The series of Interviews continues Slovenian, Yugoslav, and Dinaric speleobiologist Boris Sket. His interest in subterranean fauna started in childhood. Professor Sket is one of the pioneering speleobiologists in Slovenia. As a professor at University of Ljubljana, he has been exploring all aspects of cave fauna since 1950s. He also brought speleobiology to University curriculum. He can be considered as a founder of SubBio Lab, a progressive group of speleobiologists from the University of Ljubljana.
{"title":"Nothing has a sense in speleobiology, without a comparison of cave animals with the 'normal' epigean ones","authors":"Ivo Lučić","doi":"10.3986/AC.V50I1.10102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V50I1.10102","url":null,"abstract":"The series of Interviews continues Slovenian, Yugoslav, and Dinaric speleobiologist Boris Sket. His interest in subterranean fauna started in childhood. Professor Sket is one of the pioneering speleobiologists in Slovenia. As a professor at University of Ljubljana, he has been exploring all aspects of cave fauna since 1950s. He also brought speleobiology to University curriculum. He can be considered as a founder of SubBio Lab, a progressive group of speleobiologists from the University of Ljubljana.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41762330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meteoric and glacial meltwater charged groundwater, mixed with dissolved salts from Devonian sources at depth, discharged as saline springs along topographic lows of the Athabasca River Valley, which downcuts into the Cretaceous Athabasca oil sands deposit in northeast Alberta, western Canada. These Quaternary saline seeps have TDS measurements, isotope signatures and other chemical characteristics indicative of the groundwater flows coming in contact with Prairie Evaporite (M. Devonian) salt beds, 200 m below the surface. Migrations up-section of groundwater with dissolved chloride and sulphate salts occurred along salt dissolution collapse breccia zones that cross-cut Upper Devonian limestone strata. Seeps discharged along the karstic Devonian limestone paleotopography, the unconformity surface flooring the Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation. Saline to brine springs along the Athabasca River Valley have TDS measurements that can exceed 100,000 mg/L. Quaternary salt removal was insignificant compared to the voluminous removal of the 80-130 m thick salt section for 1000s km2 during the Early Cretaceous configuration of the Devonian paleotopography, which partially controlled depositional patterns of the overlying McMurray Formation, principal host rock of the Athabasca oil sands. Little is known of the storage or disposition of voluminous brines that would have resulted from this regional-scale removal of the salt beds below the Athabasca deposit during the Cordilleran configuration of the foreland Alberta Basin. Holocene dissolution trends and discharges at the surface as saline springs are proposed as a modern analogue for voluminous Early Cretaceous brine seeps to the surface along salt dissolution collapse breccia zones, concurrent with deposition of the McMurray Formation. This model links several characteristics of the McMurray Formation as responses to Aptian brine seeps to the surface. These include: (1) the emplacement of a drainage-line silcrete along the margins of the Assiniboia PaleoValley, now partially exhumed by the Athabasca River Valley, (2) distribution of brackish-water burrowing organisms, and (3) diagenesis of calcite-cemented sand intervals.
{"title":"Alignment of saline springs with evaporite karst structures in northeast Alberta, western Canada: analogue for cretaceous hypogene brine seeps to the surface","authors":"P. Broughton","doi":"10.3986/AC.V50I1.8763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V50I1.8763","url":null,"abstract":"Meteoric and glacial meltwater charged groundwater, mixed with dissolved salts from Devonian sources at depth, discharged as saline springs along topographic lows of the Athabasca River Valley, which downcuts into the Cretaceous Athabasca oil sands deposit in northeast Alberta, western Canada. These Quaternary saline seeps have TDS measurements, isotope signatures and other chemical characteristics indicative of the groundwater flows coming in contact with Prairie Evaporite (M. Devonian) salt beds, 200 m below the surface. Migrations up-section of groundwater with dissolved chloride and sulphate salts occurred along salt dissolution collapse breccia zones that cross-cut Upper Devonian limestone strata. Seeps discharged along the karstic Devonian limestone paleotopography, the unconformity surface flooring the Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation. Saline to brine springs along the Athabasca River Valley have TDS measurements that can exceed 100,000 mg/L. Quaternary salt removal was insignificant compared to the voluminous removal of the 80-130 m thick salt section for 1000s km2 during the Early Cretaceous configuration of the Devonian paleotopography, which partially controlled depositional patterns of the overlying McMurray Formation, principal host rock of the Athabasca oil sands. Little is known of the storage or disposition of