Pub Date : 2024-06-11DOI: 10.1177/17479541241259842
Sebastian Dreier, Jonas Maier, Markus Brunnschneider, Michael Keiner
This study was designed to analyze goal-scoring in elite soccer, drawing on an extensive dataset encompassing 892 goals and 3496 perturbations recorded in the German 2nd Bundesliga. A qualitative approach was used to analyze perturbations, which are technical–tactical situations that disrupt opponent stability and facilitate goal success. The research differentiated between offensive and defensive perturbations, characteristics of initiating disruptive perturbations, their zones of occurrence, directions of play, significant playing positions, and their contributions toward goals, as well as perturbation chains leading to goal success. The analysis determined that an average of 3.9 perturbations is typically required to forge a goal-scoring opportunity against the opposition. It was revealed that 39% of initiating perturbations were defensive, predominantly characterized by misplaced passes. In contrast, 43% were attributed to offensive group tactical perturbations, such as low passes, long-distance kicks, and crosses. Only 18% stemmed from individual perturbations, with runs without the ball and dribbling to bypass the opponent being the primary occurrences. An analysis focusing solely on the immediate actions can lead to misinterpretations regarding the genesis of goals. While only 79 goals resulted from a single perturbation, most commonly a shot on goal, 813 goals emerged from scenarios involving two or more perturbations.
{"title":"Soccer—The disrupted game: Perturbations as a cause for scoring success","authors":"Sebastian Dreier, Jonas Maier, Markus Brunnschneider, Michael Keiner","doi":"10.1177/17479541241259842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541241259842","url":null,"abstract":"This study was designed to analyze goal-scoring in elite soccer, drawing on an extensive dataset encompassing 892 goals and 3496 perturbations recorded in the German 2nd Bundesliga. A qualitative approach was used to analyze perturbations, which are technical–tactical situations that disrupt opponent stability and facilitate goal success. The research differentiated between offensive and defensive perturbations, characteristics of initiating disruptive perturbations, their zones of occurrence, directions of play, significant playing positions, and their contributions toward goals, as well as perturbation chains leading to goal success. The analysis determined that an average of 3.9 perturbations is typically required to forge a goal-scoring opportunity against the opposition. It was revealed that 39% of initiating perturbations were defensive, predominantly characterized by misplaced passes. In contrast, 43% were attributed to offensive group tactical perturbations, such as low passes, long-distance kicks, and crosses. Only 18% stemmed from individual perturbations, with runs without the ball and dribbling to bypass the opponent being the primary occurrences. An analysis focusing solely on the immediate actions can lead to misinterpretations regarding the genesis of goals. While only 79 goals resulted from a single perturbation, most commonly a shot on goal, 813 goals emerged from scenarios involving two or more perturbations.","PeriodicalId":507869,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching","volume":"9 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141356650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-11DOI: 10.1177/17479541241256223
Onur Tütüncü, Saumya Mehta, Daniel Memmert
This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of corner kicks, analyze the goal patterns resulting from corner kicks, and develop a model for the implementation of optimal corner kick strategies. The study used a descriptive retrospective design, and the data consisted of 455.898 corner kicks from matches played by 768 teams in 33 different leagues and an international tournament (UEFA). Six different models based on logistic regression were developed and analyzed. The results showed that more goals were scored from certain zones (1c, 2b, and 2c) inside the penalty area than from others ( p < 0.001). According to logistic regression, zones 1c and 2c increased the probability of scoring a goal by 1.12 and 1.08 times, respectively, compared to other regions. In addition, it is noticeable that the probability of scoring from the zones varies considerably depending on the type of kick. Further results showed that there were no statistically significant differences between goals scored from in-swing and out-swing corners, but significant differences were found for the other types of corners. Finally, 3.1% of all corners resulted in goals, and 69% of those goals resulted in a draw or the team taking the lead in the match. For these reasons, it is important to develop new corner-kick strategies in order to score goals and win matches.
