.190710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.190710","url":null,"abstract":"The excavation of the Shomyoji shell midden in 2017 recovered more than 26 human skeletal remains belonging to the Jomon, Kofun, and Heian periods. In this paper, we describe one Heian-period (AD 794–1185) individual (SK1), who was dated to 957–900 calBP by radiocarbon dating. SK1 is well preserved, presumably a male, and aged approximately 20–35 years. The morphology of the cranium and teeth are not similar to that seen in the Kanto Jomon and Kamakura populations; it is closer to that of Yayoi immigrants from northern Kyusyu. SK1 has a severe lesion around the hip joint, and the left innominate bone and femur are atrophied. From this lesion, we can presume that SK1 had suffered from a hip joint disease such as tuberculous arthritis of the hip.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48353649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent paleoanthropological surveys conducted in the Lower Awash basin (Afar Rift) have led to the discovery of new localities. Here we announce and describe the latest addition to the roster of hominid-bearing research areas in this basin. Located east of the modern Awash River and west of the Megenta mountain ridge, localities in the new research area contain extensive clay and silty-sand deposits variably capped by a widespread sandstone layer rich in archaeology and vertebrate fossils. Some of the localities are associated with volcanic tuffs suitable for radioisotopic age determination. A Middle Pleistocene antiquity is strongly inferred from the sampled fauna and archaeology; precise age estimates await results from ongoing tephra geochronological and geochemical analyses. Much of the archaeology falls under the conventional category of late Acheulean; assemblages identifiable as ‘Middle’ and ‘Later Stone Age’ are documented in a few localities. The vertebrate fauna from the closely probed Acheulean and hominid-bearing localities indicates a relatively wooded, near-water habitat. The cranial and postcranial fossil hominid (and faunal) remains from the new localities promise insights into the patterns of human evolution across the Middle Pleistocene, a period currently poorly understood. Similarly, the archaeological occurrences provide unique opportunities for testing outstanding hypotheses about the origin of nuanced technologies and behaviors across the later Middle Pleistocene.
{"title":"Newly discovered Middle Pleistocene hominid-bearing deposits from the Lower Awash basin, Ethiopia","authors":"Yonatan Sahle, D. Giusti, Vangelis Tourloukis","doi":"10.1537/ASE.190603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.190603","url":null,"abstract":"Recent paleoanthropological surveys conducted in the Lower Awash basin (Afar Rift) have led to the discovery of new localities. Here we announce and describe the latest addition to the roster of hominid-bearing research areas in this basin. Located east of the modern Awash River and west of the Megenta mountain ridge, localities in the new research area contain extensive clay and silty-sand deposits variably capped by a widespread sandstone layer rich in archaeology and vertebrate fossils. Some of the localities are associated with volcanic tuffs suitable for radioisotopic age determination. A Middle Pleistocene antiquity is strongly inferred from the sampled fauna and archaeology; precise age estimates await results from ongoing tephra geochronological and geochemical analyses. Much of the archaeology falls under the conventional category of late Acheulean; assemblages identifiable as ‘Middle’ and ‘Later Stone Age’ are documented in a few localities. The vertebrate fauna from the closely probed Acheulean and hominid-bearing localities indicates a relatively wooded, near-water habitat. The cranial and postcranial fossil hominid (and faunal) remains from the new localities promise insights into the patterns of human evolution across the Middle Pleistocene, a period currently poorly understood. Similarly, the archaeological occurrences provide unique opportunities for testing outstanding hypotheses about the origin of nuanced technologies and behaviors across the later Middle Pleistocene.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1537/ASE.190603","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45791147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The reconstruction of everyday diets in villages is important for understanding the diversity of diets and commerce networks of food items in premodern Japan. However, premodern diets in villages have not been well studied compared with those in cities. In this study, stable isotope analyses were performed on 23 adult human skeletons excavated from Sendaiji, a mountainous woodland village of underground Christians in Osaka in premodern Japan. No significant isotopic differences was found between individuals identified as Buddhists and those identified as Christians or between females and males. The total mean carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotope ratios were –21.1 ± 0.4‰, 11.6 ± 1.0‰, and 8.9 ± 1.3‰, respectively. The carbon isotope ratios in Sendaiji were the lowest among the studied premodern populations probably because these individuals consumed woodland foods that are affected by the canopy effect. No significant correlation between sulfur and nitrogen isotope ratios was apparent, suggesting that there was little contribution from marine foods or marine fertilizers to the diet of individuals in premodern Sendaiji. The relatively high nitrogen isotope ratios in Sendaiji were possibly because of the denitrification in paddy rice fields, ammonium uptake by paddy rice, use of animal fertilizers, and/ or consumption of freshwater fish. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed bioarchaeological study of the premodern diet in a mountainous village in western Japan.
