N. Fradgley, Keith A. Gardner, Matt Kerton, Stéphanie M. Swarbreck, Alison R. Bentley
Increasing crop productivity is often proposed as a key goal for meeting the food security demands of a growing global population. However, achieving high crop yields alone without meeting end‐use quality requirements is counter to this objective and can lead to negative environmental and sustainability issues. High yielding feed wheat crops in the United Kingdom are a typical example of this. The historical context of UK agricultural industrialisation, developments in plant breeding and wheat end‐use processing are examined. We then outline how employing innovations in plant breeding methods offer the potential to redress the balance between wheat quantity and quality.Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has historically been an important crop for many human civilisations. Today, variability in wheat supply and trade has a large influence on global economies and food security. The United Kingdom is an example of an industrialised country that achieves high wheat yields through intensive cropping systems and a favourable climate. However, only a minority of the wheat grain produced is of suitable end‐use quality for modern bread baking methods and most wheat produced is fed to livestock. A large agricultural land area and input use dedicated to producing grain for animal rather than human food has wide‐ranging negative impacts for environmental sustainability and domestic food production. Here we present an historical perspective of agricultural and economic changes that have resulted in UK production primarily focussing on wheat quantity over quality. Agricultural intensification, liberalisation of free trade in agricultural commodities, innovations in the milling and baking sector, developments in scientific understanding of genetics and plant breeding, and geopolitical changes have all played a role. We propose that wheat breeding plays a crucial role in influencing these issues and although wheat breeders in the United Kingdom have historically applied the most‐up‐to‐date scientific advances, recent advances in genomics tools and quantitative genetics present a unique opportunity for breeders to redress the balance between quantity and quality.
{"title":"Balancing quality with quantity: A case study of UK bread wheat","authors":"N. Fradgley, Keith A. Gardner, Matt Kerton, Stéphanie M. Swarbreck, Alison R. Bentley","doi":"10.1002/ppp3.10462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10462","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing crop productivity is often proposed as a key goal for meeting the food security demands of a growing global population. However, achieving high crop yields alone without meeting end‐use quality requirements is counter to this objective and can lead to negative environmental and sustainability issues. High yielding feed wheat crops in the United Kingdom are a typical example of this. The historical context of UK agricultural industrialisation, developments in plant breeding and wheat end‐use processing are examined. We then outline how employing innovations in plant breeding methods offer the potential to redress the balance between wheat quantity and quality.Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has historically been an important crop for many human civilisations. Today, variability in wheat supply and trade has a large influence on global economies and food security. The United Kingdom is an example of an industrialised country that achieves high wheat yields through intensive cropping systems and a favourable climate. However, only a minority of the wheat grain produced is of suitable end‐use quality for modern bread baking methods and most wheat produced is fed to livestock. A large agricultural land area and input use dedicated to producing grain for animal rather than human food has wide‐ranging negative impacts for environmental sustainability and domestic food production. Here we present an historical perspective of agricultural and economic changes that have resulted in UK production primarily focussing on wheat quantity over quality. Agricultural intensification, liberalisation of free trade in agricultural commodities, innovations in the milling and baking sector, developments in scientific understanding of genetics and plant breeding, and geopolitical changes have all played a role. We propose that wheat breeding plays a crucial role in influencing these issues and although wheat breeders in the United Kingdom have historically applied the most‐up‐to‐date scientific advances, recent advances in genomics tools and quantitative genetics present a unique opportunity for breeders to redress the balance between quantity and quality.","PeriodicalId":508327,"journal":{"name":"PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139175802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Johnson, J. Boatwright, William Bridges, P. Thavarajah, Shiv Kumar, D. Thavarajah
The world is increasingly looking to plant‐based sources to meet its protein needs. Multiple factors are driving this progression, ranging from nutritional and ethical considerations to climate change and population growth. As a pulse crop, lentil is ideal to help meet this change in demand. However, plant‐based proteins have limiting amino acids and lower protein digestibility compared to animal‐based proteins. This research identifies genetic markers that can be used to accelerate breeding of protein quality traits in lentil to ultimately help meet the rising demand in high‐quality plant‐based protein and bolster global food and nutritional security. Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) contains ~25% high‐quality protein in addition to high concentrations of prebiotic carbohydrates and micronutrients, such as folate, iron, zinc, and selenium. As animal‐based protein's economic and environmental costs rise, plant‐based protein sources, such as lentil, will become increasingly important to global food systems. Consequently, evaluating and targeting protein quality traits for genomic‐assisted breeding is a valuable objective for lentil breeding programs. A diversity panel of 183 breeding lines was analyzed for protein quality traits, including amino acids and protein digestibility. Genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) data were used to assess population structure and conduct genome‐wide association studies (GWAS). Genes in local linkage disequilibrium (LD) with significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were identified and categorized by homology. Protein quality traits showed a wide range of variation. Repeatability estimates were low to moderate across traits. Twelve traits were strongly correlated with each other (r > .7). Admixture analysis identified six ancestral subpopulations, which also demonstrated clustering in principal component analysis. Ten different traits had significant SNP associations; two loci were shared across multiple traits. Twenty‐seven candidate genes, including glutathione S‐transferase, protease family, and gibberellin 2‐beta‐dioxygenase genes, were identified. This paper identifies SNP markers associated with lentil protein quality traits. Once validated, these SNPs could accelerate lentil protein quality breeding efforts. By targeting lentil's limiting amino acids (methionine and cysteine) and protein digestibility through marker‐assisted selection, the nutritional value of lentil's protein content could be increased without the need to alter total protein content.