voluminous brines that would have resulted from this regional-scale removal of the salt beds below the Athabasca deposit during the Cordilleran configuration of the foreland Alberta Basin. Holocene dissolution trends and discharges at the surface as saline springs are proposed as a modern analogue for voluminous Early Cretaceous brine seeps to the surface along salt dissolution collapse breccia zones, concurrent with deposition of the McMurray Formation. This model links several characteristics of the McMurray Formation as responses to Aptian brine seeps to the surface. These include: (1) the emplacement of a drainage-line silcrete along the margins of the Assiniboia PaleoValley, now partially exhumed by the Athabasca River Valley, (2) distribution of brackish-water burrowing organisms, and (3) diagenesis of calcite-cemented sand intervals.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46608293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With pain and sadness, we have received news about the death of Prof. Jean Nicod. Prof. Jean Nicod was Dr. Litt., retired Professor Emeritus of Physical Geography at the University Aix-Marseille, Institute of Geography, Aix-en-Provence, honorary doctor of the University of Silesia (1994), and Corresponding member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (2003). Prof. Nicod was an outstanding geographer, geomorphologist, researcher of karst phenomena and Mediterranean geomorphology, the founder of the French school of karst geomorphology, and of Association Francaise de Karstologie (French Association of Karstology), its first president (1977-1986), later its honorary president. Additionally, he was president of Commision de Phenomene Karstique du Comite National de Geographie (Commission of karst phenomena at the National Geographic Committee), and the founder and editor of the journals Karstologia and Mediterranee.
我们悲痛地收到让·尼科德教授去世的消息。Jean Nicod教授是Litt博士。埃克斯-马赛大学自然地理学名誉退休教授，普罗旺斯艾克斯地理研究所，西里西亚大学名誉博士(1994年)，斯洛文尼亚科学与艺术学院通讯院士(2003年)。Nicod教授是一位杰出的地理学家、地貌学家、喀斯特现象和地中海地貌学研究者，法国喀斯特地貌学学派的创始人，法国喀斯特地貌学协会的首任主席(1977-1986)，后来成为该协会的名誉主席。此外，他还是国家地理委员会喀斯特现象委员会(Commission de Phenomene Karstique du Comite National de Geographic)主席，《喀斯特现象》(Karstologia)和《地中海》(Mediterranee)期刊的创始人和编辑。
{"title":"In memoriam to Professor Jean Nicod (1923-2021)","authors":"A. Kranjc","doi":"10.3986/AC.V50I1.10130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V50I1.10130","url":null,"abstract":"With pain and sadness, we have received news about the death of Prof. Jean Nicod. Prof. Jean Nicod was Dr. Litt., retired Professor Emeritus of Physical Geography at the University Aix-Marseille, Institute of Geography, Aix-en-Provence, honorary doctor of the University of Silesia (1994), and Corresponding member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (2003). Prof. Nicod was an outstanding geographer, geomorphologist, researcher of karst phenomena and Mediterranean geomorphology, the founder of the French school of karst geomorphology, and of Association Francaise de Karstologie (French Association of Karstology), its first president (1977-1986), later its honorary president. Additionally, he was president of Commision de Phenomene Karstique du Comite National de Geographie (Commission of karst phenomena at the National Geographic Committee), and the founder and editor of the journals Karstologia and Mediterranee.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44369591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Ballesteros, S. Llana-Fúnez, Mónica Meléndez-Asensio, I. Fuente Merino, C. Sainz, L. Quindós
Radon (Rn) constitutes a good geochemical tracer for neotectonic activity in faults since associated fracturing near the surface favours fluid escape to the atmosphere. In this contribution, we measured the Rn concentration in the air inside karst caves to constraints the recent fault activity in the Cantabrian Mountains (N Spain). Rock formations exhumed during the uplifting of the Cantabrian Mountains record a long history of fracturing, which has the potential to connect deeper sources of Rn with the surface. In this regional study, we correlate Rn measurements with cave survey data and geological structures using a Geographic Information Systems. Thirty-four Rn average concentration was recorded by CR-39 detectors during 8 integrated months. The method is applied to the central part of the Cantabrian Mountains that is built on sedimentary and low-grade metamorphic rocks relatively poor in U. Dominant tectonic structures and Rn concentration are examined in 28 cavities. The concentration of Rn values is higher than 0.5 kBq·m-3 in caves developed preferably following fractures with the direction N30oW, being the concentration greater than 0.8 kBq·m-3 in cavities located less than 200±50 m from subvertical faults with such orientation. Rn anomalies point to relative high connectivity along subvertical fault zones NW-trending, preserving fracture connectivity in the most recent structures in the Cantabrian Mountains. Finally, in the study area there is a low but significant radioactive hazard which is associated to fault zones in a fractured rock massif. It contrasts with other active tectonic settings where the radioactive hazard may come from fault movements.
