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Automatic test-bench for SiC power devices using LabVIEW 使用 LabVIEW 的碳化硅功率器件自动测试平台
Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.2478/jee-2024-0011
Jan Leuchter, Ngoc Nam Pham, Huy Hoang Nguyen
This paper is devoted to the improvement existing models of electronics devices, which are used in powers electronics as switching devices, and investigate a LabVIEW-based automatic test-bench for Silicon carbide (SiC) power devices. In recent years, power electronic devices are required to be capable handle with higher voltage, leads to development of new generation of power electronic devices, such as SiC devices. However, using a simulation platform, such as Spice, to diminish the complexity of power electronic design with these new devices is hindered by the lack of precise models. The proposed test-bench enables not only measuring static characteristics of SiC power devices, but also extracting key parameters required by simulations. These extracted parameters are then employed in the existing device model, and the simulation results which are based on the model with original parameters and models with extracted parameters are compared with measured results. The comparison clearly demonstrates that parameters obtained from the proposed test-bench significantly enhance the Spice model.
本文致力于改进在电力电子设备中用作开关器件的电子器件的现有模型,并研究基于 LabVIEW 的碳化硅(SiC)功率器件自动测试平台。近年来,要求电力电子器件能够处理更高的电压,从而开发出新一代电力电子器件,如碳化硅器件。然而,由于缺乏精确的模型,使用 Spice 等仿真平台来降低使用这些新器件进行电力电子设计的复杂性受到了阻碍。所提出的测试平台不仅能测量 SiC 功率器件的静态特性,还能提取仿真所需的关键参数。然后在现有器件模型中使用这些提取的参数,并将基于带原始参数的模型和带提取参数的模型的仿真结果与测量结果进行比较。比较结果清楚地表明,从建议的测试平台中获得的参数极大地增强了 Spice 模型。
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引用次数: 0
A Ku band low-voltage and low-power CMOS low-noise amplifier with bulk isolation techniques 采用体隔离技术的 Ku 波段低电压、低功耗 CMOS 低噪声放大器
Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.2478/jee-2024-0014
Zifeng Guo, Jian Liu
In this paper, a broadband(12-18G) low-noise amplifier (LNA) using 65-nm CMOS technology for satellite communication is presented. This LNA was designed in a cascode common source with inductive degeneration topology. In addition, the bulk isolation technique is employed to make the proposed LNA have a higher gain. Furthermore, a two-stage cascaded configuration combined with inductive parallel peaking technology is utilized to make the LNA achieve a wide operating band. For validation, we design this LNA in a 65nm CMOS technology. The simulated results show that S21 of 17.7dB ± 0.5dB, the input/output return loss of -10dB to -33dB and -12dB to -23dB, respectively. It offers the minimum noise figure (NF) performance of 3.33dB, reverse isolation(S12) better than 60dB, and third-order input point (IIP3) of -22.8 dBm obtained over the band of interest. Excluding the output buffer stage, the LNA is consuming 5.1 mW at a supply voltage of 0.8V and its layout area occupies 0.205 mm2.
本文介绍了一种采用 65 纳米 CMOS 技术、用于卫星通信的宽带(12-18G)低噪声放大器(LNA)。该 LNA 采用带电感变性拓扑的级联共源设计。此外,还采用了体隔离技术,使所提出的 LNA 具有更高的增益。此外,两级级联配置与电感并联峰值技术相结合,使 LNA 实现了宽工作频带。为了进行验证,我们采用 65nm CMOS 技术设计了这款 LNA。仿真结果表明,S21 为 17.7dB ± 0.5dB,输入/输出回波损耗分别为 -10dB 至 -33dB 和 -12dB 至 -23dB。它的最小噪声系数(NF)为 3.33dB,反向隔离度(S12)优于 60dB,三阶输入点(IIP3)在相关频段内为 -22.8 dBm。不包括输出缓冲级,该 LNA 在 0.8V 电源电压下的功耗为 5.1 mW,布局面积为 0.205 mm2。
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引用次数: 0
Fault sensitivity index-based multi-objective testcase prioritization 基于故障敏感度指数的多目标测试案例优先级排序
Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.2478/jee-2024-0018
Kamal Garg, Shashi Shekhar
Test case prioritization (TCP) is a regression technique that sequences test cases by assigning priority based on specific criteria defined by software testers. Various parameters, such as code coverage, statement coverage, and method coverage, are utilized in Test Case Prioritization (TCP), wherein metaheuristic techniques are widely employed to determine the optimal order of test cases based on these specified parameters. However, simply applying these techniques does not ensure the satisfaction of all the needs of software testers. This paper introduces an empirical study that employs the multi-objective test case prioritization (MOTCP) technique to prioritize the test cases based on target points defined by software testers. The study calculates a Software Complexity Index (SCI) at the code level, identifying fault-prone areas. Furthermore, a Test-case Complexity Index (TCI) is also used for prioritization. The proposed technique incorporates various target points defined by the software tester to calculate SCI and TCI, which serve as our main objectives for TCP. A detailed analysis is also performed to examine the impact of these target points on the generated optimal order of test cases. Finally, the proposed model is compared with other state-of-the-art techniques across various evaluation parameters.