{"title":"Zones where corner kicks are most effective in the penalty box: Is there a sweet spot?","authors":"Onur Tütüncü, Saumya Mehta, Daniel Memmert","doi":"10.1177/17479541241256223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541241256223","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of corner kicks, analyze the goal patterns resulting from corner kicks, and develop a model for the implementation of optimal corner kick strategies. The study used a descriptive retrospective design, and the data consisted of 455.898 corner kicks from matches played by 768 teams in 33 different leagues and an international tournament (UEFA). Six different models based on logistic regression were developed and analyzed. The results showed that more goals were scored from certain zones (1c, 2b, and 2c) inside the penalty area than from others ( p < 0.001). According to logistic regression, zones 1c and 2c increased the probability of scoring a goal by 1.12 and 1.08 times, respectively, compared to other regions. In addition, it is noticeable that the probability of scoring from the zones varies considerably depending on the type of kick. Further results showed that there were no statistically significant differences between goals scored from in-swing and out-swing corners, but significant differences were found for the other types of corners. Finally, 3.1% of all corners resulted in goals, and 69% of those goals resulted in a draw or the team taking the lead in the match. For these reasons, it is important to develop new corner-kick strategies in order to score goals and win matches.","PeriodicalId":507869,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching","volume":"54 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141360237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-11DOI: 10.1177/17479541241258702
Kevin Smith, Con Burns, Cian O’Neill, Noreen Quinn, Nick Winkelman, Matthew Wilkie, Edward K. Coughlan
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the implementation of the novel Irish Rugby Football Union Coach Education Framework (CEF) on coach–athlete interactions and perceptions. Participants were coaches (n = 4) and athletes (n = 54) from two rugby union teams. Coaches were observed pre-intervention and post-intervention of an education workshop based on the CEF and had nine training sessions video-recorded and analysed using the Coach Analysis and Intervention System (CAIS). Their perceptions of their relationship with their athletes were measured using the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q). Athlete perceptions of their coaches’ behaviours were measured using the Coaching Behaviour Scale for Sport (CBS-S). CAIS results revealed coaches increased the use of ‘Management’ and ‘Feedback’ behaviours ( p < 0.05) post-CEF, without altering prominent high-volume behaviours (e.g. ‘Instruction’). Coaches utilised similar time proportions for CAIS ‘Practice’, ‘Playing’ and ‘Management’ states, respectively, with no significant change post-CEF. CART-Q and CBS-S results revealed predominantly positive perceptions between coaches and athletes for both pre-CEF and post-CEF. Coach education is a non-linear learning process requiring consistent application over long periods of time, however, the alteration in coach behaviours post-CEF, coupled with the largely positive perceptions of both agents of the coach–athlete dyad, is an encouraging step forward for the further implementation of the CEF.
{"title":"An evaluation of the impact of the Irish Rugby Football Union Coach Education Framework on the coach–athlete dyad across the age and stage spectrum in rugby union","authors":"Kevin Smith, Con Burns, Cian O’Neill, Noreen Quinn, Nick Winkelman, Matthew Wilkie, Edward K. Coughlan","doi":"10.1177/17479541241258702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541241258702","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research was to evaluate the implementation of the novel Irish Rugby Football Union Coach Education Framework (CEF) on coach–athlete interactions and perceptions. Participants were coaches (n = 4) and athletes (n = 54) from two rugby union teams. Coaches were observed pre-intervention and post-intervention of an education workshop based on the CEF and had nine training sessions video-recorded and analysed using the Coach Analysis and Intervention System (CAIS). Their perceptions of their relationship with their athletes were measured using the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q). Athlete perceptions of their coaches’ behaviours were measured using the Coaching Behaviour Scale for Sport (CBS-S). CAIS results revealed coaches increased the use of ‘Management’ and ‘Feedback’ behaviours ( p < 0.05) post-CEF, without altering prominent high-volume behaviours (e.g. ‘Instruction’). Coaches utilised similar time proportions for CAIS ‘Practice’, ‘Playing’ and ‘Management’ states, respectively, with no significant change post-CEF. CART-Q and CBS-S results revealed predominantly positive perceptions between coaches and athletes for both pre-CEF and post-CEF. Coach education is a non-linear learning process requiring consistent application over long periods of time, however, the alteration in coach behaviours post-CEF, coupled with the largely positive perceptions of both agents of the coach–athlete dyad, is an encouraging step forward for the further implementation of the CEF.","PeriodicalId":507869,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching","volume":"23 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141359172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-07DOI: 10.1177/17479541241254765
Shun Cao
While it is evident that disparities exist across various areas on a football pitch, and numerous studies have investigated spatio-temporal datasets in football for various analyses, there remains a lack of an effective method for quantitatively partitioning the pitch into specific areas with different properties. To address this gap, this article presents a novel approach to partitioning a football pitch into distinct areas based on successful passing paths that lead to goals. Utilizing hierarchical clustering and spatial/temporal features derived from successful passing paths, the study provides multi-level partitions of the football pitch, revealing detailed insights into the relationships between specific areas and scored shots in football games. Empirical analysis of over 4000 successful passing paths from various football leagues and international football events demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in identifying and understanding the diverse areas of football pitches. The findings suggest practical applications in football analysis, aiding coaches and specialists in tactics development and informing player positioning and movement strategies.
