Pub Date : 2024-02-14DOI: 10.3390/instruments8010011
Martin Farkas, B. Bergmann, P. Broulim, P. Burian, Giovanni Ambrosi, P. Azzarello, L. Pušman, M. Sitarz, P. Smolyanskiy, D. Sukhonos, Xin Wu
We present the characterization of a highly segmented “large area” hybrid pixel detector (Timepix3, 512 × 512 pixels, pixel pitch 55 µm) for application in space experiments. We demonstrate that the nominal power consumption of 6 W can be reduced by changing the settings of the Timepix3 analog front-end and reducing the matrix clock frequency (from the nominal 40 MHz to 5 MHz) to 2 W (in the best case). We then present a comprehensive study of the impact of these changes on the particle tracking performance, the energy resolution and time stamping precision by utilizing data measured at the Super-Proton-Synchrotron (SPS) at CERN and at the Danish Center for Particle Therapy (DCPT). While the impact of the slower sampling frequency on energy measurement can be mitigated by prolongation of the falling edge of the analog signal, we find a reduction of the time resolution from 1.8 ns (in standard settings) to 5.6 ns (in analog low-power), which is further reduced utilizing a lower sampling clock (e.g., 5 MHz, in digital low-power operation) to 73.5 ns. We have studied the temperature dependence of the energy measurement for ambient temperatures between −20 ∘ and 50 ∘C separately for the different settings.
{"title":"Characterization of a Large Area Hybrid Pixel Detector of Timepix3 Technology for Space Applications","authors":"Martin Farkas, B. Bergmann, P. Broulim, P. Burian, Giovanni Ambrosi, P. Azzarello, L. Pušman, M. Sitarz, P. Smolyanskiy, D. Sukhonos, Xin Wu","doi":"10.3390/instruments8010011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8010011","url":null,"abstract":"We present the characterization of a highly segmented “large area” hybrid pixel detector (Timepix3, 512 × 512 pixels, pixel pitch 55 µm) for application in space experiments. We demonstrate that the nominal power consumption of 6 W can be reduced by changing the settings of the Timepix3 analog front-end and reducing the matrix clock frequency (from the nominal 40 MHz to 5 MHz) to 2 W (in the best case). We then present a comprehensive study of the impact of these changes on the particle tracking performance, the energy resolution and time stamping precision by utilizing data measured at the Super-Proton-Synchrotron (SPS) at CERN and at the Danish Center for Particle Therapy (DCPT). While the impact of the slower sampling frequency on energy measurement can be mitigated by prolongation of the falling edge of the analog signal, we find a reduction of the time resolution from 1.8 ns (in standard settings) to 5.6 ns (in analog low-power), which is further reduced utilizing a lower sampling clock (e.g., 5 MHz, in digital low-power operation) to 73.5 ns. We have studied the temperature dependence of the energy measurement for ambient temperatures between −20 ∘ and 50 ∘C separately for the different settings.","PeriodicalId":507788,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":"10 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139777871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-14DOI: 10.3390/instruments8010011
Martin Farkas, B. Bergmann, P. Broulim, P. Burian, Giovanni Ambrosi, P. Azzarello, L. Pušman, M. Sitarz, P. Smolyanskiy, D. Sukhonos, Xin Wu
We present the characterization of a highly segmented “large area” hybrid pixel detector (Timepix3, 512 × 512 pixels, pixel pitch 55 µm) for application in space experiments. We demonstrate that the nominal power consumption of 6 W can be reduced by changing the settings of the Timepix3 analog front-end and reducing the matrix clock frequency (from the nominal 40 MHz to 5 MHz) to 2 W (in the best case). We then present a comprehensive study of the impact of these changes on the particle tracking performance, the energy resolution and time stamping precision by utilizing data measured at the Super-Proton-Synchrotron (SPS) at CERN and at the Danish Center for Particle Therapy (DCPT). While the impact of the slower sampling frequency on energy measurement can be mitigated by prolongation of the falling edge of the analog signal, we find a reduction of the time resolution from 1.8 ns (in standard settings) to 5.6 ns (in analog low-power), which is further reduced utilizing a lower sampling clock (e.g., 5 MHz, in digital low-power operation) to 73.5 ns. We have studied the temperature dependence of the energy measurement for ambient temperatures between −20 ∘ and 50 ∘C separately for the different settings.
