Isabel Pires Mascarenhas Ribeiro de Oliveira, D. Correa, R. Ferreira, A. Auler
The Carlucio Cave is located on the left bank of the Peruacu River canyon, in a National Park located in the semiarid zone of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil. Although the Carlucio Cave is in an unfavorable relief position in terms of material importation into its interior, it harbors an important fossil deposit. This paper sought to investigate such fossil assemblage and describe material importation and deposition events. For that purpose, a survey of the existing fossils was conducted, including a description of the deposition sites and taphonomic signatures. A topographic survey was carried out of representative samples and the deposit chronology was established by means of carbon-14 and uranium-series dating. The fossil assemblage comprises mainly terrestrial epigeal mollusk shells, totaling 1,399 individuals, 70% of which are Drymaeus sp. (Bulimuloidea, Bulimulidae). In addition, 20 bones, 57 vegetal deposition sites, four charcoals, one palm fruit and one corncob were recorded. The cave location and morphology and the deposit’s taphonomic signature indicate that the material was carried upward by the rise in water level (WL) of the Peruacu River due to episodic barriers to the natural river flow, followed by floating and retention of the material once the WL went gradually down. At least four flood events that reached the Carlucio Cave were identified in the Peruacu River canyon during the Holocene. This study provides evidence of a mechanism of material transport and accumulation in the cave caused by the rising water flow in connection with flood events in the river canyon. Key words: Cave deposits, Holocene chronology, fluvial geomorphology, Peruacu River canyon. Narascanje nivoja vode kot faktor vnosa organskega materiala v jame Jama Carlucio je na levem bregu kanjona reke Peruacu v nacionalnem parku na polpuscavskem obmocju province Minas Gerais v jugovzhodni Braziliji. Ceprav je jama v neugodnem reliefnem položaju glede vnosa materiala, v njej ležijo pomembne fosilne najdbe. Ta clanek je poskusal raziskati fosile in opisati dogodke vnosa in odlaganja materiala. Zato smo pregledali obstojece fosile ter med drugim opisali odlagalisca in tafonomske podpise. Izvedli smo topografsko raziskavo reprezentativnih vzorcev ter z dolocanjem starosti z ogljikom C14 in uranovo serijo vzpostavili depozitno kronologijo. Fosilni ostanki obsegajo predvsem kopenske epigealne mehkužce s 1399 posamezniki, od tega 70 % Drymaeus sp. (Bulimuloidea, Bulimulidae). Poleg tega smo opazili 20 kosti, 57 rastlinskih talisc, stiri oglja, eno palmovo sadje in eno koruzo. Lokacija jame, njena morfologija in tafonomske raziskave sedimentov nakazujejo, da je material odneslo navzgor s porastom nivoja vode reke Peruacu zaradi epizodnih ovir pri naravnem toku reke. Temu sledi lebdenje in zadrževanje snovi, ko je nivo postopoma upadel. V holocenu smo v kanjonu reke Peruacu identificirali vsaj stiri poplavne dogodke, ki so segli v jamo Carlucio. Ta studija dokazuje mehan
{"title":"Rising water flow as a factor of organic material importation into caves","authors":"Isabel Pires Mascarenhas Ribeiro de Oliveira, D. Correa, R. Ferreira, A. Auler","doi":"10.3986/AC.V47I2-3.5134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V47I2-3.5134","url":null,"abstract":"The Carlucio Cave is located on the left bank of the Peruacu River canyon, in a National Park located in the semiarid zone of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil. Although the Carlucio Cave is in an unfavorable relief position in terms of material importation into its interior, it harbors an important fossil deposit. This paper sought to investigate such fossil assemblage and describe material importation and deposition events. For that purpose, a survey of the existing fossils was conducted, including a description of the deposition sites and taphonomic signatures. A topographic survey was carried out of representative samples and the deposit chronology was established by means of carbon-14 and uranium-series dating. The fossil assemblage comprises mainly terrestrial epigeal mollusk shells, totaling 1,399 individuals, 70% of which are Drymaeus sp. (Bulimuloidea, Bulimulidae). In addition, 20 bones, 57 vegetal deposition sites, four charcoals, one palm fruit and one corncob were recorded. The cave location and morphology and the deposit’s taphonomic signature indicate that the material was carried upward by the rise in water level (WL) of the Peruacu River due to episodic barriers to the natural river flow, followed by floating and retention of the material once the WL went gradually down. At least four flood events that reached the Carlucio Cave were identified in the Peruacu River canyon during the Holocene. This study provides evidence of a mechanism of material transport and accumulation in the cave caused by the rising water flow in connection with flood events in the river canyon. Key words: Cave deposits, Holocene chronology, fluvial geomorphology, Peruacu