{"title":"Radon concentration in caves as a proxy for tectonic activity in The Cantabrian Mountains (Spain)","authors":"D. Ballesteros, S. Llana-Fúnez, Mónica Meléndez-Asensio, I. Fuente Merino, C. Sainz, L. Quindós","doi":"10.3986/AC.V50I1.7795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V50I1.7795","url":null,"abstract":"Radon (Rn) constitutes a good geochemical tracer for neotectonic activity in faults since associated fracturing near the surface favours fluid escape to the atmosphere. In this contribution, we measured the Rn concentration in the air inside karst caves to constraints the recent fault activity in the Cantabrian Mountains (N Spain). Rock formations exhumed during the uplifting of the Cantabrian Mountains record a long history of fracturing, which has the potential to connect deeper sources of Rn with the surface. In this regional study, we correlate Rn measurements with cave survey data and geological structures using a Geographic Information Systems. Thirty-four Rn average concentration was recorded by CR-39 detectors during 8 integrated months. The method is applied to the central part of the Cantabrian Mountains that is built on sedimentary and low-grade metamorphic rocks relatively poor in U. Dominant tectonic structures and Rn concentration are examined in 28 cavities. The concentration of Rn values is higher than 0.5 kBq·m-3 in caves developed preferably following fractures with the direction N30oW, being the concentration greater than 0.8 kBq·m-3 in cavities located less than 200±50 m from subvertical faults with such orientation. Rn anomalies point to relative high connectivity along subvertical fault zones NW-trending, preserving fracture connectivity in the most recent structures in the Cantabrian Mountains. Finally, in the study area there is a low but significant radioactive hazard which is associated to fault zones in a fractured rock massif. It contrasts with other active tectonic settings where the radioactive hazard may come from fault movements.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49228639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dolines are small to intermediate enclosed depressions and are the most numerous karst feature in Slovenia. They are circular in plan form and vary in diameter from a few metres to over a kilometre. They are developed in limestone, dolomite, carbonate breccia and conglomerate and occupy different geomorphic settings. They were formed by various processes like dissolution, collapse, suffosion and transformation of caves to surface features by denudation. Publicly accessible lidar data, provided by a nationwide laser scanning project of Slovenia, was used for this study. To catalogue the dolines, we manually label a fraction of the digital elevation model (DEM) with a binary mask indicating if the area is a doline or not. We then train a slightly modified u-net, a type of machine learning algorithm, on the labelled territory. Using the trained algorithm, we infer the binary mask on the entire DEM. We convert the resulting mask into an ESRI Shapefile and manually verify the results. We note that the training and inference are error prone on types of relief that were less common in the training set (e.g., the relatively uncommon collapse dolines). We believe manual verification mitigates most of these errors, so the resulting map is a good basis for the doline study. We have made our georeferenced catalogue of dolines available at https://dolines.org/ (Mihevc & Mihevc 2021). Dolines are found in most of the karst areas, except mountains where they were eroded by glacial action or covered by glacial deposits. We detected 471,192 dolines and divided them into three genetic types. Most abundant are solution dolines (470,325). The average doline is 9 m deep, has a diameter of 42 m and a volume of 14,098 m3. The density of dolines on levelled surfaces can be as high as 500/ per km2. They are absent from the floors of poljes and steeper slopes, and are less abundant on sloping surfaces. We have identified 314 dolines to be of collapse origin. The mean depth of collapse dolines is 49 m, and 20 of them are deeper than 100 m. The mean volume is 1.2 million m3, with the largest having a volume of 11.6 million m3. Most of the collapse dolines can be found close to ponors or springs or corridors where large underground rivers flow. We have detected 553 suffosion dolines formed by suffosion of sediments in blind valleys or on poljes. This basic data set for dolines enables further study and comparison of dolines with the geology and topography of the karst.
