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Synthesis of Scalable Single Length Cycle, Single Attractor Cellular Automata in Linear Time 线性时间下可伸缩单长周期、单吸引子元胞自动机的合成
IF 0.4 4区 数学 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.25088/complexsystems.30.3.415
B. Chakraborty, M. Dalui, B. Sikdar
This paper proposes the synthesis of single length cycle, single attractor cellular automata (SACAs) for arbitrary length. The n-cell single length cycle, single attractor cellular automaton (SACA), synthesized in linear time O(n), generates a pattern and finally settles to a point state called the single length cycle attractor state. An analytical framework is developed around the graph-based tool referred to as the next state transition diagram to explore the properties of SACA rules for three-neighborhood, one-dimensional cellular automata. This enables synthesis of an (n+1)-cell SACA from the available configuration of an n-cell SACA in constant time and an (n+m)-cell SACA from the available configuration of n-cell and m-cell SACAs also in constant time.
提出了任意长度的单长度周期、单吸引子元胞自动机的合成方法。在线性时间O(n)内合成的n细胞单长周期单吸引子元胞自动机(SACA)产生一个图案,并最终沉降到一个称为单长周期吸引子状态的点状态。围绕基于图的工具(称为下一个状态转换图)开发了一个分析框架,以探索三邻域一维元胞自动机的SACA规则的属性。这使得可以在恒定时间内从n细胞SACA的可用配置合成(n+1)细胞SACA,并在恒定时间内从n细胞SACA和m细胞SACA的可用配置合成(n+m)细胞SACA。
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引用次数: 0
Studies of COVID-19 Outbreak Control Using Agent-Based Modeling 基于agent建模的COVID-19疫情控制研究
IF 0.4 4区 数学 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.25088/complexsystems.30.3.297
Shaoping Xiao, Ruicheng Liu
An agent-based model was developed to study outbreaks and outbreak control for COVID-19, mainly in urban communities. Rules for people’s interactions and virus infectiousness were derived based on previous sociology studies and recently published data-driven analyses of COVID-19 epidemics. The calculated basic reproduction number of epidemics from the developed model coincided with reported values. There were three control measures considered in this paper: social distancing, self-quarantine and community quarantine. Each control measure was assessed individually at first. Later on, an artificial neural network was used to study the effects of different combinations of control measures. To help quantify the impacts of self-quarantine and community quarantine on outbreak control, both were scaled respectively. The results showed that self-quarantine was more effective than the others, but any individual control measure was ineffective in controlling outbreaks in urban communities. The results also showed that a high level of self-quarantine and general community quarantine, assisted with social distancing, would be recommended for outbreak control.
建立了一个基于主体的模型来研究COVID-19的疫情和疫情控制,主要是在城市社区。人们的互动和病毒传染性的规则是基于之前的社会学研究和最近发表的关于COVID-19流行病的数据驱动分析得出的。根据所建立的模型计算出的流行病基本再现数与报告值相符。本文提出了保持社会距离、自我隔离和社区隔离三种控制措施。每项控制措施首先分别进行评估。随后,利用人工神经网络研究了不同控制措施组合的效果。为了帮助量化自我隔离和社区隔离对疫情控制的影响,分别对两者进行了缩放。结果表明,自我隔离的控制效果较好,但任何一种单独的控制措施对控制城市社区的疫情都是无效的。结果还表明,建议采取高水平的自我隔离和一般社区隔离,并辅以社会距离,以控制疫情。
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引用次数: 2
What Keeps a Vibrant Population Together? 是什么让一个充满活力的人口聚集在一起?
IF 0.4 4区 数学 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.25088/complexsystems.30.3.347
Jayati Deshmukh, S. Srinivasa, Sridhar Mandyam
Managing diversity is a challenging problem for organizations and governments. Diversity in a population may be of two kinds—acquired and innate. The former refers to diversity acquired by pre-existing social or organizational environments, attracting employees or immigrants because of their wealth and opportunities. Innate diversity, on the other hand, refers to a collection of pre-existing communities having to interact with one another and to build an overarching social or organizational identity. While acquired diversity has a prior element of common identity, innate diversity needs to build a common identity from a number of disparate regional or local identities. Diversity in any large population may have different extents of acquired and innate elements. In this paper, innate and acquired diversity are modeled in terms of two factors, namely: insularity and homophily, respectively. Insularity is the tendency of agents to act cooperatively only with others from the same community, which is often the primary challenge of innate diversity; while homophily is the tendency of agents to prefer members from their own community to start new social or business connections, which is often the primary challenge in acquired diversity. The emergence of network structure is studied when insularity and homophily are varied. In order to promote cooperation in a diverse population, the role played by a subset of agents called “global” agents who are not affected by homophily and insularity considerations is also studied. Simulation results show several interesting emergent properties. While the global agents are shown to acquire high betweenness, they are by no means the wealthiest or the most powerful in the network. However, the presence of global agents is important for the regional agents whose own wealth prospects increase because of their interaction with global agents.