River canyon. Narascanje nivoja vode kot faktor vnosa organskega materiala v jame Jama Carlucio je na levem bregu kanjona reke Peruacu v nacionalnem parku na polpuscavskem obmocju province Minas Gerais v jugovzhodni Braziliji. Ceprav je jama v neugodnem reliefnem položaju glede vnosa materiala, v njej ležijo pomembne fosilne najdbe. Ta clanek je poskusal raziskati fosile in opisati dogodke vnosa in odlaganja materiala. Zato smo pregledali obstojece fosile ter med drugim opisali odlagalisca in tafonomske podpise. Izvedli smo topografsko raziskavo reprezentativnih vzorcev ter z dolocanjem starosti z ogljikom C14 in uranovo serijo vzpostavili depozitno kronologijo. Fosilni ostanki obsegajo predvsem kopenske epigealne mehkužce s 1399 posamezniki, od tega 70 % Drymaeus sp. (Bulimuloidea, Bulimulidae). Poleg tega smo opazili 20 kosti, 57 rastlinskih talisc, stiri oglja, eno palmovo sadje in eno koruzo. Lokacija jame, njena morfologija in tafonomske raziskave sedimentov nakazujejo, da je material odneslo navzgor s porastom nivoja vode reke Peruacu zaradi epizodnih ovir pri naravnem toku reke. Temu sledi lebdenje in zadrževanje snovi, ko je nivo postopoma upadel. V holocenu smo v kanjonu reke Peruacu identificirali vsaj stiri poplavne dogodke, ki so segli v jamo Carlucio. Ta studija dokazuje mehan","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44717051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Schäffer, I. Sass, C.-D. Heldmann, D. Scheuvens
A borehole heat exchanger array was installed in an Alpine karst aquifer for the first time in Europe. It is composed of nine 400 m deep boreholes in the dolomitic marble of the Hochstegen Formation. New approaches were developed for this unprecedented application and potential risks were checked throughout the sinking of the initial exploratory wellbore. As Finkenberg is located in a tourist area, drilling operations had to be executed within only a few weeks. Several springs downstream from the drilling site are sources of drinking water and tap water supply. Given that the degree and distribution of the Hochstegen Formation karstification was unknown, a spring monitoring program was mandatory in order to obtain drilling permission from public authorities. A practicable and affordable spring monitoring program including several physical and chemical parameters was developed and implemented to document the potential impact of the drilling activities on the spring water. A temporary and locally limited impact of the drilling works on groundwater quality was detected by turbidity measurements. This paper reports the implementation of geothermal drilling in a karst aquifer with a focus on karstification as well as planning, implementation and the results of the spring monitoring program. Such a program can be recommended for comparable projects or questions, adapting the characteristic parameters to be collected and the measurement intervals in consultation with the relevant authorities. It might also increase the chances of gaining approval for geothermal projects in karst and could enhance public acceptance. Key words: Pneumatic down hole hammer drilling, Borehole heat exchanger, Groundwater monitoring, Turbidity, Hochstegen Formation. Geotermalno vrtanje v alpskem kraskem vodonosniku in njegov vpliv na dolvodne izvire - studija primera Finkenberg, Tirolska, Avstrija V alpskem kraskem vodonosniku je bilo prvic v Evropi vzpostavljeno polje geosond. Vkljucuje devet 400 m globokih vrtin, izvrtanih v dolomitnem marmorju Hochstegenove formacije. Razvili smo nove pristope za to aplikacijo brez primere in potrdili morebitna tveganja v casu potopitve prvotne raziskovalne vrtine. Ker je studijsko obmocje Finkenberg na turisticnem obmocju, je bilo treba opraviti vrtanje v samo nekaj tednih. Vec izvirov od mesta vrtanja so viri oskrbe s pitno vodo. Glede na to, da stopnja in porazdelitev zakraselosti Hochstegenove formacije nista bili znani, je bilo treba za pridobitev dovoljenja za vrtanje nujno opazovati izvire. Da bi dokumentirali vpliv vrtanja na izvirsko vodo, je bilo pri spremljanju izvirov treba upostevati vec fizikalnih in kemijskih parametrov. Zaznali smo obcasen in lokalno omejen vpliv vrtanja na kakovost podzemne vode. V prispevku smo predstavili izvajanje geotermalnega vrtanja v kraskem vodonosniku s poudarkom na identifikaciji zakraselosti ter nacrtovanju ter na izvedbi in spremljanju kakovosti voda na izviru. Tak program se lahko uporabi pri p