{"title":"Morphological characteristics and distribution of dolines in Slovenia, a study of a lidar-based doline map of Slovenia","authors":"A. Mihevc, Rok Mihevc","doi":"10.3986/AC.V50I1.9462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V50I1.9462","url":null,"abstract":"Dolines are small to intermediate enclosed depressions and are the most numerous karst feature in Slovenia. They are circular in plan form and vary in diameter from a few metres to over a kilometre. They are developed in limestone, dolomite, carbonate breccia and conglomerate and occupy different geomorphic settings. They were formed by various processes like dissolution, collapse, suffosion and transformation of caves to surface features by denudation. Publicly accessible lidar data, provided by a nationwide laser scanning project of Slovenia, was used for this study. To catalogue the dolines, we manually label a fraction of the digital elevation model (DEM) with a binary mask indicating if the area is a doline or not. We then train a slightly modified u-net, a type of machine learning algorithm, on the labelled territory. Using the trained algorithm, we infer the binary mask on the entire DEM. We convert the resulting mask into an ESRI Shapefile and manually verify the results. We note that the training and inference are error prone on types of relief that were less common in the training set (e.g., the relatively uncommon collapse dolines). We believe manual verification mitigates most of these errors, so the resulting map is a good basis for the doline study. We have made our georeferenced catalogue of dolines available at https://dolines.org/ (Mihevc & Mihevc 2021). Dolines are found in most of the karst areas, except mountains where they were eroded by glacial action or covered by glacial deposits. We detected 471,192 dolines and divided them into three genetic types. Most abundant are solution dolines (470,325). The average doline is 9 m deep, has a diameter of 42 m and a volume of 14,098 m3. The density of dolines on levelled surfaces can be as high as 500/ per km2. They are absent from the floors of poljes and steeper slopes, and are less abundant on sloping surfaces. We have identified 314 dolines to be of collapse origin. The mean depth of collapse dolines is 49 m, and 20 of them are deeper than 100 m. The mean volume is 1.2 million m3, with the largest having a volume of 11.6 million m3. Most of the collapse dolines can be found close to ponors or springs or corridors where large underground rivers flow. We have detected 553 suffosion dolines formed by suffosion of sediments in blind valleys or on poljes. This basic data set for dolines enables further study and comparison of dolines with the geology and topography of the karst.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47280088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Almopia Speleopark caves are located at the Almopia basin in northern Greece, at the foothill of Voras Mountain, and are formed in the Maestrichtian limestones of the Pelagonian zone. They are studied on the basis of their meso- and micro-scale morphology as well as their horizontal pattern, in order to investigate the character of the forming aquifer. Emphasis is given on the morphological description of the Loutra Almopias Cave. Cave morphology is dominated by the presence of cupolas, rock bridges, ridges and “windows”, abrupt terminations of fracture guided passages, pendants, rising channels, pseudonotches, false-floors and spongework. Speleogens indicate a speleogenesis due to slowly natural convecting hot water bodies. Phreatic calcite from the Varathron Cave is analyzed on the basis of the fluid inclusions in order to investigate the physicochemical conditions of the convecting water bodies. This has shown that the calcite was formed at temperatures ranging between 120 and 189 oC, with a peak around 150 oC. The fluids were dominated by NaCl of very low salinities (0.2-1.0 wt% NaCl equiv.), showing probably the incorporation of meteoric waters.
{"title":"Morphological features and formation conditions of The Almopia Speleopark caves (Loutra Almopias, N. Greece)","authors":"G. Lazaridis, V. Melfos","doi":"10.3986/AC.V50I1.7592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V50I1.7592","url":null,"abstract":"The Almopia Speleopark caves are located at the Almopia basin in northern Greece, at the foothill of Voras Mountain, and are formed in the Maestrichtian limestones of the Pelagonian zone. They are studied on the basis of their meso- and micro-scale morphology as well as their horizontal pattern, in order to investigate the character of the forming aquifer. Emphasis is given on the morphological description of the Loutra Almopias Cave. Cave morphology is dominated by the presence of cupolas, rock bridges, ridges and “windows”, abrupt terminations of fracture guided passages, pendants, rising channels, pseudonotches, false-floors and spongework. Speleogens indicate a speleogenesis due to slowly natural convecting hot water bodies. Phreatic calcite from the Varathron Cave is analyzed on the basis of the fluid inclusions in order to investigate the physicochemical conditions of the convecting water bodies. This has shown that the calcite was formed at temperatures ranging between 120 and 189 oC, with a peak around 150 oC. The fluids were dominated by NaCl of very low salinities (0.2-1.0 wt% NaCl equiv.), showing probably the incorporation of meteoric waters.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47917451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
UDC 551.44(497.16) Mirela Djurović & Predrag Djurović: Review of the most significant caves in Montenegro The most significant caves in Montenegro were distinguished in response to their physical-geographic, biological, archeological and morphometric characteristics (length and depth). Caves distribute in four distinctive regions: coastal karst, karst plateau (relict valley system), fluvial karst (recent hydrologic systems) and the high mountainous karst area. The most outstanding within the last, due to abundances of the major caves with depths from a few hundred meters to 1,162 m, are four mountain regions: Mt. Durmitor, Mt. Lovćen-Orjen, Mt. Maganik and Mt. Bjelič.