测试用例优先级排序(TCP)是一种回归技术,它根据软件测试人员定义的特定标准分配优先级,对测试用例进行排序。在测试用例优先级排序(TCP)中使用了各种参数,如代码覆盖率、语句覆盖率和方法覆盖率,其中广泛使用了元启发式技术来根据这些指定参数确定测试用例的最佳顺序。然而,仅仅应用这些技术并不能确保满足软件测试人员的所有需求。本文介绍了一项实证研究,该研究采用多目标测试用例优先级排序(MOTCP)技术,根据软件测试人员定义的目标点排定测试用例的优先级。该研究计算了代码级的软件复杂性指数(SCI),确定了故障易发区域。此外,测试用例复杂性指数(TCI)也用于确定优先级。建议的技术结合了软件测试人员定义的各种目标点来计算 SCI 和 TCI,这也是我们 TCP 的主要目标。我们还进行了详细分析,研究这些目标点对生成的测试用例最佳顺序的影响。最后,在各种评估参数方面,将所提出的模型与其他最先进的技术进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Contact measurement of skin temperature using a wearable two-channel PPG optical sensor supplemented by thermometers 使用可穿戴双通道 PPG 光学传感器,辅以温度计,接触式测量皮肤温度
Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.2478/jee-2024-0015
J. Přibil, A. Přibilová, I. Frollo
This paper describes realization, basic properties, testing, and experiments with a special prototype of a wearable two-channel photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor supplemented by contact thermometers that maps the skin temperature at the place where the optical part of the sensor touches a measured hand part (typically a wrist and fingers). Preliminary measurement confirms that proposed I2C thermometers have proper stability and precision, so can be successfully used in the developed PPG sensor. The performed main experiments show that the significant increase of temperature was always observed at the place of the worn PPG sensors during the whole measurement. This rise of temperature affects mainly the PPG signal range, thus it has also influence on the quality of the sensed PPG wave. The conclusion formulates the final recommendation about the necessity of at least 5-minute time delay between the PPG sensor placement on the hand and the start of the PPG signal acquisition. While the current measurements were realized in normal laboratory conditions, the whole wearable PPG sensor consists of non-ferromagnetic materials and all parts are fully shielded by aluminum boxes to enable measurement in a low magnetic field environment which, is our final long term research aim.
本文介绍了可穿戴式双通道光电心动图(PPG)传感器的实现、基本特性、测试和实验,该传感器由接触式温度计辅助,可测绘传感器光学部分与被测手部(通常是手腕和手指)接触处的皮肤温度。初步测量证实,所提议的 I2C 温度计具有适当的稳定性和精度,因此可以成功地用于所开发的 PPG 传感器。主要实验结果表明,在整个测量过程中,佩戴 PPG 传感器的位置始终会出现明显的温度上升。温度升高主要影响 PPG 信号范围,因此也会影响 PPG 信号的质量。这一结论提出了最终建议,即从将 PPG 传感器放置在手上到开始采集 PPG 信号之间至少需要 5 分钟的延迟时间。虽然目前的测量是在正常实验室条件下进行的,但整个可穿戴 PPG 传感器由非铁磁性材料组成,所有部件都由铝盒完全屏蔽,以便在低磁场环境中进行测量,这也是我们最终的长期研究目标。
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引用次数: 0
Object classification with aggregating multiple spatial views using a machine-learning approach 利用机器学习方法汇总多个空间视图进行物体分类
Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.2478/jee-2024-0017
Šimon Grác, Peter Beno, F. Duchoň, Michal Malý, Martin Dekan
The article proposes a solution for object classification using multiple views generated from 3D data rendering and convolutional neural networks. For presentation purposes and easier verification of the solution, an application was developed to create views of 3D objects, classify them using the selected CNN, and evaluate the performance of the CNN. The evaluation is based on metrics and characteristics described in the article. Seven testing objects were used to verify the proposed solution; five CNNs were tested for each.