{"title":"Spatial partitioning of the football pitch based on successful passing paths","authors":"Shun Cao","doi":"10.1177/17479541241254765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541241254765","url":null,"abstract":"While it is evident that disparities exist across various areas on a football pitch, and numerous studies have investigated spatio-temporal datasets in football for various analyses, there remains a lack of an effective method for quantitatively partitioning the pitch into specific areas with different properties. To address this gap, this article presents a novel approach to partitioning a football pitch into distinct areas based on successful passing paths that lead to goals. Utilizing hierarchical clustering and spatial/temporal features derived from successful passing paths, the study provides multi-level partitions of the football pitch, revealing detailed insights into the relationships between specific areas and scored shots in football games. Empirical analysis of over 4000 successful passing paths from various football leagues and international football events demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in identifying and understanding the diverse areas of football pitches. The findings suggest practical applications in football analysis, aiding coaches and specialists in tactics development and informing player positioning and movement strategies.","PeriodicalId":507869,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching","volume":" 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141371958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1177/17479541241257593
D. Casamichana, Oier Agirrezabalaga, Gorka Agirre, F. Nakamura, Eider Barba, A. Martín-García, Julen Castellano
The aim of this study was to compare the weekly accumulative external load according to their participation in the previous match and the following match in three teams of different categories belonging to a football club. Sixty football players participated, belonging to the under-23 (U23, n: 20), U21 (n: 22) and U19 (n: 18) teams. Players were monitored by global positioning system devices during all training sessions and official matches. For the accumulative weekly load (from Monday to Sunday), the following external load variables were used: total distance covered (TD, m), distance covered at different speed thresholds (>14.0, >18.0, >21.0 and >24.0 km·h−1), the number of moderate-high intensity accelerations (ACC: >2 m·s−2, n) and decelerations (DEC: <−2 m·s−2, n), the player load (PL, arbitrary units, au) and the acceleration load (Aload, au). Players were grouped according to their participation in the previous and next matches: starter and starter (SS, when the player was a starter in both the previous and the following matches), starter and non-starter (SN), non-starter and starter (NS), and non-starter and non-starter (NN). This study revealed that NS and SS groups had a higher absolute and relative accumulative weekly load for the global indicators (Aload, PL and TD) in the three teams than NN and SN (range of ES: 0.1–3.4). This information would allow coaches to refine the required stimulation regarding players’ role in the team based on the player's participation in the previous and next match.
本研究的目的是比较一个足球俱乐部下属的三支不同类别球队的球员在参加上一场比赛和下一场比赛时每周累积的外部负荷。参与研究的 60 名足球运动员分别来自 23 岁以下（U23，人数：20）、21 岁以下（人数：22）和 19 岁以下（人数：18）的球队。在所有训练课和正式比赛期间，球员都受到全球定位系统设备的监控。对于每周（从周一到周日）的累积负荷，使用了以下外部负荷变量：总路程（TD，米）、不同速度阈值（>14.0、>18.0、>21.0 和>24.0 km-h-1）下的路程、中高强度加速次数（ACC：>2 m-s-2，n）和减速次数（DEC：<-2 m-s-2，n）、球员负荷（PL，任意单位，au）和加速负荷（Aload，au）。根据球员在上一场和下一场比赛中的参与情况进行分组：首发和首发（SS，当球员在上一场和下一场比赛中均为首发时）、首发和非首发（SN）、非首发和首发（NS）以及非首发和非首发（NN）。这项研究显示，在三支球队中，NS 组和 SS 组的总体指标（Aload、PL 和 TD）的绝对值和相对累积周负荷均高于 NN 组和 SN 组（ES 范围：0.1-3.4）。这些信息将有助于教练员根据球员在上一场和下一场比赛中的参与情况，对球员在球队中的角色进行所需的刺激。
{"title":"Weekly accumulative external load based on participation in football matches","authors":"D. Casamichana, Oier Agirrezabalaga, Gorka Agirre, F. Nakamura, Eider Barba, A. Martín-García, Julen Castellano","doi":"10.1177/17479541241257593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541241257593","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to compare the weekly accumulative external load according to their participation in the previous match and the following match in three teams of different categories belonging to a football club. Sixty football players participated, belonging to the under-23 (U23, n: 20), U21 (n: 22) and U19 (n: 18) teams. Players were monitored by global positioning system devices during all training sessions and official matches. For the accumulative weekly load (from Monday to Sunday), the following external load variables were used: total distance covered (TD, m), distance covered at different speed thresholds (>14.0, >18.0, >21.0 and >24.0 km·h−1), the number of moderate-high intensity accelerations (ACC: >2 m·s−2, n) and decelerations (DEC: <−2 m·s−2, n), the player load (PL, arbitrary units, au) and the acceleration load (Aload, au). Players were grouped according to their participation in the previous and next