{"title":"Review of the most significant caves in Montenegro","authors":"M. Djurović, P. Djurović","doi":"10.3986/AC.VI.7182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.VI.7182","url":null,"abstract":"UDC 551.44(497.16) Mirela Djurović & Predrag Djurović: Review of the most significant caves in Montenegro The most significant caves in Montenegro were distinguished in response to their physical-geographic, biological, archeological and morphometric characteristics (length and depth). Caves distribute in four distinctive regions: coastal karst, karst plateau (relict valley system), fluvial karst (recent hydrologic systems) and the high mountainous karst area. The most outstanding within the last, due to abundances of the major caves with depths from a few hundred meters to 1,162 m, are four mountain regions: Mt. Durmitor, Mt. Lovćen-Orjen, Mt. Maganik and Mt. Bjelič.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41981994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
UDC 556.36(235.12) Mehmet Çelik & Süleyman Selim Çallı: Conduit and fracture flow characteristics of Pınarbaşı spring, Central Taurus Region, Seydişehir, Turkey This study was conducted to investigate the flow and storage mechanisms of a karst aquifer located at the central Taurus Mountains, Turkey. As the biggest discharge point of the aquifer system, the flow characteristics are investigated at Pınarbaşı spring by using recession and time-series analyses. Continuous water level measurements are taken from the spring and are converted to flow rate by using a rating curve. The spring flows for 7 months (December 2014 – July 2015) and dries up for the rest of the year. Six individual recession periods are investigated and analyzed in the discharge time series. The recession coefficients (between 0.029 day-1 and 0.695 day-1) show that the flow within the aquifer system is mainly controlled by large open conduit and partly fracture porosity. The peak discharge is measured as 7.08 m3/s, and the maximum storage within the aquifer is calculated as 3.15 million m3. The continuous discharge data of the spring were evaluated combined with daily rainfall, temperature, electrical conductivity, and amount of suspended sediment in the water. Also a dye-tracing test was also applied to obtain the recharge-discharge relationship and porosity type of the aquifer system. Statistical tests on discharge hydrograph and tracer test showed that the memory of the karst aquifer was found to be about 3 days in the DJF period and about 15 days in the MAM period. The average elevation of the recharge area of the spring was determined to be 1,490 m by using stable isotope data of snow samples and was validated by dye tracer test made via the swallow hole in the recharge area. The total discharge for the year 2015 is estimated at 16.2 million m3 that approximately 25% of the total discharge is caused by snowmelt.
{"title":"Conduit and fracture flow characteristics of Pınarbaşı spring, Central Taurus Region, Seydişehir, Turkey","authors":"M. Çelik, Süleyman Selim Çallı","doi":"10.3986/AC.VI.6997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.VI.6997","url":null,"abstract":"UDC 556.36(235.12) Mehmet Çelik & Süleyman Selim Çallı: Conduit and fracture flow characteristics of Pınarbaşı spring, Central Taurus Region, Seydişehir, Turkey This study was conducted to investigate the flow and storage mechanisms of a karst aquifer located at the central Taurus Mountains, Turkey. As the biggest discharge point of the aquifer system, the flow characteristics are investigated at Pınarbaşı spring by using recession and time-series analyses. Continuous water level measurements are taken from the spring and are converted to flow rate by using a rating curve. The spring flows for 7 months (December 2014 – July 2015) and dries up for the rest of the year. Six individual recession periods are investigated and analyzed in the discharge time series. The recession coefficients (between 0.029 day-1 and 0.695 day-1) show that the flow within the aquifer system is mainly controlled by large open conduit and