世界正越来越多地寻求植物性来源来满足蛋白质需求。从营养和道德方面的考虑，到气候变化和人口增长，多种因素都在推动这一进步。作为一种豆类作物，小扁豆是帮助满足这种需求变化的理想选择。然而，与动物性蛋白质相比，植物性蛋白质的氨基酸含量有限，蛋白质消化率较低。这项研究确定了可用于加速培育扁豆蛋白质质量性状的遗传标记，以最终帮助满足对高质量植物性蛋白质不断增长的需求，并加强全球粮食和营养安全。扁豆（Lens culinaris Medik.）含有约 25% 的优质蛋白质，此外还含有高浓度的益生碳水化合物和微量元素，如叶酸、铁、锌和硒。随着动物性蛋白质的经济和环境成本上升，扁豆等植物性蛋白质来源在全球粮食系统中将变得越来越重要。因此，评估蛋白质质量性状并将其作为基因组辅助育种的目标是扁豆育种计划的一个重要目标。对 183 个育种品系的多样性面板进行了蛋白质质量性状分析，包括氨基酸和蛋白质消化率。基因分型测序（GBS）数据用于评估种群结构和进行全基因组关联研究（GWAS）。确定了与重要的单核苷酸多态性（SNP）标记存在局部连锁不平衡（LD）的基因，并按同源性进行了分类。蛋白质质量性状的变异范围很广。各性状的重复性估计值从低到中等。有 12 个性状之间具有很强的相关性（r > .7）。混杂分析确定了六个祖先亚群，这些亚群在主成分分析中也显示出聚类。十个不同的性状与 SNP 有明显的关联；两个基因位点在多个性状中共享。确定了 27 个候选基因，包括谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶、蛋白酶家族和赤霉素 2-beta-二氧酶基因。本文确定了与扁豆蛋白质质量性状相关的 SNP 标记。一旦得到验证，这些SNP可加速小扁豆蛋白质品质育种工作。通过标记辅助选择来锁定扁豆的限制性氨基酸（蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸）和蛋白质消化率，可提高扁豆蛋白质含量的营养价值，而无需改变总蛋白质含量。
{"title":"Targeted improvement of plant‐based protein: Genome‐wide association mapping of a lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) diversity panel","authors":"N. Johnson, J. Boatwright, William Bridges, P. Thavarajah, Shiv Kumar, D. Thavarajah","doi":"10.1002/ppp3.10470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10470","url":null,"abstract":"The world is increasingly looking to plant‐based sources to meet its protein needs. Multiple factors are driving this progression, ranging from nutritional and ethical considerations to climate change and population growth. As a pulse crop, lentil is ideal to help meet this change in demand. However, plant‐based proteins have limiting amino acids and lower protein digestibility compared to animal‐based proteins. This research identifies genetic markers that can be used to accelerate breeding of protein quality traits in lentil to ultimately help meet the rising demand in high‐quality plant‐based protein and bolster global food and nutritional security. Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) contains ~25% high‐quality protein in addition to high concentrations of prebiotic carbohydrates and micronutrients, such as folate, iron, zinc, and selenium. As animal‐based protein's economic and environmental costs rise, plant‐based protein sources, such as lentil, will become increasingly important to global food systems. Consequently, evaluating and targeting protein quality traits for genomic‐assisted breeding is a valuable objective for lentil breeding programs. A diversity panel of 183 breeding lines was analyzed for protein quality traits, including amino acids and protein digestibility. Genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) data were used to assess population structure and conduct genome‐wide association studies (GWAS). Genes in local linkage disequilibrium (LD) with significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were identified and categorized by homology. Protein quality traits showed a wide range of variation. Repeatability estimates were low to moderate across traits. Twelve traits were strongly correlated with each other (r > .7). Admixture analysis identified six ancestral subpopulations, which also demonstrated clustering in principal component analysis. Ten different traits had significant SNP associations; two loci were shared across multiple traits. Twenty‐seven candidate genes, including glutathione S‐transferase, protease family, and gibberellin 2‐beta‐dioxygenase genes, were identified. This paper identifies SNP markers associated with lentil protein quality traits. Once validated, these SNPs could accelerate lentil protein quality breeding efforts. By targeting lentil's limiting amino acids (methionine and cysteine) and protein digestibility through marker‐assisted selection, the nutritional value of lentil's protein content could be increased without the need to alter total protein content.","PeriodicalId":508327,"journal":{"name":"PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET","volume":"605 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139179118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. W. C. Kusuma, A. Matsuo, Stefan Wanke, Y. Suyama, Yuji Isagi
Clarifying species status for closely related taxa with similar and overlapping morphology is important for planning conservation efforts. Conservation of Rafflesia goes beyond merely saving species from extinction. It has far‐reaching societal impacts that touch on scientific discovery, cultural heritage, economic development, education, and more. Rafflesia interests many nature lovers, and so protected areas that preserve Rafflesia can become tourism hotspots, contributing to local economies and livelihoods. By conserving biodiversity, we acknowledge and value the interdependence of all living organisms, promoting a holistic understanding of nature. Biodiversity conservation is an investment in the health and well‐being of both ecosystems and human societies. Species ambiguity could hinder conservation activities. Rafflesia is an endangered, holoparasitic, and endophytic plant genus that grows exclusively on Tetrastigma (Vitaceae) host plants. Overlapping morphological characters make their species delimitation difficult. Therefore, the number of Rafflesia species has been a major debate until now. On the island of Java, Indonesia, two or three species have been variously recognized. Here, we aim to illuminate the species status using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) marker obtained via a multiplexed ISSR genotyping by sequencing (MIG‐seq) approach. Clustering analysis with STRUCTURE indicates three different groups. Furthermore, the delimitation of the Javanese Rafflesia into three species is the favored model based on SNAPPER analysis. Phylogenetic analysis using Randomized Axelerated Maximum Likelihood (RAxML) also supports the distinction of the three groups. Although a SplitsTree4 analysis confirms the abovementioned results, it also highlights that Rafflesia patma shows broader gene flow compared to the other two species R. rochusenii and R. zollingeriana. We conclude that there are likely three species of Rafflesia on Java. Our study highlights the ability of using SNPs markers, in this case derived from a MIG‐seq approach, in approaching species uncertainty. The importance of clarifying the Rafflesia species status on Java Island for conservation planning is also discussed.