{"title":"Characterization of a Large Area Hybrid Pixel Detector of Timepix3 Technology for Space Applications","authors":"Martin Farkas, B. Bergmann, P. Broulim, P. Burian, Giovanni Ambrosi, P. Azzarello, L. Pušman, M. Sitarz, P. Smolyanskiy, D. Sukhonos, Xin Wu","doi":"10.3390/instruments8010011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8010011","url":null,"abstract":"We present the characterization of a highly segmented “large area” hybrid pixel detector (Timepix3, 512 × 512 pixels, pixel pitch 55 µm) for application in space experiments. We demonstrate that the nominal power consumption of 6 W can be reduced by changing the settings of the Timepix3 analog front-end and reducing the matrix clock frequency (from the nominal 40 MHz to 5 MHz) to 2 W (in the best case). We then present a comprehensive study of the impact of these changes on the particle tracking performance, the energy resolution and time stamping precision by utilizing data measured at the Super-Proton-Synchrotron (SPS) at CERN and at the Danish Center for Particle Therapy (DCPT). While the impact of the slower sampling frequency on energy measurement can be mitigated by prolongation of the falling edge of the analog signal, we find a reduction of the time resolution from 1.8 ns (in standard settings) to 5.6 ns (in analog low-power), which is further reduced utilizing a lower sampling clock (e.g., 5 MHz, in digital low-power operation) to 73.5 ns. We have studied the temperature dependence of the energy measurement for ambient temperatures between −20 ∘ and 50 ∘C separately for the different settings.","PeriodicalId":507788,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":"117 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139837383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-07DOI: 10.3390/instruments8010010
M. Kreller, S. Brühlmann, Torsten Knieß, K. Kopka, Martin Walther
A new Center for Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research was established at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf in 2017 to centralize radionuclide and radiopharmaceutical production, as well as enable chemical and biochemical research. Routine production of several radionuclides was put into operation in recent years. We report on the production methods of radiopharmaceutical radionuclides, in particular 11C, 18F, and radio metals like 61Cu, 64Cu, 67Cu, 67Ga, 131Ba, and 133La that are used regularly. In the discussion, we report typical irradiation parameters and achieved saturation yields.
{"title":"Production of Medical Radionuclides in the Center for Radiopharmaceutical Tumor Research—A Status Report","authors":"M. Kreller, S. Brühlmann, Torsten Knieß, K. Kopka, Martin Walther","doi":"10.3390/instruments8010010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8010010","url":null,"abstract":"A new Center for Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research was established at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf in 2017 to centralize radionuclide and radiopharmaceutical production, as well as enable chemical and biochemical research. Routine production of several radionuclides was put into operation in recent years. We report on the production methods of radiopharmaceutical radionuclides, in particular 11C, 18F, and radio metals like 61Cu, 64Cu, 67Cu, 67Ga, 131Ba, and 133La that are used regularly. In the discussion, we report typical irradiation parameters and achieved saturation yields.","PeriodicalId":507788,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139855084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-07DOI: 10.3390/instruments8010009
Charlotte Wehner, Brad Shirley, Garrett Mathesen, Julian Merrick, Brandon Weatherford, E. Nanni
The manufacturing of active RF devices like klystrons is dominated by expensive and time-consuming cycles of machining and brazing. In this article, we characterize the RF properties of X-band klystron cavities and an integrated circuit manufactured with a novel additive manufacturing process. Parts are 3D printed in 316 L stainless steel with direct metal laser sintering, electroplated in copper, and brazed in one simple braze cycle. Stand-alone test cavities and integrated circuit cavities were measured throughout the manufacturing process. The un-tuned cavity frequency varies by less than 5% of the intended frequency, and Q factors reach above 1200. A tuning study was performed, and unoptimized tuning pins achieved a tuning range of 138 MHz without compromising Q. Klystron system performance was simulated with as-built cavity parameters and realistic tuning. Together, these results show promise that this process can be used to cheaply and quickly manufacture a new generation of highly integrated high power vacuum devices.
有源射频器件（如 klystrons）的制造以昂贵而耗时的机械加工和钎焊周期为主。在这篇文章中，我们描述了采用新型增材制造工艺制造的 X 波段速调管腔体和集成电路的射频特性。零件采用直接金属激光烧结技术用 316 L 不锈钢三维打印，电镀铜，并在一个简单的钎焊周期内完成钎焊。在整个制造过程中，对独立测试腔和集成电路腔进行了测量。未经调谐的腔体频率变化不到预定频率的 5%，Q 值达到 1200 以上。进行了调谐研究，未优化的调谐引脚在不影响 Q 值的情况下实现了 138 MHz 的调谐范围。这些结果表明，这种工艺有望用于廉价、快速地制造新一代高度集成的高功率真空器件。
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Pub Date : 2024-02-07DOI: 10.3390/instruments8010010
M. Kreller, S. Brühlmann, Torsten Knieß, K. Kopka, Martin Walther
A new Center for Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research was established at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf in 2017 to centralize radionuclide and radiopharmaceutical production, as well as enable chemical and biochemical research. Routine production of several radionuclides was put into operation in recent years. We report on the production methods of radiopharmaceutical radionuclides, in particular 11C, 18F, and radio metals like 61Cu, 64Cu, 67Cu, 67Ga, 131Ba, and 133La that are used regularly. In the discussion, we report typical irradiation parameters and achieved saturation yields.