对组织和政府来说,管理多样性是一个具有挑战性的问题。种群的多样性可能有两种——后天的和先天的。前者指的是已经存在的社会或组织环境所获得的多样性,因为他们的财富和机会而吸引员工或移民。另一方面,先天多样性指的是预先存在的社区的集合,这些社区必须彼此互动,并建立一个总体的社会或组织身份。后天多样性具有共同身份的先决条件,而先天多样性则需要从许多不同的区域或地方身份中建立一个共同身份。任何大种群的多样性可能有不同程度的后天因素和先天因素。本文分别从孤岛性和同质性两个因素对先天多样性和后天多样性进行建模。孤立性是个体只与来自同一社区的其他个体合作的倾向,这通常是先天多样性的主要挑战;同质性是指个体倾向于选择自己社区的成员来建立新的社会或商业关系,这通常是获得性多样性的主要挑战。研究了孤岛性和同质性变化时网络结构的出现。为了促进多元群体中的合作,我们还研究了不受同质性和孤立性影响的“全局”agent的作用。仿真结果显示了几个有趣的涌现特性。虽然全球代理显示出高度的间接性,但它们绝不是网络中最富有或最强大的。然而,全球代理商的存在对于地区代理商来说是重要的,因为他们自己的财富前景会因为与全球代理商的互动而增加。
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引用次数: 1
A Control Approach to Guide Nonpharmaceutical Interventions in the Treatment of COVID-19 Disease Using a SEIHRD Dynamical Model 基于SEIHRD动态模型指导COVID-19疾病非药物干预治疗的控制方法
IF 0.4 4区 数学 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.25088/complexsystems.30.3.323
F. Pazos, F. Felicioni
The recent worldwide epidemic of COVID-19 disease, for which there are no medications to cure it and the vaccination is still at an early stage, led to the adoption of public health measures by governments and populations in most of the affected countries to avoid the contagion and its spread. These measures are known as nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), and their implementation clearly produces social unrest as well as greatly affects the economy. Frequently, NPIs are implemented with an intensity quantified in an ad hoc manner. Control theory offers a worthwhile tool for determining the optimal intensity of the NPIs in order to avoid the collapse of the healthcare system while keeping them as low as possible, yielding concrete guidance to policymakers. A simple controller, which generates a control law that is easy to calculate and to implement is proposed. This controller is robust to large parametric uncertainties in the model used and to some level of noncompliance with the NPIs.
最近,COVID-19在世界范围内流行,没有药物可以治愈,疫苗接种仍处于早期阶段,导致大多数受影响国家的政府和民众采取了公共卫生措施,以避免传染及其传播。这些措施被称为非药物干预措施(NPIs),它们的实施显然会产生社会动荡,并对经济产生巨大影响。通常,npi是以一种特殊的方式量化的强度来实现的。控制理论为确定npi的最佳强度提供了一个有价值的工具,以避免医疗保健系统的崩溃,同时将其保持在尽可能低的水平,为政策制定者提供具体指导。提出了一种简单的控制器,生成易于计算和实现的控制律。该控制器对所使用的模型中的大参数不确定性以及与npi的某种程度的不遵从具有鲁棒性。
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引用次数: 0
Cryptographic Puzzles and Complex Systems 密码谜题和复杂系统
IF 0.4 4区 数学 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.25088/complexsystems.30.3.375
Rade Vuckovac
A puzzle lies behind password authentication (PA) and blockchain proof of work (PoW). A cryptographic hash function is commonly used to implement them. The potential problem with secure hash functions is their complexity and rigidity. We explore the use of complex systems constructs such as a cellular automaton (CA) to provide puzzle functionality. The analysis shows that computational irreducibility and sensitivity to initial state phenomena are enough to create simple puzzle systems that can be used for PA and PoW. Moreover, we present puzzle schemata using CA and n-body problems.