明确形态相似和重叠的近缘类群的物种地位对于规划保护工作非常重要。保护红花楹不仅仅是拯救物种免于灭绝。它具有深远的社会影响，涉及科学发现、文化遗产、经济发展、教育等等。许多自然爱好者都对红花感兴趣，因此保护红花的保护区可以成为旅游热点，为当地经济和生计做出贡献。通过保护生物多样性，我们承认并重视所有生物的相互依存性，促进对自然的全面了解。保护生物多样性是对生态系统和人类社会健康与福祉的投资。物种模糊可能会阻碍保护活动。莱佛士属是一种濒危、全寄生和内生的植物属，只生长在葡萄科（Tetrastigma）寄主植物上。形态特征的重叠使其物种划分十分困难。因此，到目前为止，莱佛士属的物种数量一直是一个主要争论点。在印度尼西亚的爪哇岛上，有两三个不同的物种。在此，我们旨在利用通过测序多重 ISSR 基因分型（MIG-seq）方法获得的单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）标记来阐明物种地位。利用 STRUCTURE 进行的聚类分析显示有三个不同的群体。此外，根据 SNAPPER 分析，爪哇来福士被划分为三个种。使用随机加速最大似然法（RAxML）进行的系统发生分析也支持将其分为三个组。尽管 SplitsTree4 分析证实了上述结果，但它也突出表明，与其他两个物种 R. rochusenii 和 R. zollingeriana 相比，拍婆婆纳表现出更广泛的基因流。我们的结论是，爪哇岛上可能有三个石莲花物种。我们的研究强调了使用 SNPs 标记（在本例中是通过 MIG-seq 方法获得的）来解决物种不确定性的能力。我们还讨论了明确爪哇岛上红花草物种地位对于保护规划的重要性。
{"title":"How many species of Rafflesia exist in Java, Indonesia and what are the implications for conservation?","authors":"Y. W. C. Kusuma, A. Matsuo, Stefan Wanke, Y. Suyama, Yuji Isagi","doi":"10.1002/ppp3.10447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10447","url":null,"abstract":"Clarifying species status for closely related taxa with similar and overlapping morphology is important for planning conservation efforts. Conservation of Rafflesia goes beyond merely saving species from extinction. It has far‐reaching societal impacts that touch on scientific discovery, cultural heritage, economic development, education, and more. Rafflesia interests many nature lovers, and so protected areas that preserve Rafflesia can become tourism hotspots, contributing to local economies and livelihoods. By conserving biodiversity, we acknowledge and value the interdependence of all living organisms, promoting a holistic understanding of nature. Biodiversity conservation is an investment in the health and well‐being of both ecosystems and human societies. Species ambiguity could hinder conservation activities. Rafflesia is an endangered, holoparasitic, and endophytic plant genus that grows exclusively on Tetrastigma (Vitaceae) host plants. Overlapping morphological characters make their species delimitation difficult. Therefore, the number of Rafflesia species has been a major debate until now. On the island of Java, Indonesia, two or three species have been variously recognized. Here, we aim to illuminate the species status using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) marker obtained via a multiplexed ISSR genotyping by sequencing (MIG‐seq) approach. Clustering analysis with STRUCTURE indicates three different groups. Furthermore, the delimitation of the Javanese Rafflesia into three species is the favored model based on SNAPPER analysis. Phylogenetic analysis using Randomized Axelerated Maximum Likelihood (RAxML) also supports the distinction of the three groups. Although a SplitsTree4 analysis confirms the abovementioned results, it also highlights that Rafflesia patma shows broader gene flow compared to the other two species R. rochusenii and R. zollingeriana. We conclude that there are likely three species of Rafflesia on Java. Our study highlights the ability of using SNPs markers, in this case derived from a MIG‐seq approach, in approaching species uncertainty. The importance of clarifying the Rafflesia species status on Java Island for conservation planning is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":508327,"journal":{"name":"PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139215446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Kouakou, H. Chair, K. Dibi, K. Dossa, Gemma Arnau, A. E. Ehounou, Denis Cornet
Yam plays an important role in ensuring food security in Côte d'Ivoire, serving as a staple crop for 60% of the population and a significant source of income. It holds deep cultural significance for the Akan and Gour ethnic groups. Preserving yam production is essential for both food security and the preservation of cultural heritage. However, productivity is decreasing while demand is expected to double in the next 30 years. Soil degradation and climate change are major threats to yam production. This article contextualizes the main factors threatening yam production (i.e., soil degradation and climate change) and discusses the consequences and ways to mitigate them.The anticipated twofold increase in Côte d'Ivoire's population within the next three decades poses a significant challenge for agricultural research to sustain food security. Despite being an under‐researched and often neglected crop, yam remains the primary staple food and a crucial source of income in the country. With an annual estimated market value of over 2000 billion CFA francs, yam ranks among the top five most economically valuable crops in Côte d'Ivoire. For the past 15 years, yam production has experienced a decline in productivity, which has been compensated for by expanding the cropped area. Unfortunately, this approach exacerbates the risk of deforestation and soil degradation. Additionally, the impact of climate change on yam production, coupled with a lack of financial resources to address it, has rendered this unsustainable mode of production even more precarious. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the effects of climate change on yam production in Côte d'Ivoire. We investigated the reasons for the productivity decline and described the risks on food security. Furthermore, we explained how varietal innovation of Dioscorea alata could play a critical role in mitigating these effects and outlined related research avenues that need to be explored. To help policymakers and research programme directors justify the importance of this agenda, this article presents the main arguments in favour of a substantial investment in adapting yam production to the global changes affecting Côte d'Ivoire.