partly fracture porosity. The peak discharge is measured as 7.08 m3/s, and the maximum storage within the aquifer is calculated as 3.15 million m3. The continuous discharge data of the spring were evaluated combined with daily rainfall, temperature, electrical conductivity, and amount of suspended sediment in the water. Also a dye-tracing test was also applied to obtain the recharge-discharge relationship and porosity type of the aquifer system. Statistical tests on discharge hydrograph and tracer test showed that the memory of the karst aquifer was found to be about 3 days in the DJF period and about 15 days in the MAM period. The average elevation of the recharge area of the spring was determined to be 1,490 m by using stable isotope data of snow samples and was validated by dye tracer test made via the swallow hole in the recharge area. The total discharge for the year 2015 is estimated at 16.2 million m3 that approximately 25% of the total discharge is caused by snowmelt.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49558830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
UDC 551.44:551.35(497.434) Bojan Otoničar: Speleogenesis and depositional history of paleokarst phreatic caves/cavities; Podgrad, SW Slovenia The studied paleokarst corresponds to an uplifted peripheral foreland bulge when Upper Cretaceous diagenetically immature eogenetic carbonates were subaerially exposed, karstified and subsequently overlain by upper Paleocene/lower Eocene palustrine limestone. Among the subsurface paleokarstic features, both vadose and phreatic forms occur. The phreatic caves/cavities include features characteristic of the mixing zone speleogenesis at the interface between freshwater (brackish water) lenses and the underlying seawater. They were found in various positions with respect to the paleokarstic surface, the deepest being about 75 m below the surface. Three indistinct horizons of cavities/caves and intermediate vugs were recognized. Subsequently, all cavities were completely filled with detrital sediments and speleothems in the phreatic and vadose zones. In general, the phreatic cavities of the lower two horizons are geopetally filled with mudstone derived from incomplete dissolution of the host rock and overlain by coarse-grained, blocky calcite. Shallower below the paleokarst surface, a large phreatic cave of the third horizon is filled with flowstone overlain by reddish micritic carbonate sediment with intercalated calcite rafts. In the upper part of the cave, sediments derived from the paleokarst surface are gradually becoming more abundant. Vadose channels, which may also intersect the cave sediments, are mainly filled with "pedogenic" material derived from the paleokarst surface. Immediately prior to marine transgression over the paleokarst surface, some cavities were filled with marine-derived microturbidites. In general, the diversity of cave fills and the amount of surface material decrease with distance from the paleokarst surface. Below the Izvleček UDK 551.44:551.35(497.434) Bojan Otoničar: Speleogeneza in sedimentacijska zgodovina paleokraških jam/votlin prežete cone; Podgrad, JZ Slovenija Raziskovani paleokras se je oblikoval na dvignjeni periferni izboklini, ko so bili diagenetsko nezreli zgornje kredni karbonati dvignjeni nad morsko gladino in zakraseli. Kasneje je bil ta zakraseli del periferne izbokline ponovno potopljen pod morsko gladino, paleokraško površje pa prekrito z zgornje paleocenskimi do spodnje eocenskimi palustrinimi apnenci. Na raziskovanem območju se pojavljajo podpovršinske paleokraške oblike značilne tako za prežeto kot neprežeto hidrogeološko cono. Kraške jame in manjše votlinice prežete cone kažejo značilnosti speleogeneze v območju mešanja meteorne in morske vode. Pojavljajo se v različnih nivojih glede na paleokraško površje, najgloblje približno 75 m pod njim. Jame in votlinice so razporejene v tri neizrazite horizonte, vendar se tudi med njimi pojavljajo manjše pore in kanali, ki so večinoma nastali ali so bili vsaj deloma preoblikovani z raztapljanjem. Vse omenjene votline r