matches: starter and starter (SS, when the player was a starter in both the previous and the following matches), starter and non-starter (SN), non-starter and starter (NS), and non-starter and non-starter (NN). This study revealed that NS and SS groups had a higher absolute and relative accumulative weekly load for the global indicators (Aload, PL and TD) in the three teams than NN and SN (range of ES: 0.1–3.4). This information would allow coaches to refine the required stimulation regarding players’ role in the team based on the player's participation in the previous and next match.","PeriodicalId":507869,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching","volume":"107 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141377096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-05DOI: 10.1177/17479541241256851
Seungjoo Lee, Sungho Kwon, Kyoungjin Yang
The purpose of this study is to investigate how shared leadership, as perceived by players within a soccer team, influences teamwork execution and the state of flow. To achieve the objectives of this study, a purposive sampling method was employed, and soccer players registered with the Korea Football Association were selected as the research participants. Subsequently, data were collected using self-report surveys on shared leadership, teamwork execution, and flow state. Data from 415 participants were utilized for analysis, and data analysis was conducted using the SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 21.0 programs. Shared leadership was found to have a positive association with teamwork execution and the state of flow. Furthermore, the mediating effect of teamwork execution in the relationship between shared leadership and the state of flow was found to be significant. The results of this study emphasize the influence of leadership that is shared among team members rather than the effectiveness of individual leadership.
{"title":"The effects of shared leadership perceived by soccer players on teamwork execution and flow state: Applying the IMO framework","authors":"Seungjoo Lee, Sungho Kwon, Kyoungjin Yang","doi":"10.1177/17479541241256851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541241256851","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to investigate how shared leadership, as perceived by players within a soccer team, influences teamwork execution and the state of flow. To achieve the objectives of this study, a purposive sampling method was employed, and soccer players registered with the Korea Football Association were selected as the research participants. Subsequently, data were collected using self-report surveys on shared leadership, teamwork execution, and flow state. Data from 415 participants were utilized for analysis, and data analysis was conducted using the SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 21.0 programs. Shared leadership was found to have a positive association with teamwork execution and the state of flow. Furthermore, the mediating effect of teamwork execution in the relationship between shared leadership and the state of flow was found to be significant. The results of this study emphasize the influence of leadership that is shared among team members rather than the effectiveness of individual leadership.","PeriodicalId":507869,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching","volume":"322 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141386245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-05DOI: 10.1177/17479541241259253
Sander P M Ganzevles, P. J. Beek, H. Daanen, Martin Truijens
Swim coaches routinely monitor the performance and performance determining variables of their athletes to optimize training programs in an individual-specific manner with the ultimate aim to swim faster and win races. To interpret the collected data, they require a suitable, and practically useful, conceptual framework, which can be found in the power balance of swimming. For coaches a heuristic model for training and performance optimization based on the power balance has been proposed. We build on this model and illustrate how it can be employed in the training practice using data of an exemplary sub-elite swimmer (700 FINA points), which was collected continuously during two training sessions. Variables that are used in daily swim training practice, such as heart rate (HR), stroke count (SC), stroke rate (SR), and lap time (LT), were measured. By combining external load variables (e.g. LT) and internal load variables (e.g. HR) with technical variables (e.g. SR), the degree to which the swimmer complies with the training program can be determined. The measured values of these variables are presented using a traffic light feedback system indicating the degree of compliance. The traffic light system enables coaches to adjust the program if deemed necessary. It is thus shown how the model and commonly measured variables can assist swim coaches in the design and evaluation of training sessions in their pursuit of personal performance improvement leading to greater athletic success.