密码认证(PA)和区块链工作量证明(PoW)背后存在一个难题。通常使用加密散列函数来实现它们。安全哈希函数的潜在问题是它们的复杂性和刚性。我们探索使用复杂的系统结构,如元胞自动机(CA)来提供拼图功能。分析表明,计算的不可约性和对初始状态现象的敏感性足以创建可用于PA和PoW的简单谜题系统。此外,我们还利用CA和n体问题提出了谜题图式。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial Signatures of Road Network Growth for Different Levels of Global Planning 全球规划不同层次下路网增长的空间特征
IF 0.4 4区 数学 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.25088/complexsystems.30.3.273
M. Cirunay, R. Batac
We compare the statistical distributions of the geometrical properties of road networks for two representative datasets under different levels of planning: the cities comprising Metropolitan Manila show the conditions under bottom-up self-organized growth, while Brasilia and the Australian Capital Territory centered at Canberra represent the case of strict top-down planning. The distribution of segmented areas of the cities shows a dual power-law behavior, with the larger areas following the ∼1.9 scaling exponent observed in other cities, while the smaller areas show a lower exponent of ∼0.5, believed to be due to practical considerations. While all cities are found to favor the formation of straight road segments, the planned city roads have a preponderance of sinuous roads, with sinuosities approaching π. A simple model based on a nearest-neighbor directed branching coupled with sectional grid formations is proposed to capture the nontrivial statistical features observed.
我们比较了两个具有代表性的数据集在不同规划水平下道路网络几何属性的统计分布:包括马尼拉大都会在内的城市显示了自下而上自组织增长的条件,而巴西利亚和以堪培拉为中心的澳大利亚首都直辖区则代表了严格自上而下规划的情况。城市分割区域的分布表现出双重幂律行为,在其他城市中观察到,较大的区域遵循~ 1.9的缩放指数,而较小的区域则显示出较低的~ 0.5的缩放指数,这被认为是出于实际考虑。虽然所有城市都倾向于形成直线路段,但规划的城市道路以弯曲路段为主,弯曲度接近π。提出了一种基于最近邻定向分支与截面网格结构耦合的简单模型来捕捉观测到的非平凡统计特征。
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引用次数: 2
Some Control and Observation Issues in Cellular Automata 元胞自动机的控制与观察问题
IF 0.4 4区 数学 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.25088/complexsystems.30.3.391
S. Yacoubi, T. Plénet, S. Dridi, F. Bagnoli, L. Lefévre, C. Raïevsky
This review article focuses on studying problems of observability and controllability of cellular automata (CAs) considered in the context of control theory, an important feature of which is the adoption of a state-space model. Our work first consists in generalizing the obtained results to systems described by CAs considered as the discrete counterpart of partial differential equations, and in exploring possible approaches to prove controllability and observability. After having introduced the notion of control and observation in cellular automata models, in a similar way to the case of discrete-time distributed parameter systems, we investigate these key concepts of control theory in the case of complex systems. For the controllability issue, the Boolean class is particularly studied and applied to the regional case, while the observability is approached in the general case and related to the reconstructibility problem for linear or nonlinear CAs.