UDC 551.44:551.35（497.434）Bojan Otoničar：古喀斯特洞穴/洞穴的洞穴成因和沉积史；斯洛文尼亚西南部波德格勒所研究的古岩溶对应于一个隆起的外围前陆凸起，当时上白垩纪成岩未成熟的异生碳酸盐岩近连续暴露、岩溶化，随后被上古新世/下始新世沼泽灰岩覆盖。在地下古岩溶特征中，既有渗流形式，也有胞质形式。胞质洞穴/洞穴包括淡水（微咸水）透镜体和下层海水之间界面的混合带洞穴成因特征。它们在古岩溶表面的不同位置被发现，最深的位置在地表以下约75米。识别出三个洞穴/洞穴和中间洞穴的模糊层位。随后，所有洞穴都被phratic和渗流带中的碎屑沉积物和洞穴主题物完全填满。通常，较低两个层位的phratic洞穴是由寄主岩石不完全溶解产生的泥岩填充的地质金属，并由粗粒块状方解石覆盖。在古岩溶表面下方的浅层，第三层的一个大洞穴中充满了流石，上面覆盖着带夹层方解石排的红色泥质碳酸盐沉积物。在洞穴的上部，来自古岩溶表面的沉积物逐渐变得更加丰富。渗流通道也可能与洞穴沉积物相交，主要填充来自古岩溶表面的“成土”物质。就在古岩溶表面发生海侵之前，一些洞穴中充满了海洋衍生的微型涡轮机。总的来说，洞穴填充物的多样性和地表物质的数量随着与古岩溶表面的距离而减少。UDK 551.44:551.35（497.434）Bojan Otoničar：渗透带古克拉塞洞穴/洞穴的洞穴成因和沉积史；当成岩未成熟的上部白垩碳酸盐岩上升到海平面以上并受到装饰时，所研究的古地层形成在凸起的外围凸起上。后来，外围凸起的这一装饰部分再次淹没在海平面以下，古大陆表面覆盖着古新世上部至始新世下部的沼泽石灰岩。研究区域出现了致密和无人居住水文地质带的典型地下古气候形式。在大气和海水混合的地区，溶洞和弥漫带的小洞穴显示出洞穴成因的特征。它们出现在与古大陆表面相关的不同水平，最深约75米。洞穴和洞穴被排列成三个不可表达的层位，但它们之间出现了较小的孔隙和通道，大部分由溶解形成或至少部分转化。所有提到的不同尺寸的洞穴后来都被放牧和无人居住的水文地质带中的大部分细粒沉积物和Sigma完全填满。一般来说，下两层渗透带的洞穴中充满了碳酸盐泥，碳酸盐泥是洞穴岩石不完全溶解的结果，细粒沉积物上方的残余物中含有粗粒镶嵌钙。在填充洞穴的第三层，古洞穴表面以下较浅的地方，还有一个大洞穴，也是在杂草丛生的地带形成的。在某些地方，它的下部含有siga，但主要填充有红色碳酸盐微晶，其中包含常见的颗粒、瓦片和漂浮的方解石束。在大型洞穴的上部沉积物中，物质越来越丰富，这是在斯洛文尼亚Postojna的1 Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU，Titov trg 2，SI-6230中发现的；电子邮件：otonicar@zrc-sazu.si*通讯作者收到/Prejeto:12.04.2021 DOI:10.3986/ac.vi.9945 ACTA CARSOLOGICA 50/1，67-96，POSTOJNA 2021 COISS:1.01
{"title":"Speleogenesis and depositional history of paleokarst phreatic caves/cavities; Podgrad, SW Slovenia","authors":"Bojan Otoničar","doi":"10.3986/AC.VI.9945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.VI.9945","url":null,"abstract":"UDC 551.44:551.35(497.434) Bojan Otoničar: Speleogenesis and depositional history of paleokarst phreatic caves/cavities; Podgrad, SW Slovenia The studied paleokarst corresponds to an uplifted peripheral foreland bulge when Upper Cretaceous diagenetically immature eogenetic carbonates were subaerially exposed, karstified and subsequently overlain by upper Paleocene/lower Eocene palustrine limestone. Among the subsurface paleokarstic features, both vadose and phreatic forms occur. The phreatic caves/cavities include features characteristic of the mixing zone speleogenesis at the interface between freshwater (brackish water) lenses and the underlying seawater. They were found in various positions with respect to the paleokarstic surface, the deepest being about 75 m below the surface. Three indistinct horizons of cavities/caves and intermediate vugs were recognized. Subsequently, all cavities were completely filled with detrital sediments and speleothems in the phreatic and vadose zones. In general, the phreatic cavities of the lower two horizons are geopetally filled with mudstone derived from incomplete dissolution of the host rock and overlain by coarse-grained, blocky calcite. Shallower below the paleokarst surface, a large phreatic cave of the third horizon is filled with flowstone overlain by reddish micritic carbonate sediment with intercalated calcite rafts. In the upper part of the cave, sediments derived from the paleokarst surface are gradually becoming more abundant. Vadose channels, which may also intersect the cave sediments, are mainly filled with \"pedogenic\" material derived from the paleokarst surface. Immediately prior to marine transgression over the paleokarst surface, some cavities were filled with marine-derived microturbidites. In general, the diversity of cave fills and the amount of surface material decrease with distance from the paleokarst surface. Below the Izvleček UDK 551.44:551.35(497.434) Bojan Otoničar: Speleogeneza in sedimentacijska zgodovina paleokraških jam/votlin prežete cone; Podgrad, JZ Slovenija Raziskovani paleokras se je oblikoval na dvignjeni periferni izboklini, ko so bili diagenetsko nezreli zgornje kredni karbonati dvignjeni nad morsko gladino in zakraseli. Kasneje je bil ta zakraseli del periferne izbokline ponovno potopljen pod morsko gladino, paleokraško površje pa prekrito z zgornje paleocenskimi do spodnje eocenskimi palustrinimi apnenci. Na raziskovanem območju se pojavljajo podpovršinske paleokraške oblike značilne tako za prežeto kot neprežeto hidrogeološko cono. Kraške jame in manjše votlinice prežete cone kažejo značilnosti speleogeneze v območju mešanja meteorne in morske vode. Pojavljajo se v različnih nivojih glede na paleokraško površje, najgloblje približno 75 m pod njim. Jame in votlinice so razporejene v tri neizrazite horizonte, vendar se tudi med njimi pojavljajo manjše pore in kanali, ki so večinoma nastali ali so bili vsaj deloma preoblikovani z raztapljanjem. Vse omenjene votline r","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46614764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Kempe, G. Middleton, Aaron Addison, T. Toulkeridis, G. Hoese