{"title":"Advancing breeding for climate‐resilient yam production in Côte d'Ivoire","authors":"A. Kouakou, H. Chair, K. Dibi, K. Dossa, Gemma Arnau, A. E. Ehounou, Denis Cornet","doi":"10.1002/ppp3.10459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10459","url":null,"abstract":"Yam plays an important role in ensuring food security in Côte d'Ivoire, serving as a staple crop for 60% of the population and a significant source of income. It holds deep cultural significance for the Akan and Gour ethnic groups. Preserving yam production is essential for both food security and the preservation of cultural heritage. However, productivity is decreasing while demand is expected to double in the next 30 years. Soil degradation and climate change are major threats to yam production. This article contextualizes the main factors threatening yam production (i.e., soil degradation and climate change) and discusses the consequences and ways to mitigate them.The anticipated twofold increase in Côte d'Ivoire's population within the next three decades poses a significant challenge for agricultural research to sustain food security. Despite being an under‐researched and often neglected crop, yam remains the primary staple food and a crucial source of income in the country. With an annual estimated market value of over 2000 billion CFA francs, yam ranks among the top five most economically valuable crops in Côte d'Ivoire. For the past 15 years, yam production has experienced a decline in productivity, which has been compensated for by expanding the cropped area. Unfortunately, this approach exacerbates the risk of deforestation and soil degradation. Additionally, the impact of climate change on yam production, coupled with a lack of financial resources to address it, has rendered this unsustainable mode of production even more precarious. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the effects of climate change on yam production in Côte d'Ivoire. We investigated the reasons for the productivity decline and described the risks on food security. Furthermore, we explained how varietal innovation of Dioscorea alata could play a critical role in mitigating these effects and outlined related research avenues that need to be explored. To help policymakers and research programme directors justify the importance of this agenda, this article presents the main arguments in favour of a substantial investment in adapting yam production to the global changes affecting Côte d'Ivoire.","PeriodicalId":508327,"journal":{"name":"PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139225104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabriella Antal, Szilárd Szabó, Péter Szarvas, Imre J. Holb
Reduced fungicide use lowers environmental pollution and enables safer food production. The usage of fungicides in apple orchards can be reduced through the application of sanitation practices which decrease the inoculum sources of apple scab disease on fallen leaves. This study found two non‐chemical sanitation practices, namely the collection of fallen leaves (CFL) and CFL combined with straw mulch in tree rows, were beneficial. These two practices are not only biologically and environmentally valuable, as they reduce disease levels and can replace chemical fungicides, but they are also economically efficient options for integrated and organic orchards compared to non‐sanitized ones. Severe fungicide use can be reduced by applications of sanitation practices in order to reduce scab incidence, yield and fruit quality losses in apple orchards. In a 5‐year study, we aimed to investigate the effect of sanitation practices on biological and cost–benefit parameters in two sustainable apple management systems, and to find significant correlations among the parameters. We investigated the effect of five sanitation treatments (lime sulphur, leaf collection, mulching, lime sulphur + leaf collection, leaf collection + mulching) on four biological (scab incidence, fruit parameters: total yield, yield class I and II) and seven cost–benefit (three cost types, three annual revenue types, income surplus/deficit) parameters in integrated and organic apple orchards. Correlation, linear regression and principal component analyses (PCA) were performed to find correlations among biological and cost–benefit parameters. Results showed that fruit scab incidence was 3.4–8.1 times higher, while total yield was 1.4–1.8 times lower in the organic management system than in the integrated one. The treatment of leaf collection and/or leaf collection + mulching showed higher total cost (180.3 and 675.2 EUR ha−1) but lower scab incidence (5.3 and 27.3%; 4.8 and 26.7%, integrated and organic, respectively) and higher yield with greater total revenues (10,235 and 10,329 EUR ha−1; 8,136 and 8,230 EUR ha−1, integrated and organic, respectively) and income surpluses (851 and 451 EUR ha−1; 897 and 496 EUR ha−1, integrated and organic, respectively) compared to non‐sanitized control treatments in most cases. Other sanitation treatments provided fewer biological and/or no financial benefits. Results from correlation and linear regression analyses indicated strong relationships among the factors of total yield vs surplus, class I vs surplus, and fruit scab vs class II) in both management systems. Further relationships were detected among almost all parameters in the PCA. Overall, our study demonstrated that two non‐chemical sanitation treatments could not only reduce scab incidence and increase fruit yield, but could show positive cost–benefit outcomes in both management systems.