本文主要研究控制理论背景下元胞自动机的可观察性和可控性问题,元胞自动机的一个重要特征是采用状态空间模型。我们的工作首先包括将得到的结果推广到由ca描述的系统,这些系统被认为是偏微分方程的离散对应,并探索证明可控性和可观察性的可能方法。在元胞自动机模型中引入控制和观察的概念之后,以类似于离散时间分布参数系统的方式,我们在复杂系统的情况下研究控制理论的这些关键概念。对于可控性问题,布尔类是专门研究和应用于区域情况的,而可观察性问题是在一般情况下探讨的,与线性或非线性ca的可重构性问题有关。
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引用次数: 1
Macroscopic fundamental flow diagrams of a spiritually motivated crowd 精神激励人群的宏观基本流程图
IF 0.4 4区 数学 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-08-19 DOI: 10.1142/s0219525921500028
H. Gayathri, P. Karthika, Ashish Verma
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引用次数: 3
Risk Awareness to epidemic Information and Self-Restricted Travel Behavior on Contagion 疫情信息风险意识与传染病自限性出行行为
IF 0.4 4区 数学 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-08-11 DOI: 10.1142/s0219525921500016
Wen-Juan Xu, Chen-Yang Zhong, Hui-Fen Ye, Rongda Chen, T. Qiu, F. Ren, Li-Xin Zhong
By incorporating delayed epidemic information and self-restricted travel behavior into the SIS model, we have investigated the coupled effects of timely and accurate epidemic information and people’s sensitivity to the epidemic information on contagion. In the population with only local random movement, whether the epidemic information is delayed or not has no effect on the spread of the epidemic. People’s high sensitivity to the epidemic information leads to their risk aversion behavior and the spread of the epidemic is suppressed. In the population with only global person-to-person movement, timely and accurate epidemic information helps an individual cut off the connections with the infected in time and the epidemic is brought under control in no time. A delay in the epidemic information leads to an individual’s misjudgment of who has been infected and who has not, which in turn leads to rapid progress and a higher peak of the epidemic. In the population with coexistence of local and global movement, timely and accurate epidemic information and people’s high sensitivity to the epidemic information play an important role in curbing the epidemic. A theoretical analysis indicates that people’s misjudgment caused by the delayed epidemic information leads to a higher encounter probability between the susceptible and the infected and people’s self-restricted travel behavior helps reduce such an encounter probability. A functional relation between the ratio of infected individuals and the susceptible-infected encounter probability has been found.
我们将延迟的疫情信息和自限出行行为纳入SIS模型,考察了及时准确的疫情信息和人们对疫情信息的敏感性对传染的耦合效应。在只有局部随机运动的人群中,疫情信息是否延迟对疫情的传播没有影响。人们对疫情信息的高度敏感导致了风险规避行为,抑制了疫情的传播。在只有全球人对人流动的人群中,及时准确的疫情信息有助于个人及时切断与感染者的联系,使疫情在第一时间得到控制。疫情信息的延迟导致个人对谁感染了谁没有感染的判断错误,这反过来又导致疫情迅速发展和更高的高峰。在本地和全球流动并存的人口中,及时准确的疫情信息和人们对疫情信息的高度敏感性对遏制疫情起着重要作用。理论分析表明,由于疫情信息的延迟,人们的误判导致易感者与感染者相遇的概率更高,而人们的自我限制出行行为有助于降低这种相遇的概率。发现了感染个体比例与易感感染相遇概率之间的函数关系。
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引用次数: 1
Network of scientific concepts: empirical analysis and modeling 科学概念网络:实证分析与建模
IF 0.4 4区 数学 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-08-09 DOI: 10.1142/S0219525921400014
V. Palchykov, M. Krasnytska, O. Mryglod, Y. Holovatch
Concepts in a certain domain of science are linked via intrinsic connections reflecting the structure of knowledge. To get a qualitative insight and a quantitative description of this structure, we perform empirical analysis and modeling of the network of scientific concepts in the domain of physics. To this end we use a collection of manuscripts submitted to the e-print repository arXiv and the vocabulary of scientific concepts collected via the ScienceWISE.info platform and construct a network of scientific concepts based on their co-occurrences in publications. The resulting complex network possesses a number of specific features (high node density, dissortativity, structural correlations, skewed node degree distribution) that can not be understood as a result of simple growth by several commonly used network models. We show that the model based on a simultaneous account of two factors, growth by blocks and preferential selection, gives an explanation of empirically observed properties of the concepts network.
某一科学领域内的概念是通过反映知识结构的内在联系联系起来的。为了获得对这种结构的定性洞察和定量描述,我们对物理领域的科学概念网络进行了实证分析和建模。为此,我们利用提交给电子出版物库arXiv的稿件集和ScienceWISE.info平台收集的科学概念词汇,构建了一个基于它们在出版物中共现的科学概念网络。由此产生的复杂网络具有许多特定的特征(高节点密度、无序性、结构相关性、倾斜的节点度分布),这些特征不能被一些常用的网络模型所理解。我们表明,该模型基于同时考虑两个因素,即块增长和优先选择,给出了经验观察到的概念网络特性的解释。
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引用次数: 3
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Advances in Complex Systems
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