{"title":"Production of Medical Radionuclides in the Center for Radiopharmaceutical Tumor Research—A Status Report","authors":"M. Kreller, S. Brühlmann, Torsten Knieß, K. Kopka, Martin Walther","doi":"10.3390/instruments8010010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8010010","url":null,"abstract":"A new Center for Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research was established at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf in 2017 to centralize radionuclide and radiopharmaceutical production, as well as enable chemical and biochemical research. Routine production of several radionuclides was put into operation in recent years. We report on the production methods of radiopharmaceutical radionuclides, in particular 11C, 18F, and radio metals like 61Cu, 64Cu, 67Cu, 67Ga, 131Ba, and 133La that are used regularly. In the discussion, we report typical irradiation parameters and achieved saturation yields.","PeriodicalId":507788,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":"10 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139795040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-07DOI: 10.3390/instruments8010009
Charlotte Wehner, Brad Shirley, Garrett Mathesen, Julian Merrick, Brandon Weatherford, E. Nanni
The manufacturing of active RF devices like klystrons is dominated by expensive and time-consuming cycles of machining and brazing. In this article, we characterize the RF properties of X-band klystron cavities and an integrated circuit manufactured with a novel additive manufacturing process. Parts are 3D printed in 316 L stainless steel with direct metal laser sintering, electroplated in copper, and brazed in one simple braze cycle. Stand-alone test cavities and integrated circuit cavities were measured throughout the manufacturing process. The un-tuned cavity frequency varies by less than 5% of the intended frequency, and Q factors reach above 1200. A tuning study was performed, and unoptimized tuning pins achieved a tuning range of 138 MHz without compromising Q. Klystron system performance was simulated with as-built cavity parameters and realistic tuning. Together, these results show promise that this process can be used to cheaply and quickly manufacture a new generation of highly integrated high power vacuum devices.
有源射频器件（如 klystrons）的制造以昂贵而耗时的机械加工和钎焊周期为主。在这篇文章中，我们描述了采用新型增材制造工艺制造的 X 波段速调管腔体和集成电路的射频特性。零件采用直接金属激光烧结技术用 316 L 不锈钢三维打印，电镀铜，并在一个简单的钎焊周期内完成钎焊。在整个制造过程中，对独立测试腔和集成电路腔进行了测量。未经调谐的腔体频率变化不到预定频率的 5%，Q 值达到 1200 以上。进行了调谐研究，未优化的调谐引脚在不影响 Q 值的情况下实现了 138 MHz 的调谐范围。这些结果表明，这种工艺有望用于廉价、快速地制造新一代高度集成的高功率真空器件。
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Pub Date : 2024-02-03DOI: 10.3390/instruments8010008
Emilie Pietersoone, JM Létang, S. Rit, Emmanuel Brun, Max Langer
X-ray phase-contrast imaging (XPCI) is a family of imaging techniques that makes contrast visible due to phase shifts in the sample. Phase-sensitive techniques can potentially be several orders of magnitude more sensitive than attenuation-based techniques, finding applications in a wide range of fields, from biomedicine to materials science. The accurate simulation of XPCI allows for the planning of imaging experiments, potentially reducing the need for costly synchrotron beam access to find suitable imaging parameters. It can also provide training data for recently proposed machine learning-based phase retrieval algorithms. The simulation of XPCI has classically been carried out using wave optics or ray optics approaches. However, these approaches have not been capable of simulating all the artifacts present in experimental images. The increased interest in dark-field imaging has also prompted the inclusion of scattering in XPCI simulation codes. Scattering is classically simulated using Monte Carlo particle transport codes. The combination of the two perspectives has proven not to be straightforward, and several methods have been proposed. We review the available literature on the simulation of XPCI with attention given to particular methods, including the scattering component, and discuss the possible future directions for the simulation of both wave and particle effects in XPCI.