{"title":"Yield and cost–benefit analyses for apple scab sanitation practices in integrated and organic apple management systems","authors":"Gabriella Antal, Szilárd Szabó, Péter Szarvas, Imre J. Holb","doi":"10.1002/ppp3.10460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10460","url":null,"abstract":"Reduced fungicide use lowers environmental pollution and enables safer food production. The usage of fungicides in apple orchards can be reduced through the application of sanitation practices which decrease the inoculum sources of apple scab disease on fallen leaves. This study found two non‐chemical sanitation practices, namely the collection of fallen leaves (CFL) and CFL combined with straw mulch in tree rows, were beneficial. These two practices are not only biologically and environmentally valuable, as they reduce disease levels and can replace chemical fungicides, but they are also economically efficient options for integrated and organic orchards compared to non‐sanitized ones. Severe fungicide use can be reduced by applications of sanitation practices in order to reduce scab incidence, yield and fruit quality losses in apple orchards. In a 5‐year study, we aimed to investigate the effect of sanitation practices on biological and cost–benefit parameters in two sustainable apple management systems, and to find significant correlations among the parameters. We investigated the effect of five sanitation treatments (lime sulphur, leaf collection, mulching, lime sulphur + leaf collection, leaf collection + mulching) on four biological (scab incidence, fruit parameters: total yield, yield class I and II) and seven cost–benefit (three cost types, three annual revenue types, income surplus/deficit) parameters in integrated and organic apple orchards. Correlation, linear regression and principal component analyses (PCA) were performed to find correlations among biological and cost–benefit parameters. Results showed that fruit scab incidence was 3.4–8.1 times higher, while total yield was 1.4–1.8 times lower in the organic management system than in the integrated one. The treatment of leaf collection and/or leaf collection + mulching showed higher total cost (180.3 and 675.2 EUR ha−1) but lower scab incidence (5.3 and 27.3%; 4.8 and 26.7%, integrated and organic, respectively) and higher yield with greater total revenues (10,235 and 10,329 EUR ha−1; 8,136 and 8,230 EUR ha−1, integrated and organic, respectively) and income surpluses (851 and 451 EUR ha−1; 897 and 496 EUR ha−1, integrated and organic, respectively) compared to non‐sanitized control treatments in most cases. Other sanitation treatments provided fewer biological and/or no financial benefits. Results from correlation and linear regression analyses indicated strong relationships among the factors of total yield vs surplus, class I vs surplus, and fruit scab vs class II) in both management systems. Further relationships were detected among almost all parameters in the PCA. Overall, our study demonstrated that two non‐chemical sanitation treatments could not only reduce scab incidence and increase fruit yield, but could show positive cost–benefit outcomes in both management systems.","PeriodicalId":508327,"journal":{"name":"PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139233180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Finger Aline, Macdonald Iain, Hollingsworth M. Peter
Many mountain plants persist in small, isolated patches on the verge of extinction. Observational methods of monitoring these populations, such as recording the number of flowering stems, do not indicate the number of genetically distinct individuals, which is crucial information for conserving small populations. Here, the rate of clonal reproduction and number of genetic individuals were measured in the threatened Saxifraga hirculus in Scotland. These methods showed that population size is a poor proxy for genotype diversity and identified highly diverse small populations that may otherwise have been overlooked. This highlights the necessity of using genetic data to ensure the successful conservation of threatened plants. Habitat fragmentation and loss increase the isolation of plant populations, increasing the occurrence of within population reproduction, and the potential for negative genetic effects, such as inbreeding depression and loss of genetic diversity. We use the European protected Marsh Saxifrage (Saxifraga hirculus) in Scotland as an example for declining perennial plants and the genetic resources they encapsulate. S. hirculus has declined due to agricultural intensification, drainage, industrial afforestation and grazing. The species can spread by seed or vegetatively through the production of rhizomes. Flowering is rare though due to grazing, which limits sexual reproduction and gene flow. An almost complete genetic inventory of Scottish populations was done using 11 microsatellite markers. Furthermore, archived DNA samples were used to document temporal genetic changes. We showed that clonal growth is predominant in some populations and genetic diversity (HS and allelic richness) is relatively high. However, the number of genetically distinct individuals (genets) per population is extremely low (3–34). Archived DNA samples showed that some populations consist of the same few genets with no evidence for turnover. Thus, while clonal growth may have helped the species to persist, there is limited creation of new gene combinations. Our findings highlight that reducing grazing pressure and increasing gene flow will be essential to rescue this species from its evolutionary dead end. We demonstrate the benefits of genetic monitoring for determining census population sizes and thus effective plant management and conservation. This work further sets out a strategy for moving this species towards demographic and genetic sustainability.