{"title":"Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur stable isotopic reconstruction of human diet in a mountainous woodland village in Sendaiji in premodern Japan","authors":"Takumi Tsutaya, M. Yoneda, M. Abe, T. Nagaoka","doi":"10.1537/ASE.190403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.190403","url":null,"abstract":"The reconstruction of everyday diets in villages is important for understanding the diversity of diets and commerce networks of food items in premodern Japan. However, premodern diets in villages have not been well studied compared with those in cities. In this study, stable isotope analyses were performed on 23 adult human skeletons excavated from Sendaiji, a mountainous woodland village of underground Christians in Osaka in premodern Japan. No significant isotopic differences was found between individuals identified as Buddhists and those identified as Christians or between females and males. The total mean carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotope ratios were –21.1 ± 0.4‰, 11.6 ± 1.0‰, and 8.9 ± 1.3‰, respectively. The carbon isotope ratios in Sendaiji were the lowest among the studied premodern populations probably because these individuals consumed woodland foods that are affected by the canopy effect. No significant correlation between sulfur and nitrogen isotope ratios was apparent, suggesting that there was little contribution from marine foods or marine fertilizers to the diet of individuals in premodern Sendaiji. The relatively high nitrogen isotope ratios in Sendaiji were possibly because of the denitrification in paddy rice fields, ammonium uptake by paddy rice, use of animal fertilizers, and/ or consumption of freshwater fish. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed bioarchaeological study of the premodern diet in a mountainous village in western Japan.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45235782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama, T. Jinam, Y. Kawai, Takehiro Sato, K. Hosomichi, A. Tajima, Noboru Adachi, H. Matsumura, Kirill Kryukov, N. Saitou, K. Shinoda
The Funadomari Jomon people were hunter-gatherers living on Rebun Island, Hokkaido, Japan c. 3500–3800 years ago. In this study, we determined the high-depth and low-depth nuclear genome sequences from a Funadomari Jomon female (F23) and male (F5), respectively. We genotyped the nuclear DNA of F23 and determined the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class-I genotypes and the phenotypic traits. Moreover, a pathogenic mutation in the CPT1A gene was identified in both F23 and F5. The mutation provides metabolic advantages for consumption of a high-fat diet, and its allele frequency is more than 70% in Arctic populations, but is absent elsewhere. This variant may be related to the lifestyle of the Funadomari Jomon people, who fished and hunted land and marine animals. We observed high homozygosity by descent (HBD) in F23, but HBD tracts longer than 10 cM were very limited, suggesting that the population size of Northern Jomon populations were small. Our analysis suggested that population size of the Jomon people started to decrease c. 50000 years ago. The phylogenetic relationship among F23, modern/ancient Eurasians, and Native Americans showed a deep divergence of F23 in East Eurasia, probably before the split of the ancestor of Native Americans from East Eurasians, but after the split of 40000-year-old Tianyuan, indicating that the Northern Jomon people were genetically isolated from continental East Eurasians for a long period. Intriguingly, we found that modern Japanese as well as Ulchi, Korean, aboriginal Taiwanese, and Philippine populations were genetically closer to F23 than to Han Chinese. Moreover, the Y chromosome of F5 belonged to haplogroup D1b2b, which is rare in modern Japanese populations. These findings provided insights into the history and reconstructions of the ancient human population structures in East Eurasia, and the F23 genome data can be considered as the Jomon Reference Genome for future studies.