文章提出了一种利用三维数据渲染和卷积神经网络生成的多视图进行物体分类的解决方案。为便于介绍和验证该解决方案,开发了一个应用程序来创建三维物体视图,使用所选的卷积神经网络对其进行分类,并评估卷积神经网络的性能。评估基于文章中描述的指标和特征。七个测试对象用于验证所提出的解决方案;每个对象测试了五个 CNN。
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引用次数: 0
Stability and reliability analysis for broadband current array sensing system applied to GIS 应用于地理信息系统的宽带电流阵列传感系统的稳定性和可靠性分析
Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.2478/jee-2024-0020
F. Du, Hao Yu, Shuai Yuan, Jiangang Bi, Dehui Fu
In order to further improve the defect detection capability of gas insulated switchgear and avoid equipment faults, broadband current array sensing system is designed to simultaneously monitor the system status such as partial discharge, relative dielectric loss, and power frequency overvoltage. The dynamic model of the system is analysed, and based on which, the system state equation is obtained meanwhile fault observer is designed, and the system stability criterion under H ∞ condition is calculated. The reliability of the system under different packet loss rates is verified based on cloud models, and the principle of using appropriate electromagnetic compatibility to prevent packet loss rates below 50% is proposed.
为进一步提高气体绝缘开关设备的缺陷检测能力,避免设备故障,设计了宽带电流阵列传感系统,可同时监测局部放电、相对介质损耗和工频过电压等系统状态。分析了系统的动态模型,在此基础上得到了系统状态方程,同时设计了故障观测器,并计算了 H ∞ 条件下的系统稳定性准则。基于云模型验证了不同丢包率下系统的可靠性,并提出了利用适当的电磁兼容性防止丢包率低于 50%的原则。
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引用次数: 0
Performance enhancement of band-pass FIR filter-based M-class phasor estimation 基于带通 FIR 滤波器的 M 级相位估算的性能提升
Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.2478/jee-2024-0016
Mukesh Kumar, M. S. Kumar
The paper presents the performance enhancement of band-pass filter-based M-class phasor estimation. The performance of the M-class phasor estimation using a band-pass FIR filter is enhanced with a magnitude correction factor for the off-nominal frequency range. The band-pass filter is implemented for the phasor estimation with various window functions Tukey, Rife Vincent class-I order-2 (RV2), Hamming, Hanning, Blackman, and Flat-top (FT) and its performance are evaluated under the steady and dynamic state tests prescribed by the standard. A rigorous performance analysis of enhanced phasor estimation using band-pass FIR filter with various window functions is presented with the accuracy indices of total vector error (TVE), frequency error (FE), and rate of change of frequency error (RFE). The result analysis reveals that the performance enhanced phasor estimation using band-pass FIR filter offers significantly less error than reported work at the low sampling rate. The design and performance analysis of the phasor estimation using the band-pass FIR filter is performed in the MATLAB platform.
本文介绍了基于带通滤波器的 M 级相位估计的性能提升。使用带通 FIR 滤波器的 M 级相位估算性能在非标称频率范围内通过幅值修正系数得到了增强。该带通滤波器用于相位估计,具有各种窗函数 Tukey、Rife Vincent Class-I order-2 (RV2)、Hamming、Hanning、Blackman 和 Flat-top (FT),并在标准规定的稳态和动态测试下对其性能进行了评估。利用各种窗函数的带通 FIR 滤波器对增强型相位估计进行了严格的性能分析,并给出了总矢量误差(TVE)、频率误差(FE)和频率变化率误差(RFE)等精度指标。结果分析表明,在低采样率条件下,使用带通 FIR 滤波器的性能增强型相位估算的误差明显小于已有研究。使用带通 FIR 滤波器进行相位估计的设计和性能分析是在 MATLAB 平台上完成的。
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引用次数: 0
A simple 90° hybrid branchline coupler with wideband phase balance for 5G applications 适用于 5G 应用的具有宽带相位平衡功能的简单 90° 混合支线耦合器
Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.2478/jee-2024-0012
Ümit Can Ünal, K. Karaçuha, Sehabeddin Taha İmeci
A 90° hybrid coupler operating at a central frequency of 5.40 GHz is introduced, offering high-performance characteristics with compact dimensions of 616.65 mm² (33.3 mm × 18.5 mm). These features are achieved while maintaining a design that makes it easy to produce. The unique aspect of this microstrip FR4 substrate-based design is the consistent S-parameters, which remain steady despite changes in structural dimensions, thereby making it adaptable to fabrication variations. The reported S-parameters measured in 5.4 GHz are as follows: |S11|= –29.46 dB, |S21|= –4.11 dB, |S31|= –3.96 dB, and |S41|= –21.23 dB. This hybrid coupler operates over a bandwidth of 0.8 GHz (16%), demonstrating remarkable performance within this spectrum. In addition to its design, the coupler exhibits robust resilience against changes in substrate parameters and structural dimensions, ensuring reliability during the fabrication process. Following thorough simulation studies, a physical prototype of the coupler was constructed and subjected to laboratory measurements. The experimental results align closely with the simulation data, validating the accuracy and predictability of the design. In comparison with other studies and designs documented in the literature, this compact, high-performance 90° hybrid coupler exhibits clear advantages in terms of size, isolation, phase deviation, and structural complexity. Therefore, the benefits and applicability of this presented structure in the context of microwave circuits and systems are underscored. It’s noteworthy to mention that the central frequency of 5.4 GHz falls within the sub-6 GHz 5G band range.