许多山区植物以孤立的小块形式存在，濒临灭绝。监测这些种群的观察方法，如记录花茎的数量，并不能显示基因上不同个体的数量，而这正是保护小种群的关键信息。在这里，我们测量了苏格兰濒危的虎耳草（Saxifraga hirculus）的克隆繁殖率和遗传个体数量。这些方法表明，种群数量不能很好地代表基因型多样性，而且还发现了高度多样化的小种群，否则这些种群可能会被忽视。这凸显了利用基因数据确保成功保护濒危植物的必要性。 栖息地的破碎化和丧失加剧了植物种群的隔离，增加了种群内繁殖的发生率，并有可能产生负面遗传效应，如近亲繁殖抑制和遗传多样性丧失。我们以苏格兰受欧洲保护的沼泽虎耳草（Saxifraga hirculus）为例，说明多年生植物及其所包含的遗传资源正在减少。由于农业集约化、排水、工业造林和放牧，沼泽虎耳草（S. hirculus）已经衰退。该物种可以通过种子或根茎进行无性繁殖。由于放牧限制了有性生殖和基因流动，这种植物很少开花。利用 11 个微卫星标记对苏格兰种群进行了几乎完整的基因清查。此外，我们还利用存档的 DNA 样本记录了不同时期的遗传变化。我们发现，在一些种群中，克隆生长占主导地位，遗传多样性（HS 和等位基因丰富度）相对较高。然而，每个种群中基因独特的个体（基因组）数量极少（3-34 个）。存档的 DNA 样本显示，一些种群由相同的几个基因组组成，没有更替的迹象。因此，虽然克隆增长可能有助于物种的持续存在，但新基因组合的产生却很有限。我们的研究结果突出表明，要将这一物种从进化的死胡同中拯救出来，减少放牧压力和增加基因流动至关重要。我们证明了基因监测对确定普查种群数量，从而有效管理和保护植物的益处。这项工作进一步提出了使该物种在人口和遗传方面实现可持续发展的战略。
{"title":"Genetic monitoring for effective plant conservation: An example using the threatened Saxifraga hirculus L. in Scotland","authors":"Finger Aline, Macdonald Iain, Hollingsworth M. Peter","doi":"10.1002/ppp3.10456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10456","url":null,"abstract":"Many mountain plants persist in small, isolated patches on the verge of extinction. Observational methods of monitoring these populations, such as recording the number of flowering stems, do not indicate the number of genetically distinct individuals, which is crucial information for conserving small populations. Here, the rate of clonal reproduction and number of genetic individuals were measured in the threatened Saxifraga hirculus in Scotland. These methods showed that population size is a poor proxy for genotype diversity and identified highly diverse small populations that may otherwise have been overlooked. This highlights the necessity of using genetic data to ensure the successful conservation of threatened plants. Habitat fragmentation and loss increase the isolation of plant populations, increasing the occurrence of within population reproduction, and the potential for negative genetic effects, such as inbreeding depression and loss of genetic diversity. We use the European protected Marsh Saxifrage (Saxifraga hirculus) in Scotland as an example for declining perennial plants and the genetic resources they encapsulate. S. hirculus has declined due to agricultural intensification, drainage, industrial afforestation and grazing. The species can spread by seed or vegetatively through the production of rhizomes. Flowering is rare though due to grazing, which limits sexual reproduction and gene flow. An almost complete genetic inventory of Scottish populations was done using 11 microsatellite markers. Furthermore, archived DNA samples were used to document temporal genetic changes. We showed that clonal growth is predominant in some populations and genetic diversity (HS and allelic richness) is relatively high. However, the number of genetically distinct individuals (genets) per population is extremely low (3–34). Archived DNA samples showed that some populations consist of the same few genets with no evidence for turnover. Thus, while clonal growth may have helped the species to persist, there is limited creation of new gene combinations. Our findings highlight that reducing grazing pressure and increasing gene flow will be essential to rescue this species from its evolutionary dead end. We demonstrate the benefits of genetic monitoring for determining census population sizes and thus effective plant management and conservation. This work further sets out a strategy for moving this species towards demographic and genetic sustainability.","PeriodicalId":508327,"journal":{"name":"PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139254119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Various techniques to modify genomes have been developed over the past decades, from molecular cloning to gene editing techniques. What are their applications? What are the key themes discussed by scientists? To answer these questions, we provide a qualitative and quantitative analysis of 14,739 scientific articles published between 1990 to 2022 showing that some themes are constant over time, such as the molecular aspects of genetics and discussions about data and software, while other themes emerged more recently. For example, CRISPR/Cas9 became prominent from 2012 onwards, and applications in agriculture and policy/regulatory implications from 2015 onwards. This mixed method opens up new spaces for dialogue between the natural and social sciences and captures the shifting boundaries of science. The article analyzes publications in the biological sciences concerned with genetic engineering, in particular gene editing, between 1990 and 2022 to examine key and emerging themes. It provides a lexicometric analysis of 14,739 articles, which were subdivided into four periods (1990–2011, 2012–2015, 2016–2018, and 2019–2022). We show that certain themes are constant over time, such as the molecular aspects of genetic engineering techniques and discussions about data and software. Other themes, however, have emerged at specific moments in time: CRISPR/Cas9 became prominent from 2012 onwards and applications in agriculture and policy and regulatory implications from 2015 onwards. We observe, in particular, a semantic shift from genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to crops. The article contributes to debates about the boundaries of science by shedding light on the temporal dynamics of boundary‐work and by showing how the frames of scientific debates can shift to account for the political aspects of science. We conclude that the dialogue between the natural and social sciences can be strengthened by showing that apart from scientometric approaches, there are other methods to analyze “what counts” in science.