{"title":"Geothermal drilling in an Alpine karst aquifer and its impact on downstream springs – A case study from Finkenberg, Tyrol, Austria","authors":"R. Schäffer, I. Sass, C.-D. Heldmann, D. Scheuvens","doi":"10.3986/AC.V47I2-3.4963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V47I2-3.4963","url":null,"abstract":"A borehole heat exchanger array was installed in an Alpine karst aquifer for the first time in Europe. It is composed of nine 400 m deep boreholes in the dolomitic marble of the Hochstegen Formation. New approaches were developed for this unprecedented application and potential risks were checked throughout the sinking of the initial exploratory wellbore. As Finkenberg is located in a tourist area, drilling operations had to be executed within only a few weeks. Several springs downstream from the drilling site are sources of drinking water and tap water supply. Given that the degree and distribution of the Hochstegen Formation karstification was unknown, a spring monitoring program was mandatory in order to obtain drilling permission from public authorities. A practicable and affordable spring monitoring program including several physical and chemical parameters was developed and implemented to document the potential impact of the drilling activities on the spring water. A temporary and locally limited impact of the drilling works on groundwater quality was detected by turbidity measurements. This paper reports the implementation of geothermal drilling in a karst aquifer with a focus on karstification as well as planning, implementation and the results of the spring monitoring program. Such a program can be recommended for comparable projects or questions, adapting the characteristic parameters to be collected and the measurement intervals in consultation with the relevant authorities. It might also increase the chances of gaining approval for geothermal projects in karst and could enhance public acceptance. Key words: Pneumatic down hole hammer drilling, Borehole heat exchanger, Groundwater monitoring, Turbidity, Hochstegen Formation. Geotermalno vrtanje v alpskem kraskem vodonosniku in njegov vpliv na dolvodne izvire - studija primera Finkenberg, Tirolska, Avstrija V alpskem kraskem vodonosniku je bilo prvic v Evropi vzpostavljeno polje geosond. Vkljucuje devet 400 m globokih vrtin, izvrtanih v dolomitnem marmorju Hochstegenove formacije. Razvili smo nove pristope za to aplikacijo brez primere in potrdili morebitna tveganja v casu potopitve prvotne raziskovalne vrtine. Ker je studijsko obmocje Finkenberg na turisticnem obmocju, je bilo treba opraviti vrtanje v samo nekaj tednih. Vec izvirov od mesta vrtanja so viri oskrbe s pitno vodo. Glede na to, da stopnja in porazdelitev zakraselosti Hochstegenove formacije nista bili znani, je bilo treba za pridobitev dovoljenja za vrtanje nujno opazovati izvire. Da bi dokumentirali vpliv vrtanja na izvirsko vodo, je bilo pri spremljanju izvirov treba upostevati vec fizikalnih in kemijskih parametrov. Zaznali smo obcasen in lokalno omejen vpliv vrtanja na kakovost podzemne vode. V prispevku smo predstavili izvajanje geotermalnega vrtanja v kraskem vodonosniku s poudarkom na identifikaciji zakraselosti ter nacrtovanju ter na izvedbi in spremljanju kakovosti voda na izviru. Tak program se lahko uporabi pri p","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49365426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sthreepura Cave at Kiriwanagama consists of an upper level of cavities in quartzite formed by arenization and a lower level developed in a saprolite formed from the weathering of gneiss sandwiched between two layers of quartzite. The lower level cave is not like most arenization and phantom rock caves as the walls are composed of saprolite, not exhumed unweathered rock. The cave is not a soil pipe as it is not in soil, lacks the characteristic features of soil pipes and has formed directly below, not above an aquiclude. Sthreepura Cave at Kiriwanagama is a network cave in saprolite. Speleogenesis in the lower level began with the development of joint-guided tubes in the saprolite directly below the upper layer of quartzite, probably under phreatic conditions. Later erosion under vadose conditions removed the saprolite to produce a network of passages with a rectangular profile. Widening of the passages ultimately caused ceiling failure producing breakdown chambers, but fallen slabs of quartzite armoured the walls of the Main Passage of the cave protecting them from undercutting. Key words: Sri Lanka, gneiss, network cave, saprolite, arenization. Jama Sthreepura pri Kiriwanagami, južni del osrednje Sri Lanke: Mreža rovov v saprolitu in proterozojskem kvarcitu Jamo St hreepura pri Kiriwanagami sestavljata gornji nivo arenizacijskih votlin v kvarcitu ter spodnji nivo v saprolitu, ki je nastal s preperevanjem gnajsa med plastmi kvarcita. Tudi stene rovov spodnjega nivoja so iz saprolita, kar kaže na drugacen razvoj od znanih arenizacijskih in fantomskih jam. Jama nima lastnosti preperinskih cevi in je v nasprotju s temi nastala neposredno pod (in ne nad) akvikludom. Jama Sthreepura pri Kiriwanagami predstavlja mrežo kanalov nastalih v saprofitu.. Speleogeneza se je zacela z razvojem cevi vzdolž razpok v saprolitu, neposredno pod gornjo plastjo kvarcita, verjetno v freaticnih pogojih. Kasnejsa erozija v vadozni coni je saprolit odstranila in tako ustvarila mrežo rovov pravokotnega profila. Sirjenje rovov je privedlo do rusenja stropa in nastanka podornih dvoran. V glavnem rovu so padli bloki kvarcita zascitili stene in preprecili nadaljnje spodkopavanje v glavnem rovu jame. Kljucne beside: Sri Lanka, gnajs, mreža rovov, saprolit, arenizacija.