{"title":"Late Jomon male and female genome sequences from the Funadomari site in Hokkaido, Japan","authors":"Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama, T. Jinam, Y. Kawai, Takehiro Sato, K. Hosomichi, A. Tajima, Noboru Adachi, H. Matsumura, Kirill Kryukov, N. Saitou, K. Shinoda","doi":"10.1537/ASE.190415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.190415","url":null,"abstract":"The Funadomari Jomon people were hunter-gatherers living on Rebun Island, Hokkaido, Japan c. 3500–3800 years ago. In this study, we determined the high-depth and low-depth nuclear genome sequences from a Funadomari Jomon female (F23) and male (F5), respectively. We genotyped the nuclear DNA of F23 and determined the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class-I genotypes and the phenotypic traits. Moreover, a pathogenic mutation in the CPT1A gene was identified in both F23 and F5. The mutation provides metabolic advantages for consumption of a high-fat diet, and its allele frequency is more than 70% in Arctic populations, but is absent elsewhere. This variant may be related to the lifestyle of the Funadomari Jomon people, who fished and hunted land and marine animals. We observed high homozygosity by descent (HBD) in F23, but HBD tracts longer than 10 cM were very limited, suggesting that the population size of Northern Jomon populations were small. Our analysis suggested that population size of the Jomon people started to decrease c. 50000 years ago. The phylogenetic relationship among F23, modern/ancient Eurasians, and Native Americans showed a deep divergence of F23 in East Eurasia, probably before the split of the ancestor of Native Americans from East Eurasians, but after the split of 40000-year-old Tianyuan, indicating that the Northern Jomon people were genetically isolated from continental East Eurasians for a long period. Intriguingly, we found that modern Japanese as well as Ulchi, Korean, aboriginal Taiwanese, and Philippine populations were genetically closer to F23 than to Han Chinese. Moreover, the Y chromosome of F5 belonged to haplogroup D1b2b, which is rare in modern Japanese populations. These findings provided insights into the history and reconstructions of the ancient human population structures in East Eurasia, and the F23 genome data can be considered as the Jomon Reference Genome for future studies.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1537/ASE.190415","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43378839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Irene Del Olmo Lianes, E. Bruner, Ó. Cambra‐Moo, María Molina Moreno, A. G. Martín
This research was supported by the Spanish Government (CGL2015-65387-C3-3-P, MAT2013-48426-C2-1-R, CGL2015-68363-P, HAR2016-78036-P, HAR2016-74846-P, HAR2017-82755-P, HAR2017-83004-P).
{"title":"Cranial vault thickness measurement and distribution: a study with a magnetic calliper","authors":"Irene Del Olmo Lianes, E. Bruner, Ó. Cambra‐Moo, María Molina Moreno, A. G. Martín","doi":"10.1537/ASE.190306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.190306","url":null,"abstract":"This research was supported by the Spanish Government (CGL2015-65387-C3-3-P, MAT2013-48426-C2-1-R, CGL2015-68363-P, HAR2016-78036-P, HAR2016-74846-P, HAR2017-82755-P, HAR2017-83004-P).","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1537/ASE.190306","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41526938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines periodontal disease as well as other oral health indicators of the Jomon population in order to understand variations in their lifestyle and their response to dietary diversity. The oral conditions of three Jomon populations in Late Jomon period are evaluated using two periodontal indicators, namely the distance measured between the cement–enamel junction to the alveolar crest (CEJ-AC distance), and the degree of inflammation of the alveolar septum. The incidence of affected individuals with moderate to severe periodontal disease ranges from 31.8% to 38.6% based on the evaluation of the CEJ-AC distance, and from 38.4% to 66.0 % based on the interdental septum morphology, respectively. Comparisons of the inter-site difference (which includes that between coastal and inland populations) and sex differences were conducted with a combined dataset of the periodontal and oral health indicators (caries, antemortem tooth loss, wear, and chipping). The results indicated that inter-site and inter-sex differences are smaller in the cases with periodontal disease than in those with caries and antemortem tooth loss. In particular, almost no difference was found in the periodontal conditions between the coastal and inland sites. Although previous studies have indicated the effect of occlusal wear on the CEJ-AC distance, the results of the multivariate analysis show that the inflammation of the interdental septum is more relevant than the occlusal wear. In addition, the sex difference was significant compared to the inter-site difference, and each sex difference within a site showed a common trend. Detected inter-site and sex differences are discussed and assumed to be associated with bioarchaeological background.