{"title":"Key and emerging themes in gene editing: A lexicometric analysis of publications in the biological sciences (1990–2022)","authors":"Morgan Meyer, F. Vergnaud","doi":"10.1002/ppp3.10461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10461","url":null,"abstract":"Various techniques to modify genomes have been developed over the past decades, from molecular cloning to gene editing techniques. What are their applications? What are the key themes discussed by scientists? To answer these questions, we provide a qualitative and quantitative analysis of 14,739 scientific articles published between 1990 to 2022 showing that some themes are constant over time, such as the molecular aspects of genetics and discussions about data and software, while other themes emerged more recently. For example, CRISPR/Cas9 became prominent from 2012 onwards, and applications in agriculture and policy/regulatory implications from 2015 onwards. This mixed method opens up new spaces for dialogue between the natural and social sciences and captures the shifting boundaries of science. The article analyzes publications in the biological sciences concerned with genetic engineering, in particular gene editing, between 1990 and 2022 to examine key and emerging themes. It provides a lexicometric analysis of 14,739 articles, which were subdivided into four periods (1990–2011, 2012–2015, 2016–2018, and 2019–2022). We show that certain themes are constant over time, such as the molecular aspects of genetic engineering techniques and discussions about data and software. Other themes, however, have emerged at specific moments in time: CRISPR/Cas9 became prominent from 2012 onwards and applications in agriculture and policy and regulatory implications from 2015 onwards. We observe, in particular, a semantic shift from genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to crops. The article contributes to debates about the boundaries of science by shedding light on the temporal dynamics of boundary‐work and by showing how the frames of scientific debates can shift to account for the political aspects of science. We conclude that the dialogue between the natural and social sciences can be strengthened by showing that apart from scientometric approaches, there are other methods to analyze “what counts” in science.","PeriodicalId":508327,"journal":{"name":"PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET","volume":" 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139255195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeffrey J. Jones, Christopher Shaw, Tsu-Wei Chen, Christopher Martin Staß, Christian Ulrichs, D. Riewe, W. Kloas, C. Geilfus
Refining circular multitrophic food production methods, which integrate plant, fish, and insect outputs, is imperative for environmental sustainability. Our findings suggest that the right protein choices in fish feed, like black soldier fly meal and poultry meal, can notably enhance the nutrient profile of fish waste water. This, in turn, is conducive for hydroponic cultivation, enhancing the nutritional attributes of plants like basil and lettuce. As we reduce environmental impact and optimize resource use, it is evident that our food ecosystems are deeply intertwined. Harnessing these synergies could redefine our approach to food production, paving the way for a more sustainable global future. Optimization of nutrient use efficiencies in circular multitrophic food production systems (i.e., plant, fish, and insect production) is crucial for sustainability. This study tested how protein ingredient choice in fish feed influences the plant nutritional value of the fish waste water when used for hydroponic crop production. Waste water samples were obtained from recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) in which Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed different single protein source diets—black soldier fly meal (BSFM), poultry by‐product meal (PM), poultry blood meal (PBM), and fish meal. Water was analyzed for plant nutrients and used for lettuce and basil cultivation to evaluate their suitability for hydroponic crop production—viz. yield, mineral nutrient, and selected secondary metabolite levels. BSFM RAS water had the highest concentrations of K, Mg, and micronutrients (Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn) of the RAS waters, whereas PM RAS water contained the highest P concentration and had a mean pH of 6.5 closer to the optimum pH for hydroponic plants. These RAS waters consequently lead to the highest yields in basil and lettuce indicating the importance of the aforementioned factors. From a plant production perspective, BSFM appears promising as a protein source in fish feeds for aquaponics. Usage of RAS waters for plant production helps reduce (i) environmental impact of RAS water and (ii) resource input in plant production. Longer term RAS trials should be conducted to determine the maximum nutrient concentrations achievable during fish production with diets including BSFM as the main protein source.