该产品采用 90° 混合耦合器,中心频率为 5.40 GHz,具有高性能特点,尺寸小巧,仅为 616.65 mm²(33.3 mm × 18.5 mm)。在实现这些特性的同时,还保持了易于生产的设计。这种基于 FR4 基板的微带设计的独特之处在于 S 参数的一致性,即使结构尺寸发生变化,S 参数仍能保持稳定,从而使其能够适应制造工艺的变化。所报告的 5.4 GHz S 参数测量结果如下:|S11=-29.46dB,S21=-4.11dB,S31=-3.96dB,S41=-21.23dB。这种混合耦合器的工作带宽为 0.8 GHz(16%),在这一频谱范围内表现出卓越的性能。除了设计之外,该耦合器还对基底参数和结构尺寸的变化表现出强大的适应能力,确保了制造过程中的可靠性。在进行了全面的模拟研究后,我们制作了耦合器的物理原型,并进行了实验室测量。实验结果与模拟数据非常吻合,验证了设计的准确性和可预测性。与文献中记载的其他研究和设计相比,这种结构紧凑的高性能 90° 混合耦合器在尺寸、隔离度、相位偏差和结构复杂性方面具有明显优势。因此,这种结构在微波电路和系统中的优势和适用性得到了强调。值得一提的是,5.4 GHz 的中心频率属于 6 GHz 以下的 5G 频段范围。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of power control in the mobile network on the radiation level 移动网络功率控制对辐射水平的影响
Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.2478/jee-2024-0019
D. Mitic, A. Lebl, Z. Markov
The paper evaluates how the control of transmitted power affects the intensity of radiation in a mobile network cell. Cell models without power control, with standard power control and a model with power control and channel reallocation are considered. The relative reduction of radiation is evaluated and several examples of calculations are presented. Remarks are given on the dependence of radiation reduction on the number of traffic channels, traffic intensity and signal attenuation coefficient. The assessment procedure and results are based on previously verified traffic process simulation models.
本文评估了传输功率控制如何影响移动网络小区的辐射强度。文中考虑了不带功率控制、带标准功率控制以及带功率控制和信道重新分配的小区模型。对辐射的相对减少进行了评估,并给出了几个计算实例。此外,还说明了辐射减少与流量信道数、流量强度和信号衰减系数的关系。评估程序和结果均基于之前验证过的交通流模拟模型。
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引用次数: 0
Deep reinforcement learning based computing offloading in unmanned aerial vehicles for disaster management 基于深度强化学习的无人飞行器计算卸载,用于灾害管理
Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.2478/jee-2024-0013
Anuratha Kesavan, Nandhini Jembu Mohanram, Soshya Joshi, Uma Sankar
The emergence of Internet of Things enabled with mobile computing has the applications in the field of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) development. The development of mobile edge computational offloading in UAV is dependent on low latency applications such as disaster management, Forest fire control and remote operations. The task completion efficiency is improved by means of using edge intelligence algorithm and the optimal offloading policy is constructed on the application of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) in order to fulfill the target demand and to ease the transmission delay. The joint optimization curtails the weighted sum of average energy consumption and execution delay. This edge intelligence algorithm combined with DRL network exploits computing operation to increase the probability that at least one of the tracking and data transmission is usable. The proposed joint optimization significantly performs well in terms of execution delay, offloading cost and effective convergence over the prevailing methodologies proposed for UAV development. The proposed DRL enables the UAV to real-time decisions based on the disaster scenario and computing resources availability.
移动计算带来的物联网的出现,在无人驾驶飞行器(UAV)开发领域得到了应用。无人机移动边缘计算卸载的发展依赖于低延迟应用,如灾害管理、森林防火控制和远程操作。通过使用边缘智能算法提高任务完成效率,并应用深度强化学习(DRL)构建最优卸载策略,以满足目标需求并缓解传输延迟。联合优化可减少平均能耗和执行延迟的加权和。这种边缘智能算法与 DRL 网络相结合,利用计算操作提高了跟踪和数据传输中至少有一个可用的概率。在执行延迟、卸载成本和有效收敛性方面,拟议的联合优化方法明显优于无人飞行器开发的现有方法。建议的 DRL 使无人机能够根据灾难场景和计算资源的可用性做出实时决策。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Electrical Engineering
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