There has been little research on the genesis and development of pyroducts (or lava tubes) originating from Gala´pagos volcanoes. Pyroducts are responsible for the lateral, post-eruptive transport of lava because they are highly effective as thermal insulators. After eruptions terminate, these conduits often become accessible as caves. In March 2014 the 16th International Symposium on Vulcanospeleology brought a large group of vulcanospeleological specialists to the Islands. During the meeting a number of pyroducts were visited and studied in context on the island of Santa Cruz and around Isabella’s Sierra Negra volcano in the western, most active, part of the Gala´pagos. The longest of the caves, Cueva del Cascajo, about 3 km in length, was partly surveyed and nine other caves were visited. Structural features such as thickness of roof, evidence of downcutting, presence of oxbows, secondary ceilings, lavafalls, collapses and pukas were particularly studied for evidence they reveal about developmental stages of pyroducts. The resulting data show that the pyroducts were formed by "inflation" with the primary roof consisting of uninterrupted paŻhoehoe sheets. No pyroducts were identified that developed by the crusting-over of channels. The studies strongly confirm inferences drawn from other hot-spot related islands, such as Hawai’i.
关于加拉帕戈斯火山的产物(或熔岩管)的起源和发展的研究很少。产物负责熔岩的侧向，喷发后的运输，因为它们是非常有效的隔热材料。火山喷发结束后，这些管道通常会变成洞穴。2014年3月，第16届火山洞穴学国际研讨会将一大群火山洞穴学专家带到群岛。在会议期间，参观了许多产品，并在圣克鲁斯岛和伊莎贝拉塞拉内格拉火山周围的背景下进行了研究，塞拉内格拉火山位于加拉帕戈斯最活跃的西部。最长的洞穴Cueva del Cascajo长约3公里，对其进行了部分调查，并参观了其他9个洞穴。结构特征，如屋顶的厚度、向下切割的证据、牛弓的存在、次级天花板、熔岩落、崩塌和普卡，被特别研究，以作为它们揭示产品发育阶段的证据。结果表明，产品是由“膨胀”形成的，主顶板由不间断的paŻhoehoe板组成。未发现由渠道覆壳形成的产物。这些研究有力地证实了从其他热点相关岛屿(如夏威夷)得出的推论。
{"title":"New insights into the genesis of pyroducts of The Galápagos islands, Ecuador","authors":"S. Kempe, G. Middleton, Aaron Addison, T. Toulkeridis, G. Hoese","doi":"10.3986/AC.VI.7587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.VI.7587","url":null,"abstract":"There has been little research on the genesis and development of pyroducts (or lava tubes) originating from Gala´pagos volcanoes. Pyroducts are responsible for the lateral, post-eruptive transport of lava because they are highly effective as thermal insulators. After eruptions terminate, these conduits often become accessible as caves. In March 2014 the 16th International Symposium on Vulcanospeleology brought a large group of vulcanospeleological specialists to the Islands. During the meeting a number of pyroducts were visited and studied in context on the island of Santa Cruz and around Isabella’s Sierra Negra volcano in the western, most active, part of the Gala´pagos. The longest of the caves, Cueva del Cascajo, about 3 km in length, was partly surveyed and nine other caves were visited. Structural features such as thickness of roof, evidence of downcutting, presence of oxbows, secondary ceilings, lavafalls, collapses and pukas were particularly studied for evidence they reveal about developmental stages of pyroducts. The resulting data show that the pyroducts were formed by \"inflation\" with the primary roof consisting of uninterrupted paŻhoehoe sheets. No pyroducts were identified that developed by the crusting-over of channels. The studies strongly confirm inferences drawn from other hot-spot related islands, such as Hawai’i.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45468821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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