{"title":"Plant nutritional value of aquaculture water produced by feeding Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) alternative protein diets: A lettuce and basil case study","authors":"Jeffrey J. Jones, Christopher Shaw, Tsu-Wei Chen, Christopher Martin Staß, Christian Ulrichs, D. Riewe, W. Kloas, C. Geilfus","doi":"10.1002/ppp3.10457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10457","url":null,"abstract":"Refining circular multitrophic food production methods, which integrate plant, fish, and insect outputs, is imperative for environmental sustainability. Our findings suggest that the right protein choices in fish feed, like black soldier fly meal and poultry meal, can notably enhance the nutrient profile of fish waste water. This, in turn, is conducive for hydroponic cultivation, enhancing the nutritional attributes of plants like basil and lettuce. As we reduce environmental impact and optimize resource use, it is evident that our food ecosystems are deeply intertwined. Harnessing these synergies could redefine our approach to food production, paving the way for a more sustainable global future. Optimization of nutrient use efficiencies in circular multitrophic food production systems (i.e., plant, fish, and insect production) is crucial for sustainability. This study tested how protein ingredient choice in fish feed influences the plant nutritional value of the fish waste water when used for hydroponic crop production. Waste water samples were obtained from recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) in which Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed different single protein source diets—black soldier fly meal (BSFM), poultry by‐product meal (PM), poultry blood meal (PBM), and fish meal. Water was analyzed for plant nutrients and used for lettuce and basil cultivation to evaluate their suitability for hydroponic crop production—viz. yield, mineral nutrient, and selected secondary metabolite levels. BSFM RAS water had the highest concentrations of K, Mg, and micronutrients (Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn) of the RAS waters, whereas PM RAS water contained the highest P concentration and had a mean pH of 6.5 closer to the optimum pH for hydroponic plants. These RAS waters consequently lead to the highest yields in basil and lettuce indicating the importance of the aforementioned factors. From a plant production perspective, BSFM appears promising as a protein source in fish feeds for aquaponics. Usage of RAS waters for plant production helps reduce (i) environmental impact of RAS water and (ii) resource input in plant production. Longer term RAS trials should be conducted to determine the maximum nutrient concentrations achievable during fish production with diets including BSFM as the main protein source.","PeriodicalId":508327,"journal":{"name":"PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET","volume":"438 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139269156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Political interests and power structures shape state‐led crop conservation and food policy. As a crop that relates to culture and belonging, the chile crop is ideal for exploring how food security policy and crop conservation schemes integrate aspects beyond staple crops, calories and/or electoral incentives. What do these schemes mean for the food and ingredients we love? Reflecting from this perspective can be useful to grasp, re‐frame and create more effective and inclusive food policies—ones that embody and valorise flavour, identities and territories beyond statements on paper. In line with the Food and Agriculture Organisation's (FAO) international action plan for crop genetic resources, the Mexican state inaugurated the National System of Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (SINAREFI) in 2002. In this paper, I explore SINAREFI's interest in landraces and in situ conservation through the case of chile pepper, set under the Ministry of Agriculture's interests of promoting industrial agriculture and paternalistic food security welfare programmes. Through the analyses of existing literature on food security in Mexico state programmes, archival work and interviews, this article analyses how discourses on food security shape research trajectories, some of which are inevitably constrained by current market‐based agricultural systems. By exploring the state's chile research and conservation programme, this work demonstrates the complexity of international food security discourse and its application domestically. Particularly, this analysis highlights the limitations of state crop research and conservation efforts imposed by contradictory agricultural policies. In the case of chile, its link to Mexican culture and diet uncovers an important, but often overlooked, aspect of food security: flavour. In the case of chile, a non‐staple but culturally symbolic crop, welfare programmes remained paternalistic and focused on caloric intake despite the transformation of national discourse on food security towards the integration of landraces and local cultures through the inauguration of SINAREFI. This case study reflects on the limits of current framings and strategies regarding food security and the need to direct policies towards local food sovereignty to achieve the necessary stability for food security to endure.
{"title":"Flavour, culture and food security: The spicy entanglements of chile pepper conservation in 21st century Mexico","authors":"Daniela Sclavo","doi":"10.1002/ppp3.10451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10451","url":null,"abstract":"Political interests and power structures shape state‐led crop conservation and food policy. As a crop that relates to culture and belonging, the chile crop is ideal for exploring how food security policy and crop conservation schemes integrate aspects beyond staple crops, calories and/or electoral incentives. What do these schemes mean for the food and ingredients we love? Reflecting from this perspective can be useful to grasp, re‐frame and create more effective and inclusive food policies—ones that embody and valorise flavour, identities and territories beyond statements on paper. In line with the Food and Agriculture Organisation's (FAO) international action plan for crop genetic resources, the Mexican state inaugurated the National System of Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (SINAREFI) in 2002. In this paper, I explore SINAREFI's interest in landraces and in situ conservation through the case of chile pepper, set under the Ministry of Agriculture's interests of promoting industrial agriculture and paternalistic food security welfare programmes. Through the analyses of existing literature on food security in Mexico state programmes, archival work and interviews, this article analyses how discourses on food security shape research trajectories, some of which are inevitably constrained by current market‐based agricultural systems. By exploring the state's chile research and conservation programme, this work demonstrates the complexity of international food security discourse and its application domestically. Particularly, this analysis highlights the limitations of state crop research and conservation efforts imposed by contradictory agricultural policies. In the case of chile, its link to Mexican culture and diet uncovers an important, but often overlooked, aspect of food security: flavour. In the case of chile, a non‐staple but culturally symbolic crop, welfare programmes remained paternalistic and focused on caloric intake despite the transformation of national discourse on food security towards the integration of landraces and local cultures through the inauguration of SINAREFI. This case study reflects on the limits of current framings and strategies regarding food security and the need to direct policies towards local food sovereignty to achieve the necessary stability for food security to endure.","PeriodicalId":508327,"journal":{"name":"PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET","volume":"32 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139274179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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