{"title":"Practical application of a heuristic model for swim coaches to optimize training","authors":"Sander P M Ganzevles, P. J. Beek, H. Daanen, Martin Truijens","doi":"10.1177/17479541241259253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541241259253","url":null,"abstract":"Swim coaches routinely monitor the performance and performance determining variables of their athletes to optimize training programs in an individual-specific manner with the ultimate aim to swim faster and win races. To interpret the collected data, they require a suitable, and practically useful, conceptual framework, which can be found in the power balance of swimming. For coaches a heuristic model for training and performance optimization based on the power balance has been proposed. We build on this model and illustrate how it can be employed in the training practice using data of an exemplary sub-elite swimmer (700 FINA points), which was collected continuously during two training sessions. Variables that are used in daily swim training practice, such as heart rate (HR), stroke count (SC), stroke rate (SR), and lap time (LT), were measured. By combining external load variables (e.g. LT) and internal load variables (e.g. HR) with technical variables (e.g. SR), the degree to which the swimmer complies with the training program can be determined. The measured values of these variables are presented using a traffic light feedback system indicating the degree of compliance. The traffic light system enables coaches to adjust the program if deemed necessary. It is thus shown how the model and commonly measured variables can assist swim coaches in the design and evaluation of training sessions in their pursuit of personal performance improvement leading to greater athletic success.","PeriodicalId":507869,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching","volume":"21 S6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141385171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-05DOI: 10.1177/17479541241251424
Adam Owen, Matthew Weston, Colin Clancy
Variation in training load is consistently demonstrated within weekly microcycles in soccer, yet less is known of load variations between the same weekday sessions across different microcycles. Our study aim was to examine between-microcycle variability in key measures of external training load. Thirty-seven professional soccer players participated in this observational study which took place across the clubs' initial 8-week in-season mesocycle of the 2022/23 season. During this mesocycle, each 1-week microcycle consisted of four distinct classifications of training session (Matchday (MD)-4, MD-3, MD-2, and MD-1, and one match (Saturday). External load data (total distance, high-intensity (>5.5 m.s) distance, high-intensity accelerations (>3 m/s2), and percentage (%) of maximal speed attained) were collected across 564 training sessions (MD-4 = 123, MD-3 = 148, MD-2 = 130, MD-1 = 163). Data were analysed with mixed linear modelling. When compared to the first microcycle, substantial week-to-week variation was evident for each of the four training session classifications, ranging from 1244 m to 2248 m for total distance, 80 m to 197 m for high-intensity distance, 11 to 25 for high-intensity accelerations, and 10.2 percentage points to 15.4 percentage points for % maximal speed. Our data show that despite training sessions having a consistency of planned training stimulus across an 8-week mesocycle, external load varied between microcycles. Nevertheless, within-player variability on the same day relative to matchday indicated a more consistent stimulus for key training variables relevant to specific training days.