{"title":"Combining Wave and Particle Effects in the Simulation of X-ray Phase Contrast—A Review","authors":"Emilie Pietersoone, JM Létang, S. Rit, Emmanuel Brun, Max Langer","doi":"10.3390/instruments8010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8010008","url":null,"abstract":"X-ray phase-contrast imaging (XPCI) is a family of imaging techniques that makes contrast visible due to phase shifts in the sample. Phase-sensitive techniques can potentially be several orders of magnitude more sensitive than attenuation-based techniques, finding applications in a wide range of fields, from biomedicine to materials science. The accurate simulation of XPCI allows for the planning of imaging experiments, potentially reducing the need for costly synchrotron beam access to find suitable imaging parameters. It can also provide training data for recently proposed machine learning-based phase retrieval algorithms. The simulation of XPCI has classically been carried out using wave optics or ray optics approaches. However, these approaches have not been capable of simulating all the artifacts present in experimental images. The increased interest in dark-field imaging has also prompted the inclusion of scattering in XPCI simulation codes. Scattering is classically simulated using Monte Carlo particle transport codes. The combination of the two perspectives has proven not to be straightforward, and several methods have been proposed. We review the available literature on the simulation of XPCI with attention given to particular methods, including the scattering component, and discuss the possible future directions for the simulation of both wave and particle effects in XPCI.","PeriodicalId":507788,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":"39 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139808658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-03DOI: 10.3390/instruments8010008
Emilie Pietersoone, JM Létang, S. Rit, Emmanuel Brun, Max Langer
X-ray phase-contrast imaging (XPCI) is a family of imaging techniques that makes contrast visible due to phase shifts in the sample. Phase-sensitive techniques can potentially be several orders of magnitude more sensitive than attenuation-based techniques, finding applications in a wide range of fields, from biomedicine to materials science. The accurate simulation of XPCI allows for the planning of imaging experiments, potentially reducing the need for costly synchrotron beam access to find suitable imaging parameters. It can also provide training data for recently proposed machine learning-based phase retrieval algorithms. The simulation of XPCI has classically been carried out using wave optics or ray optics approaches. However, these approaches have not been capable of simulating all the artifacts present in experimental images. The increased interest in dark-field imaging has also prompted the inclusion of scattering in XPCI simulation codes. Scattering is classically simulated using Monte Carlo particle transport codes. The combination of the two perspectives has proven not to be straightforward, and several methods have been proposed. We review the available literature on the simulation of XPCI with attention given to particular methods, including the scattering component, and discuss the possible future directions for the simulation of both wave and particle effects in XPCI.
{"title":"Combining Wave and Particle Effects in the Simulation of X-ray Phase Contrast—A Review","authors":"Emilie Pietersoone, JM Létang, S. Rit, Emmanuel Brun, Max Langer","doi":"10.3390/instruments8010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8010008","url":null,"abstract":"X-ray phase-contrast imaging (XPCI) is a family of imaging techniques that makes contrast visible due to phase shifts in the sample. Phase-sensitive techniques can potentially be several orders of magnitude more sensitive than attenuation-based techniques, finding applications in a wide range of fields, from biomedicine to materials science. The accurate simulation of XPCI allows for the planning of imaging experiments, potentially reducing the need for costly synchrotron beam access to find suitable imaging parameters. It can also provide training data for recently proposed machine learning-based phase retrieval algorithms. The simulation of XPCI has classically been carried out using wave optics or ray optics approaches. However, these approaches have not been capable of simulating all the artifacts present in experimental images. The increased interest in dark-field imaging has also prompted the inclusion of scattering in XPCI simulation codes. Scattering is classically simulated using Monte Carlo particle transport codes. The combination of the two perspectives has proven not to be straightforward, and several methods have been proposed. We review the available literature on the simulation of XPCI with attention given to particular methods, including the scattering component, and discuss the possible future directions for the simulation of both wave and particle effects in XPCI.","PeriodicalId":507788,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":"57 11-12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139868545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-27DOI: 10.3390/instruments8010007
A. Oliva
Calorimetric experiments in space of the current and of the next generation measure cosmic rays directly above TeV on satellites in low Earth orbit. A common issue of these detectors is the determination of the absolute energy scale for hadronic showers above TeV. In this work, we propose the use of the Moon–Earth spectrometer technique for the calibration of calorimeters in space. In brief, the presence of the Moon creates a detectable lack of particles in the detected cosmic ray arrival directions. The position of this depletion has an offset with respect to the Moon center due to the deflection effect of the geomagnetic field on the cosmic rays that depends on the energy and the charge of the particle. The developed simulation will explore if, with enough statistics, angular, and energy resolutions, this effect can be exploited for the energy scale calibration of calorimeters on satellites in orbit in Earth’s proximity.