{"title":"Periodontal disease in the Neolithic Jomon: inter-site comparisons of inland and coastal areas in central Honshu, Japan","authors":"Aiko Saso, O. Kondo","doi":"10.1537/ASE.190113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.190113","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines periodontal disease as well as other oral health indicators of the Jomon population in order to understand variations in their lifestyle and their response to dietary diversity. The oral conditions of three Jomon populations in Late Jomon period are evaluated using two periodontal indicators, namely the distance measured between the cement–enamel junction to the alveolar crest (CEJ-AC distance), and the degree of inflammation of the alveolar septum. The incidence of affected individuals with moderate to severe periodontal disease ranges from 31.8% to 38.6% based on the evaluation of the CEJ-AC distance, and from 38.4% to 66.0 % based on the interdental septum morphology, respectively. Comparisons of the inter-site difference (which includes that between coastal and inland populations) and sex differences were conducted with a combined dataset of the periodontal and oral health indicators (caries, antemortem tooth loss, wear, and chipping). The results indicated that inter-site and inter-sex differences are smaller in the cases with periodontal disease than in those with caries and antemortem tooth loss. In particular, almost no difference was found in the periodontal conditions between the coastal and inland sites. Although previous studies have indicated the effect of occlusal wear on the CEJ-AC distance, the results of the multivariate analysis show that the inflammation of the interdental septum is more relevant than the occlusal wear. In addition, the sex difference was significant compared to the inter-site difference, and each sex difference within a site showed a common trend. Detected inter-site and sex differences are discussed and assumed to be associated with bioarchaeological background.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1537/ASE.190113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43744933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Woo, Jae-Hyun Kim, Won‐Joon Lee, H. Cho, Sunyoung Pak
Recent studies suggest that acquired syphilis evolved in the Old World from a non-sexually transmitted treponeme originating in the New World during early European expansion and colonization. However, when and via which route the bacteria were introduced into Asia remains uncertain. This study examined the first paleopathological evidence of syphilitic infection in an individual from the 19th century AD in South Korea. The individuals from a site identified as the middle and late Joseon period were examined for the presence of the skeletal lesions that are indicative of an acquired syphilitic infection. Direct macroscopic observation of the skeletal remains was conducted alongside radiological analysis. One individual displayed extensive pathologies throughout the cranial and postcranial skeleton. Treponematosis is the only disease that best explains the pattern of lytic cranial lesions and widespread bilateral symmetrical periosteal new bone of the postcranial elements. To date, paleopathological evidence of treponemal disease in Asia is severely limited. In this regard, this study provides meaningful data for studying the history of infectious disease in Asia. This study represents the only known archaeological case in South Korea.