{"title":"Sthreepura cave at Kiriwanagama, south central Sri Lanka: A network cave in saprolite and proterozoic quartzite","authors":"P. Jayasingha, R. Osborne, R. Pogson","doi":"10.3986/AC.V47I2-3.4301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V47I2-3.4301","url":null,"abstract":"Sthreepura Cave at Kiriwanagama consists of an upper level of cavities in quartzite formed by arenization and a lower level developed in a saprolite formed from the weathering of gneiss sandwiched between two layers of quartzite. The lower level cave is not like most arenization and phantom rock caves as the walls are composed of saprolite, not exhumed unweathered rock. The cave is not a soil pipe as it is not in soil, lacks the characteristic features of soil pipes and has formed directly below, not above an aquiclude. Sthreepura Cave at Kiriwanagama is a network cave in saprolite. Speleogenesis in the lower level began with the development of joint-guided tubes in the saprolite directly below the upper layer of quartzite, probably under phreatic conditions. Later erosion under vadose conditions removed the saprolite to produce a network of passages with a rectangular profile. Widening of the passages ultimately caused ceiling failure producing breakdown chambers, but fallen slabs of quartzite armoured the walls of the Main Passage of the cave protecting them from undercutting. Key words: Sri Lanka, gneiss, network cave, saprolite, arenization. Jama Sthreepura pri Kiriwanagami, južni del osrednje Sri Lanke: Mreža rovov v saprolitu in proterozojskem kvarcitu Jamo St hreepura pri Kiriwanagami sestavljata gornji nivo arenizacijskih votlin v kvarcitu ter spodnji nivo v saprolitu, ki je nastal s preperevanjem gnajsa med plastmi kvarcita. Tudi stene rovov spodnjega nivoja so iz saprolita, kar kaže na drugacen razvoj od znanih arenizacijskih in fantomskih jam. Jama nima lastnosti preperinskih cevi in je v nasprotju s temi nastala neposredno pod (in ne nad) akvikludom. Jama Sthreepura pri Kiriwanagami predstavlja mrežo kanalov nastalih v saprofitu.. Speleogeneza se je zacela z razvojem cevi vzdolž razpok v saprolitu, neposredno pod gornjo plastjo kvarcita, verjetno v freaticnih pogojih. Kasnejsa erozija v vadozni coni je saprolit odstranila in tako ustvarila mrežo rovov pravokotnega profila. Sirjenje rovov je privedlo do rusenja stropa in nastanka podornih dvoran. V glavnem rovu so padli bloki kvarcita zascitili stene in preprecili nadaljnje spodkopavanje v glavnem rovu jame. Kljucne beside: Sri Lanka, gnajs, mreža rovov, saprolit, arenizacija.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48823144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper deals with complex hydrological/hydrogeological behaviour in the Rjecina karst spring and river basin located in the north-western part of the deep and developed Croatian Dinaric karst. The Rjecina Spring is one of the major karst springs in Croatia, used for water supply of Rijeka City and its surrounding area. Beside the use of Rjecina spring for water supply, the development of the Rijeka hydroelectric power plant (HEPP) also changed hydrological and hydrogeological regime of the whole catchment. In order to analyse the anthropogenic influences in the system, hydrological analysis of the Rjecina river and spring discharge was done, as well as the analysis of the available data of groundwater measurements. The analysis showed that, due to the increase of water caption and decrease of precipitation, the average annual spring discharge decreased for approximately 25% in the 1980-2016 period. Detailed analysis of groundwater measurements indicated aquifer behaviour and the need for additional measurements and catchment delineation. Key words: hydrology, hydrogeology, karst, Rjecina Spring, Rjecina River, Dinaric karst. Analiza vodnih virov kraskega izvira in reke Rjecina (Dinarski kras) Clanek obravnava zapletene hidroloske/hidrogeoloske razmere v zaledju kraskega izvira in reke Riecine v severozahodnem delu globokega in dobro razvitega hrvaskega Dinarskega krasa. Izvir Rjecina je eden najvecjih kraskih izvirov na Hrvaskem, zajet je za oskrbo s pitno vodo za mesto Reka in njeno okolico. Poleg rabe izvira Rjecine za oskrbo z vodo je razlog za spremenjen hidroloski in hidrogeoloski režim celotnega zaledja tudi gradnja hidroelektrarne Reka (HEPP). Za analizo antropogenih vplivov na sistem smo zato naredili hidrolosko analizo pretokov reke in izvira Rjecina pa tudi analizo razpoložljivih podatkov merjenja podzemne vode. Analiza je pokazala, da se je zaradi povecanja zajemanja vode in zmanjsanja kolicine padavin povprecen letni pretok izvira v obdobju 1980–2016 zmanjsal za približno 25 %. Podrobna analiza meritev podzemne vode je nakazala znacilnosti delovanja vodonosnika ter pokazala potrebo po dodatnih meritvah in dolocitvi zaledja izvira. Kljucne besede: hidrologija, hidrogeologija, kras, izvir Rjecina, reka Rjecina, Dinarski kras.