{"title":"Between-microcycle variability of external soccer training loads through the evaluation of a contemporary periodisation training model ‘CUPs’","authors":"Adam Owen, Matthew Weston, Colin Clancy","doi":"10.1177/17479541241251424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541241251424","url":null,"abstract":"Variation in training load is consistently demonstrated within weekly microcycles in soccer, yet less is known of load variations between the same weekday sessions across different microcycles. Our study aim was to examine between-microcycle variability in key measures of external training load. Thirty-seven professional soccer players participated in this observational study which took place across the clubs' initial 8-week in-season mesocycle of the 2022/23 season. During this mesocycle, each 1-week microcycle consisted of four distinct classifications of training session (Matchday (MD)-4, MD-3, MD-2, and MD-1, and one match (Saturday). External load data (total distance, high-intensity (>5.5 m.s) distance, high-intensity accelerations (>3 m/s2), and percentage (%) of maximal speed attained) were collected across 564 training sessions (MD-4 = 123, MD-3 = 148, MD-2 = 130, MD-1 = 163). Data were analysed with mixed linear modelling. When compared to the first microcycle, substantial week-to-week variation was evident for each of the four training session classifications, ranging from 1244 m to 2248 m for total distance, 80 m to 197 m for high-intensity distance, 11 to 25 for high-intensity accelerations, and 10.2 percentage points to 15.4 percentage points for % maximal speed. Our data show that despite training sessions having a consistency of planned training stimulus across an 8-week mesocycle, external load varied between microcycles. Nevertheless, within-player variability on the same day relative to matchday indicated a more consistent stimulus for key training variables relevant to specific training days.","PeriodicalId":507869,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141385394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-05DOI: 10.1177/17479541241258708
Houssem Ben Chikha, Hajer Mguidich, Bachir Zoudji, Aïmen Khacharem
Improving the acquisition of complex tactical knowledge through video presentations has attracted considerable attention. Previous research has aimed to facilitate learning by structuring videos including pointing gestures and guided gaze. However, it is debatable whether these cues actually contribute to improved performance in the context of tactical learning for players with varying levels of expertise. The present study examined the moderating roles of content complexity and expertise level on recall scores, mental effort, and visual attention while watching videos involving coach's pointing gestures and guided gaze, as well as videos with no cues. One hundred sixty novice and expert basketball learners were randomly divided into four groups: (i) simple content + no-cues, (ii) simple content + gesture/gaze, (iii) more complex content + no-cues, and (iv) more complex content + gesture/cues. They were instructed to learn the evolution of a tactical scene described by the coach, rate their mental effort invested during the learning phase, and reproduce the learned tactical scene. The results showed that regardless of the complexity of the content, novices achieved better recall performance and higher visual attention in the gesture/gaze condition than in the no-cues condition. However, the results showed that experts benefited equally from both conditions when the content was simple, whereas they benefited more from the gesture/gaze condition when the content was more complex. The results showed that the effectiveness of videos involving pointing gestures and guided gaze depends on the content complexity and the expertise level.
{"title":"Uncovering the roles of complexity and expertise in memorizing tactical movements from videos with coach's pointing gestures and guided gaze","authors":"Houssem Ben Chikha, Hajer Mguidich, Bachir Zoudji, Aïmen Khacharem","doi":"10.1177/17479541241258708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541241258708","url":null,"abstract":"Improving the acquisition of complex tactical knowledge through video presentations has attracted considerable attention. Previous research has aimed to facilitate learning by structuring videos including pointing gestures and guided gaze. However, it is debatable whether these cues actually contribute to improved performance in the context of tactical learning for players with varying levels of expertise. The present study examined the moderating roles of content complexity and expertise level on recall scores, mental effort, and visual attention while watching videos involving coach's pointing gestures and guided gaze, as well as videos with no cues. One hundred sixty novice and expert basketball learners were randomly divided into four groups: (i) simple content + no-cues, (ii) simple content + gesture/gaze, (iii) more complex content + no-cues, and (iv) more complex content + gesture/cues. They were instructed to learn the evolution of a tactical scene described by the coach, rate their mental effort invested during the learning phase, and reproduce the learned tactical scene. The results showed that regardless of the complexity of the content, novices achieved better recall performance and higher visual attention in the gesture/gaze condition than in the no-cues condition. However, the results showed that experts benefited equally from both conditions when the content was simple, whereas they benefited more from the gesture/gaze condition when the content was more complex. The results showed that the effectiveness of videos involving pointing gestures and guided gaze depends on the content complexity and the expertise level.","PeriodicalId":507869,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching","volume":"25 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141384860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.1177/17479541231218518
D. Salmon, Simon Walters, James Brown, Z. Kerr, A. Clacy, Sierra Keung, S. J. Sullivan, J. Register-Mihalik, C. Whatman, Gisela Sole, M. Badenhorst
The potential adverse consequences associated with poor concussion management highlights the need to improve the translation of concussion guidelines into consistent use in real-world sport settings. To facilitate this process, New Zealand Rugby developed a community concussion management pathway to support concussion recognition, diagnosis, and management. This study adopted a pragmatic, descriptive qualitative approach to explore key stakeholders’ perceptions of the concussion management pathway, with the aim to inform policy and practice. Interviews were conducted with 123 participants, including players, parents, coaches, healthcare professionals, and school and provincial union representatives. The framework method was used to analyze data. Themes were organized according to the principles of realist process evaluation that considers contextual factors and mechanisms influencing a program's operation to produce specific outcomes. Contextual factors influencing the concussion management pathway's implementation included governing bodies’ support, existing local resources, general concussion attitudes, or concussion severity. The optimal functioning of the concussion management pathway ( mechanism) was influenced by (i) pathway resources, (ii) roles and relationships, (iii) buy-in and support towards the concussion management pathway, and (iv) diligence and communication. Outcomes identified included (i) hitting the target (optimally managed and enhanced awareness) or (ii) missing the mark (dissatisfaction or management gaps). Overall, participants found the concussion management pathway valuable. However, the acceptability of certain policy-related aspects and the underlying attitudes associated with these perceptions, are some areas requiring further investigation and support. Tailoring programs according to end-users’ perceptions is crucial in developing context-sensitive interventions appropriate for a specific setting. These findings may act as a foundation for investigations of concussion management in other settings.