{"title":"Syphilitic infection in a pre-modern population from South Korea (19th century AD)","authors":"E. Woo, Jae-Hyun Kim, Won‐Joon Lee, H. Cho, Sunyoung Pak","doi":"10.1537/ASE.181122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.181122","url":null,"abstract":"Recent studies suggest that acquired syphilis evolved in the Old World from a non-sexually transmitted treponeme originating in the New World during early European expansion and colonization. However, when and via which route the bacteria were introduced into Asia remains uncertain. This study examined the first paleopathological evidence of syphilitic infection in an individual from the 19th century AD in South Korea. The individuals from a site identified as the middle and late Joseon period were examined for the presence of the skeletal lesions that are indicative of an acquired syphilitic infection. Direct macroscopic observation of the skeletal remains was conducted alongside radiological analysis. One individual displayed extensive pathologies throughout the cranial and postcranial skeleton. Treponematosis is the only disease that best explains the pattern of lytic cranial lesions and widespread bilateral symmetrical periosteal new bone of the postcranial elements. To date, paleopathological evidence of treponemal disease in Asia is severely limited. In this regard, this study provides meaningful data for studying the history of infectious disease in Asia. This study represents the only known archaeological case in South Korea.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1537/ASE.181122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67029955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
of childhood stress than populations of preceding time periods, and associated this Abstract Linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) is a useful indicator of childhood health. This study aimed at investigating whether there was any diachronic change in LEH occurrence during the Edo period (1603–1867). The Edo period, which experienced no major transition in subsistence and had no large-scale contact with foreign population, did undergo various social changes that could have affected childhood health status. The skeletal remains of 144 adult individuals recovered from seven burial sites in Tokyo were examined. Based on historical records and archaeological evidence, these individuals were divided into two time-period groups, the early Edo period and the late Edo period. Each group was then subdivided into the two age-at-death groups of young and old. The late Edo period groups were also divided into coffin-type groups, which reflect their social status. Comparison of general prevalence, frequency distribution, and the mean number of LEHs observed per tooth revealed that the individuals of the late Edo period groups of any coffin type tend to have fewer LEHs than those of the early Edo period groups, and significant differences were found either in the frequency distribution or in the mean number of LEHs per tooth. Considering the possible factors that could affect the result, such as age-at-death distribution and social status, the observed difference between the time periods can be attributed to diachronic change, which is assumed to be due to improvements in childhood health status during the Edo period. This assumption is compatible with historical evidence suggesting that the living environment in the city of Edo was improving in the 17th century and stabilized in the 18th century as a result of the establishment of basic infrastructure and improvements in public safety. The findings of this study will help us understand childhood health status in a changing society.
{"title":"Diachronic changes in linear enamel hypoplasia during the Edo period (1603–1867), Japan","authors":"Nana Nakayama","doi":"10.1537/ASE.190303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.190303","url":null,"abstract":"of childhood stress than populations of preceding time periods, and associated this Abstract Linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) is a useful indicator of childhood health. This study aimed at investigating whether there was any diachronic change in LEH occurrence during the Edo period (1603–1867). The Edo period, which experienced no major transition in subsistence and had no large-scale contact with foreign population, did undergo various social changes that could have affected childhood health status. The skeletal remains of 144 adult individuals recovered from seven burial sites in Tokyo were examined. Based on historical records and archaeological evidence, these individuals were divided into two time-period groups, the early Edo period and the late Edo period. Each group was then subdivided into the two age-at-death groups of young and old. The late Edo period groups were also divided into coffin-type groups, which reflect their social status. Comparison of general prevalence, frequency distribution, and the mean number of LEHs observed per tooth revealed that the individuals of the late Edo period groups of any coffin type tend to have fewer LEHs than those of the early Edo period groups, and significant differences were found either in the frequency distribution or in the mean number of LEHs per tooth. Considering the possible factors that could affect the result, such as age-at-death distribution and social status, the observed difference between the time periods can be attributed to diachronic change, which is assumed to be due to improvements in childhood health status during the Edo period. This assumption is compatible with historical evidence suggesting that the living environment in the city of Edo was improving in the 17th century and stabilized in the 18th century as a result of the establishment of basic infrastructure and improvements in public safety. The findings of this study will help us understand childhood health status in a changing society.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1537/ASE.190303","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67030005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：