本文研究了位于克罗地亚迪纳里克岩溶深发育区西北部的Rjecina岩溶泉和河流域复杂的水文地质行为。Rjecina泉是克罗地亚主要的喀斯特泉之一，用于里耶卡市及其周边地区的供水。除了使用Rjecina泉供水外，Rijeka水电站(HEPP)的开发也改变了整个流域的水文和水文地质状况。为了分析该系统的人为影响，对Rjecina河和泉水流量进行了水文分析，并对现有地下水测量数据进行了分析。分析表明，1980—2016年，由于水量增加和降水减少，年平均春季流量减少了约25%。对地下水测量的详细分析表明，含水层的行为和需要进行额外的测量和集水区划定。关键词:水文学，水文地质，喀斯特，Rjecina泉，Rjecina河，Dinaric喀斯特中文名称:aniziza vodnih virov kraskega krasa (Dinarski kras); cliek obravnava zapletene hidroloske/hidrogeoloske razmere v zaledju kraskega in reke Riecine v severozahodnem delu globokega in dobro razvitega hrvaskega Dinarskega krasa。Izvir Rjecina je eden najvecjih kraskih izvirov na Hrvaskem, zajet je za oskrbo ' s pitno vodo za mesto Reka in njeno okolico。Poleg rabe izvira Rjecine za oskrbo z vodo je razlog za spremenjen hidroloski in hydrogeology režim celotnega zaledja tudi gradja hidroelektrarne Reka (HEPP)。分析人类的生长发育和生长发育系统，分析人类的生长发育和生长发育，分析人类的生长发育和生长发育，分析人类的生长发育。1980-2016 zmanjsal za približno 25%。虎翅虫分析有价值的动物，有价值的动物，有价值的动物，有价值的动物，有价值的动物，有价值的动物。kljune: hydrorologija, hydrogeoologija, kras, izvir Rjecina, reka Rjecina, Dinarski kras。
{"title":"Water resources analysis of the Rječina karst spring and river (Dinaric karst)","authors":"O. Bonacci, M. Oštrić, Tanja Roje Bonacci","doi":"10.3986/AC.V47I2-3.5182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V47I2-3.5182","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with complex hydrological/hydrogeological behaviour in the Rjecina karst spring and river basin located in the north-western part of the deep and developed Croatian Dinaric karst. The Rjecina Spring is one of the major karst springs in Croatia, used for water supply of Rijeka City and its surrounding area. Beside the use of Rjecina spring for water supply, the development of the Rijeka hydroelectric power plant (HEPP) also changed hydrological and hydrogeological regime of the whole catchment. In order to analyse the anthropogenic influences in the system, hydrological analysis of the Rjecina river and spring discharge was done, as well as the analysis of the available data of groundwater measurements. The analysis showed that, due to the increase of water caption and decrease of precipitation, the average annual spring discharge decreased for approximately 25% in the 1980-2016 period. Detailed analysis of groundwater measurements indicated aquifer behaviour and the need for additional measurements and catchment delineation. Key words: hydrology, hydrogeology, karst, Rjecina Spring, Rjecina River, Dinaric karst. Analiza vodnih virov kraskega izvira in reke Rjecina (Dinarski kras) Clanek obravnava zapletene hidroloske/hidrogeoloske razmere v zaledju kraskega izvira in reke Riecine v severozahodnem delu globokega in dobro razvitega hrvaskega Dinarskega krasa. Izvir Rjecina je eden najvecjih kraskih izvirov na Hrvaskem, zajet je za oskrbo s pitno vodo za mesto Reka in njeno okolico. Poleg rabe izvira Rjecine za oskrbo z vodo je razlog za spremenjen hidroloski in hidrogeoloski režim celotnega zaledja tudi gradnja hidroelektrarne Reka (HEPP). Za analizo antropogenih vplivov na sistem smo zato naredili hidrolosko analizo pretokov reke in izvira Rjecina pa tudi analizo razpoložljivih podatkov merjenja podzemne vode. Analiza je pokazala, da se je zaradi povecanja zajemanja vode in zmanjsanja kolicine padavin povprecen letni pretok izvira v obdobju 1980–2016 zmanjsal za približno 25 %. Podrobna analiza meritev podzemne vode je nakazala znacilnosti delovanja vodonosnika ter pokazala potrebo po dodatnih meritvah in dolocitvi zaledja izvira. Kljucne besede: hidrologija, hidrogeologija, kras, izvir Rjecina, reka Rjecina, Dinarski kras.