Annals of Epidemiology最新文献

Mosquito-borne diseases are a known tropical phenomenon. This review was conducted to assesses the mechanisms through which climate change impacts mosquito-borne diseases in temperate regions. Articles were searched from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases. Identification criteria were scope (climate change and mosquito-borne diseases), region (temperate), article type (peer-reviewed), publication language (English), and publication years (since 2015). The WWH (who, what, how) framework was applied to develop the research question and thematic analyses identified the mechanisms through which climate change affects mosquito-borne diseases. While temperature ranges for disease transmission vary per mosquito species, all are viable for temperate regions, particularly given projected temperature increases. Zika, chikungunya, and dengue transmission occurs between 18 and 34°C (peak at 26–29°C). West Nile virus establishment occurs at monthly average temperatures between 14 and 34.3°C (peak at 23.7–25°C). Malaria establishment occurs when the consecutive average daily temperatures are above 16°C until the sum is above 210°C. The identified mechanisms through which climate change affects the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases in temperate regions include: changes in the development of vectors and pathogens; changes in mosquito habitats; extended transmission seasons; changes in geographic spread; changes in abundance and behaviors of hosts; reduced abundance of mosquito predators; interruptions to control operations; and influence on other non-climate factors. Process and stochastic approaches as well as dynamic and spatial models exist to predict mosquito population dynamics, disease transmission, and climate favorability. Future projections based on the observed relations between climate factors and mosquito-borne diseases suggest that mosquito-borne disease expansion is likely to occur in temperate regions due to climate change. While West Nile virus is already established in some temperate regions, Zika, dengue, chikungunya, and malaria are also likely to become established over time. Moving forward, more research is required to model future risks by incorporating climate, environmental, sociodemographic, and mosquito-related factors under changing climates.

Purpose

We aimed to investigate the associations between parental BMI and offspring BMI trajectories and to explore whether the parent-offspring BMI growth trajectory association differed according to family SEP or social mobility.

Methods

We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Children’s weight and height were collected from 1 to 18 years. Parents’ height and weight were reported pre-pregnancy. We assessed family SEP by measuring parents’ and grandparents’ educational attainment, social class, and social mobility by changes in education attainment across generations. Multilevel models were used to develop trajectories and assess patterns of change in offspring BMI, to associate parental BMI with these trajectories, and explore whether these associations differed by family SEP and social mobility.

Results

13,612 children were included in the analyses. The average BMI of offspring whose parents were overweight or obese was higher throughout childhood and adolescence, compared to those with parents of normal BMI. Parental and grandparental low SEP were associated with higher child BMI, but there was little evidence of modification of parent-offspring associations. For example, at age 15 years the predicted mean BMI difference between children of overweight or obese mothers versus normal-weight mothers was 12.5 % (95 %CI: 10.1 % to 14.7 %) and 12.2 % (95 %CI: 10.3 % to 13.7 %) for high and low grandparental SEP, respectively.

Discussion

These findings strengthen the evidence that higher parental BMI and lower family SEP were associated with higher offspring BMI, but we did not observe strong evidence that family SEP modifies the parental-offspring BMI association.

Purpose

The goal of this study was to estimate all-cause mortality among Operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, and New Dawn era service members and veterans and to identify protective and risk factors for mortality.

Methods

Using 20 years of longitudinal data from the Millennium Cohort Study (2001–2021), sequential Cox proportional hazard models were conducted to examine demographic, military, and health-related characteristics associated with all-cause mortality among service members and veterans.

Results

Among 201,619 participants, 3806 (1.9 %) were deceased by the end of the observation period, with an age- and sex-adjusted incidence of 37.6 deaths per 100,000 person-years. Deployed service members had lower all-cause mortality risk than those who did not deploy. Personnel who experienced combat had higher mortality risk compared with those who did not in unadjusted models; this association was nonsignificant after accounting for health-related factors. Enlisted and Army personnel both had a higher mortality risk, while women and Hispanic individuals had a lower risk. Stressful life events, lower physical health related quality of life, problem drinking, and smoking were also associated with greater mortality risk.

Conclusion

These profiles may be useful for developing preventive education and intervention efforts in military and veteran populations to reduce premature mortality.

Purpose

Cancer incidence declined during the COVID-19 pandemic in part due to health care delivery challenges. We examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on changes in lung cancer incidence.

Methods

We used 2019–2020 US Cancer Statistics data from 49 cancer registries covering 97 % of the US population. We calculated the number of new lung cancer diagnoses in 2019 and 2020, age-adjusted lung cancer incidence rates per 100,000 persons, and 2019-to-2020 % changes in incidence rates. We also calculated number and percentage of new lung cancer diagnoses by month and stage at diagnosis.

Results

The age-adjusted lung cancer incidence rate per 100,000 persons was 47.9 in 2019 vs. 41.4 in 2020—a 13.6 % decrease. Differences in the percentage change in incidence rates were observed by age, race and ethnicity, US census region, histology, and stage at diagnosis. A higher percentage of people were diagnosed at distant stage in 2020 than 2019.

Conclusions

This report provides new insight into subgroups that experienced the greatest decline in observed lung cancer incidence during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings can be used to inform intervention efforts to improve lung cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment.

Purpose

To investigate the association between sibling relatedness and pubertal development in girls and boys.

Methods

This cohort study consisted of 10,657 children from the Puberty Cohort, Denmark. Information on sibling relatedness was obtained by self-report. Information on pubertal markers was obtained half yearly from age 11 and throughout puberty. Mean age difference at attaining pubertal markers was estimated using interval-censored regression models according to sibling relatedness (full, half and/or step siblings; half and/or step siblings; no siblings; relative to full siblings).

Results

Girls with both full, half and/or step siblings (−1.2 (CI 95 %: −2.5; 0.1) months), only half- and/or stepsiblings (−2.2 (CI 95 %: −3.7; −0.7) months), and no siblings (−5.5 (CI 95 %: −8.5; −2.5) months) entered puberty earlier than girls with full siblings. Boys with full, half and/or step siblings (−1.4 (CI 95 %: −2.7; −0.1) months), only half and/or step siblings (−1.2 (CI 95 %: −3.0; 0.6) months), and no siblings (−4.5 (CI 95 %: −8.8; −0.3) months) entered puberty earlier than boys with full siblings.

Conclusions

Children with sibling relatedness other than full siblings entered puberty earlier than their peers with full siblings even after adjustment for parental cohabitation status, childhood body mass index and childhood internalizing and externalizing symptoms.