目前和下一代的空间量热实验在低地球轨道卫星上直接测量 TeV 以上的宇宙射线。这些探测器的一个共同问题是确定 TeV 以上强子阵列的绝对能量尺度。在这项工作中，我们建议使用月地光谱仪技术来校准空间热量计。简而言之，月球的存在会在探测到的宇宙射线到达方向上造成可探测到的粒子缺失。由于地磁场对宇宙射线的偏转效应取决于粒子的能量和电荷，这种损耗的位置相对于月球中心有一个偏移。所开发的模拟将探索在有足够的统计、角度和能量分辨率的情况下，是否可以利用这种效应来校准地球附近轨道卫星上的热量计的能量标度。
{"title":"Hadronic Energy Scale Calibration of Calorimeters in Space Using the Moon’s Shadow","authors":"A. Oliva","doi":"10.3390/instruments8010007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8010007","url":null,"abstract":"Calorimetric experiments in space of the current and of the next generation measure cosmic rays directly above TeV on satellites in low Earth orbit. A common issue of these detectors is the determination of the absolute energy scale for hadronic showers above TeV. In this work, we propose the use of the Moon–Earth spectrometer technique for the calibration of calorimeters in space. In brief, the presence of the Moon creates a detectable lack of particles in the detected cosmic ray arrival directions. The position of this depletion has an offset with respect to the Moon center due to the deflection effect of the geomagnetic field on the cosmic rays that depends on the energy and the charge of the particle. The developed simulation will explore if, with enough statistics, angular, and energy resolutions, this effect can be exploited for the energy scale calibration of calorimeters on satellites in orbit in Earth’s proximity.","PeriodicalId":507788,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":"42 9-10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140492027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-11DOI: 10.3390/instruments8010004
B. Rauch, W. Zober, Q. Abarr, Y. Akaike, W. Binns, R. Borda, R. G. Bose, T. Brandt, D. L. Braun, J. H. Buckley, N. Cannady, S. Coutu, R. M. Crabill, P. Dowkontt, M. H. Israel, M. Kandula, J. Krizmanic, A. Labrador, W. Labrador, L. Lisalda, J. V. Martins, M. P. McPherson, R. A. Mewaldt, J. G. Mitchell, J. W. Mitchell, S. Mognet, R. P. Murphy, G. D. de Nolfo, S. Nutter, M. Olevitch, N. E. Osborn, I. Pastrana, K. Sakai, M. Sasaki, S. Smith, H. A. Tolentino, N. Walsh, J. E. Ward, D. Washington, A. West, L. Williams
The Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder (TIGER) family of instruments is optimized to measure the relative abundances of the rare, ultra-heavy galactic cosmic rays (UHGCRs) with atomic number (Z) Z ≥ 30. Observing the UHGCRs places a premium on exposure that the balloon-borne SuperTIGER achieved with a large area detector (5.6 m2) and two Antarctic flights totaling 87 days, while the smaller (∼1 m2) TIGER for the International Space Station (TIGERISS) aims to achieve this with a longer observation time from one to several years. SuperTIGER uses a combination of scintillator and Cherenkov detectors to determine charge and energy. TIGERISS will use silicon strip detectors (SSDs) instead of scintillators, with improved charge resolution, signal linearity, and dynamic range. Extended single-element resolution UHGCR measurements through 82Pb will cover elements produced in s-process and r-process neutron capture nucleosynthesis, adding to the multi-messenger effort to determine the relative contributions of supernovae (SNe) and Neutron Star Merger (NSM) events to the r-process nucleosynthesis product content of the galaxy.
跨铁银河系元素记录仪（TIGER）系列仪器经过优化，可以测量原子序数（Z）Z ≥ 30 的稀有超重银河宇宙射线（UHGCRs）的相对丰度。对超重星系宇宙射线的观测需要大量的曝光时间，气球上的超级天文台利用大面积探测器（5.6 平方米）和两次共计 87 天的南极飞行实现了这一目标，而较小（∼1 平方米）的国际空间站天文台望远镜（TIGERISS）的目标是利用一至数年的较长观测时间实现这一目标。超级 TIGER 使用闪烁体和切伦科夫探测器的组合来确定电荷和能量。TIGERISS 将使用硅带探测器（SSD）代替闪烁体，从而提高电荷分辨率、信号线性度和动态范围。通过 82Pb 扩展的单元素分辨率 UHGCR 测量将涵盖在 s 过程和 r 过程中子俘获核合成中产生的元素，为确定超新星（SNe）和中子星合并（NSM）事件对星系 r 过程核合成产物含量的相对贡献的多信使努力提供补充。
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