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43008517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Palygorskite is fibrous mineral representing the transitional phase between chain silicates and layer silicates with modulated phyllosilicate structure. Although often found in carbonate environments, it forms quite uncommon constituent of cave fills. Palygorskite occurs in cave fills in two forms: (1) allogenic palygorskite which in arid and semiarid conditions can represents substantial constituent of cave fills, often associated with smectite, gypsum, calcite and halite; it is airborne or transported by surface run-off to caves from desert soils and paleosoils, calcretes, dolocretes and related deposits in cave surroundings. (2) Authigenic palygorskite occurs as in situ precipitate in cave fills from percolating water solutions and/or transformation of smectite and kaolinite in dry evaporative conditions and suitable geochemical composition of solutions. In carbonate host-rocks palygorskite fills fissures and faults and often it is found in cave walls. It occurs commonly as part of the “mountain leather” as a result of hydrothermal and/or weathering processes or represents a product of in situ chemical precipitation from percolating meteoric solutions with suitable pH a redox conditions and chemical composition. Key words: palygorskite, caves, karst. Paligorskit v jamah in krasu: pregled Paligorskit je vlaknat mineral, ki je prehodna fazo med inosilikati in listastimi silikati z modulirano strukturo filosilikata. Ceprav je pogost v karbonatnih okoljih, je precej neobicajna sestavina jamskih sedimentov. Paligorskit se v jamah pojavlja v dveh oblikah: (1) kot alogeni paligorskit, ki je v susnih in polsuhih razmerah lahko znaten sestavni del jamskih sedimentov, pogosto povezanih z montmorillonitom, sadro, kalcitom in halitom; v teh primerih gre za eolski nanos ali pa za transport v jame s povrsinskim transportom iz puscavskih tal in paleotal, kalkret, dolokret in podobnih sedimentov; (2) kot avtogeni paligorskit se pojavlja v jamah kot »in situ« oborina iz prenikajocih raztopin in/ali z obarjanjem med transformacijo montmorillonita in kaolinita v jamskih sedimentih v suhih razmerah izhlapevanja in primerno geokemicno sestavo raztopin. V karbonatnih kamninah paligorskit zapolnjujejo razpoke in prelome in ga pogosto najdemo na jamskih stenah. Obicajno se pojavlja kot del “gorskega usnja”, ki je posledica hidrotermalnih in/ali procesov preperevanja. Lahko pa nastane tudi zaradi in situ kemicnega obarjanja iz prenikajocih meteornih raztopin z ustreznim pH, redoks potencialom in kemicno sestavo. Kljucne besede: paligorskit, jame, kras.
坡缕石是一种纤维状矿物，代表了链状硅酸盐和层状硅酸盐之间的过渡阶段，具有调制的层状硅酸盐结构。虽然它经常在碳酸盐环境中发现，但在洞穴填充物中形成的成分并不常见。坡长石以两种形式出现在洞穴填充物中:(1)同种异体坡长石，在干旱和半干旱条件下，它是洞穴填充物的重要组成部分，通常与蒙脱石、石膏、方解石和岩盐伴生;它通过空气或地表径流从沙漠土壤和古土壤、钙质、白云石和洞穴周围的相关沉积物中输送到洞穴中。(2)自生坡高岭石在干燥蒸发条件下，在适宜的溶液地球化学组成条件下，由渗透水溶液和/或蒙脱石和高岭石转化而成，以原位沉淀形式存在于洞穴填充物中。在碳酸盐岩储集岩中，斜长石充填于裂隙和断层中，常出现在岩洞壁上。它通常作为“山革”的一部分出现，是热液和/或风化过程的结果，或者是具有适当pH值、氧化还原条件和化学成分的渗滤大气溶液的原位化学沉淀的产物。关键词:坡缕石;溶洞;岩溶;Paligorskit v jamah in krasu: pregledpaligorskit je vlaknat矿物，ki - prehoddna fazo - med insililkati在listastimi sililkati和模态结构的filsililkata。[j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j]。(1) kot alogeni Paligorskit, ki je v susnih in polsuhih razmerah lahko znaten sestavni del jamskih sedimentov, pogosto povezanih z monmorillonitom, sadro, kalcitom in halitom;在古陆沉积中，主要有古陆沉积、古陆沉积、古陆沉积、古陆沉积、古陆沉积、古陆沉积;(2) kot avtogeni paligorskit se pojavlja v jamah kot»in situ; oborina iz prenikajocih raztopin in/ali z obarjanjem med transformacijo monmorillonita in kaolini v jamskih sedimentih v suhih razmerah izhlapevanja in primerno geokemicno sestavo raztopin。V karbonatnih kamninah paligorskit zapolnjujejo razpoke in prelome in ga pogoto najdemo na jamskih stenah。Obicajno se pojavlja kot del“gorskega usnja”，ki je posledica hidrotermalnih in/ali procesov preprevanja。lakopa nastane tudi zaradi in situ kemicnega obarjanja iz prenikajocih meteornih raztopin z ustrestreium pH, redoks potential in kemicnosestavo。kljune: paligorskit, james, kras。