与脑震荡管理不善相关的潜在不良后果凸显了将脑震荡指南转化为实际体育环境中一致使用的必要性。为推动这一进程，新西兰橄榄球队制定了社区脑震荡管理路径，以支持脑震荡的识别、诊断和管理。本研究采用务实、描述性的定性方法，探讨主要利益相关者对脑震荡管理途径的看法，旨在为政策和实践提供参考。研究人员对 123 名参与者进行了访谈，其中包括球员、家长、教练、医疗保健专业人员以及学校和省级工会代表。采用框架法对数据进行分析。根据现实主义过程评估的原则来组织主题，该原则考虑了影响计划运作以产生特定结果的背景因素和机制。影响脑震荡管理途径实施的背景因素包括管理机构的支持、当地现有资源、对脑震荡的普遍态度或脑震荡的严重程度。脑震荡管理途径（机制）的最佳运作受到以下因素的影响：(i) 途径资源；(ii) 角色和关系；(iii) 对脑震荡管理途径的认同和支持；(iv) 勤勉和沟通。确定的结果包括：(i) 达到目标（优化管理和提高意识）或 (ii) 未达到目标（不满意或管理漏洞）。总体而言，与会者认为脑震荡管理途径很有价值。然而，某些政策相关方面的可接受性以及与这些看法相关的基本态度，是需要进一步调查和支持的领域。根据最终用户的看法来调整项目，对于开发适合特定环境的情境敏感型干预措施至关重要。这些发现可作为在其他环境中调查脑震荡管理的基础。
{"title":"Managing concussion in the real world: Stakeholder perspectives of New Zealand Rugby's concussion management pathway","authors":"D. Salmon, Simon Walters, James Brown, Z. Kerr, A. Clacy, Sierra Keung, S. J. Sullivan, J. Register-Mihalik, C. Whatman, Gisela Sole, M. Badenhorst","doi":"10.1177/17479541231218518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541231218518","url":null,"abstract":"The potential adverse consequences associated with poor concussion management highlights the need to improve the translation of concussion guidelines into consistent use in real-world sport settings. To facilitate this process, New Zealand Rugby developed a community concussion management pathway to support concussion recognition, diagnosis, and management. This study adopted a pragmatic, descriptive qualitative approach to explore key stakeholders’ perceptions of the concussion management pathway, with the aim to inform policy and practice. Interviews were conducted with 123 participants, including players, parents, coaches, healthcare professionals, and school and provincial union representatives. The framework method was used to analyze data. Themes were organized according to the principles of realist process evaluation that considers contextual factors and mechanisms influencing a program's operation to produce specific outcomes. Contextual factors influencing the concussion management pathway's implementation included governing bodies’ support, existing local resources, general concussion attitudes, or concussion severity. The optimal functioning of the concussion management pathway ( mechanism) was influenced by (i) pathway resources, (ii) roles and relationships, (iii) buy-in and support towards the concussion management pathway, and (iv) diligence and communication. Outcomes identified included (i) hitting the target (optimally managed and enhanced awareness) or (ii) missing the mark (dissatisfaction or management gaps). Overall, participants found the concussion management pathway valuable. However, the acceptability of certain policy-related aspects and the underlying attitudes associated with these perceptions, are some areas requiring further investigation and support. Tailoring programs according to end-users’ perceptions is crucial in developing context-sensitive interventions appropriate for a specific setting. These findings may act as a foundation for investigations of concussion management in other settings.","PeriodicalId":507869,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching","volume":"251 1‐4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139152702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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