{"title":"Palygorskite in caves and karsts: a review","authors":"P. Bosák, N. Z. Hajna","doi":"10.3986/AC.V47I2-3.5186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V47I2-3.5186","url":null,"abstract":"Palygorskite is fibrous mineral representing the transitional phase between chain silicates and layer silicates with modulated phyllosilicate structure. Although often found in carbonate environments, it forms quite uncommon constituent of cave fills. Palygorskite occurs in cave fills in two forms: (1) allogenic palygorskite which in arid and semiarid conditions can represents substantial constituent of cave fills, often associated with smectite, gypsum, calcite and halite; it is airborne or transported by surface run-off to caves from desert soils and paleosoils, calcretes, dolocretes and related deposits in cave surroundings. (2) Authigenic palygorskite occurs as in situ precipitate in cave fills from percolating water solutions and/or transformation of smectite and kaolinite in dry evaporative conditions and suitable geochemical composition of solutions. In carbonate host-rocks palygorskite fills fissures and faults and often it is found in cave walls. It occurs commonly as part of the “mountain leather” as a result of hydrothermal and/or weathering processes or represents a product of in situ chemical precipitation from percolating meteoric solutions with suitable pH a redox conditions and chemical composition. Key words: palygorskite, caves, karst. Paligorskit v jamah in krasu: pregled Paligorskit je vlaknat mineral, ki je prehodna fazo med inosilikati in listastimi silikati z modulirano strukturo filosilikata. Ceprav je pogost v karbonatnih okoljih, je precej neobicajna sestavina jamskih sedimentov. Paligorskit se v jamah pojavlja v dveh oblikah: (1) kot alogeni paligorskit, ki je v susnih in polsuhih razmerah lahko znaten sestavni del jamskih sedimentov, pogosto povezanih z montmorillonitom, sadro, kalcitom in halitom; v teh primerih gre za eolski nanos ali pa za transport v jame s povrsinskim transportom iz puscavskih tal in paleotal, kalkret, dolokret in podobnih sedimentov; (2) kot avtogeni paligorskit se pojavlja v jamah kot »in situ« oborina iz prenikajocih raztopin in/ali z obarjanjem med transformacijo montmorillonita in kaolinita v jamskih sedimentih v suhih razmerah izhlapevanja in primerno geokemicno sestavo raztopin. V karbonatnih kamninah paligorskit zapolnjujejo razpoke in prelome in ga pogosto najdemo na jamskih stenah. Obicajno se pojavlja kot del “gorskega usnja”, ki je posledica hidrotermalnih in/ali procesov preperevanja. Lahko pa nastane tudi zaradi in situ kemicnega obarjanja iz prenikajocih meteornih raztopin z ustreznim pH, redoks potencialom in kemicno sestavo. Kljucne besede: paligorskit, jame, kras.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43605340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Kalenda, R. Tengler, S. Šebela, Matej Blatnik, A. Gosar
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) named “Roteg” was used to detect known and unknown passages of Divaska Jama and Trhlovca caves in SW Slovenia. “Roteg’s” main characteristics are an extraordinary high power output (20 MW) and high voltage on antennas (up to 20 kV), which allows penetration more than ten times deeper than common GPRs. During the measurement we used 3-m long antennas (50 MHz) with a central frequency of 50 MHz and we clearly detected the reflections from the depth of 200 m after data processing. During field survey 22 profiles were completed with a total length of 4487.97 m. Pretnerjeva and Žibernova Dvorana chambers in Divaska Jama were well visible on radarograms. New big cavities, which were detected below profiles P18, P21 and P22, are almost all at the same level of 350 – 400 m a.s.l. There is another group of cavities at a level of 420 – 450 m a.s.l., which corresponds to Trhlovca. Both cave groups are separated by the gap which extends in the vertical direction, and probably presents a tectonic zone, which is as well visible on the radarograms. By the use of “Roteg” at the karst surface we were able to detect known caves, new - unknown caves and tectonic zones up to 200 m below the surface. Key words: ground penetrating radar, caves, karst, Divaska Jama, Trhlovca, Slovenia. Dolocitev rovov Divaske jame v JZ smeri za Trhlovco z uporabo zelo mocnega nizkofrekvencnega georadarja Nizkofrekvencni georadar (GPR), imenovan »Roteg«, smo uporabili pri zaznavi znanih in neznanih rovov Divaske jame in Trhlovce v JZ Sloveniji. »Rotegove« glavne znacilnosti so izjemna moc (20 MW) in visoka napetost do 20 kV na antenah, kar omogoca penetracijo, ki je vec kot desetkrat globlja, kot jo dosežejo obicajni georadarji. Med meritvami smo uporabili 3 m dolgi anteni (50 MHz) s srediscno frekvenco 50 MHz. Tako smo po obdelavi podatkov jasno zaznali odboje iz globine 200 m. Med terenskimi meritvami smo izmerili 22 profilov s skupno dolžino 4490 m. Pretnerjeva in Žibernova dvorana v Divaski jami sta bili dobro vidni na georadarskih profilih. Nove velike jame, ki smo jih zaznali pod profili P18, P21 in P22, so skoraj vse na istem nivoju, 350–400 m nad morjem. Druga skupina jam na nadmorski visini 420–450 m ustreza Trhlovci. Obe skupini jam sta loceni z vrzeljo v navpicni smeri, ki je verjetno tektonska cona in je dobro vidna na georadarskih profilih. Z uporabo »Rotega« na kraskem povrsju smo dolocili znane jame, nove neznane jame in tektonske cone do globine 200 m pod povrsjem. Kljucne besede: georadar (GPR), jame, kras, Divaska jama, Trhlovca, Slovenija.
名为“Roteg”的探地雷达(GPR)用于探测斯洛文尼亚西南部的Divaska Jama和Trhlovca洞穴的已知和未知通道。“Roteg”的主要特点是极高的输出功率(20兆瓦)和天线上的高电压(高达20千伏)，这使得穿透深度比普通GPRs深十倍以上。在测量过程中，我们使用了3米长的天线(50 MHz)，中心频率为50 MHz，经过数据处理后，我们清晰地探测到了200米深处的反射。在现场调查中，共完成了22条剖面，总长度为4487.97 m。普雷特纳耶娃和Žibernova Dvorana在Divaska Jama的室在x光片上清晰可见。在P18、P21和P22剖面下发现的新的大空腔几乎都位于350 ~ 400 m a.s.l.的同一高度，在420 ~ 450 m a.s.l.的另一组空腔与Trhlovca相对应。两个岩洞群被垂直方向延伸的裂口隔开，可能是一个构造带，在射线图上也可以看到。通过在喀斯特表面使用“Roteg”，我们能够探测到地表以下200米的已知洞穴，新的未知洞穴和构造带。关键词:探地雷达;洞穴;喀斯特;Dolocitev rovov Divaske jame v JZ smeri z Trhlovco z uporporo zelo mocnega nizkofrekvencenga georadarja nizkofrekvencenga geadar (GPR)， imenovan»Roteg»，smoporabili i zaznavi znanih rovov Divaske jame in Trhlovce v JZ Sloveniji。“Rotegove”glavne znacilnosti so izemna moc (20 MW)在visoka napetost上做20 kV na天线，kar omogoca pentracijo, ki je vec kot desetkrat globja, kot jo dosežejo obicajni georadarji。Med meritvami smo支持3 m dolgi天线(50 MHz)， sdisc频率为50 MHz。Tako smo po obdelavi podatkov jasno zaznali odboje globine 200米。Med terenskimi meritvami smo izmerili 22 profilov s skupno dolžino 4490 m。prenerjeva in Žibernova dvorana v Divaski jami sta bili dobro vidni na geadarskih profile。novelike jame，在P18, P21和P22中发现了zaznali pod剖面，因此，skoraj - vna系统nivoju, 350-400 m和morjem。药物skupina jam na nadmorski visini 420-450 m ustreza Trhlovci。Obe skupini jam sta loceni z vrzeljo v navpicni smeri, ki je verjetno tektonska cona in je dobro vidna na geadarskih profilih。zuporabo»Rotega»na kraskem povrsju smo dolocili znamenjame，在tektonske中移动znamenjame，在全球运行200米pod povrsjem。kljune: geadar (GPR)， james, kras, Divaska jama, Trhlovca, Slovenija。
{"title":"Detection of Divaška Jama corridors behind (to the SW) Trhlovca cave using low frequency high power ground penetrating radar","authors":"P. Kalenda, R. Tengler, S. Šebela, Matej Blatnik, A. Gosar","doi":"10.3986/AC.V47I2-3.5187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V47I2-3.5187","url":null,"abstract":"Ground penetrating radar (GPR) named “Roteg” was used to detect known and unknown passages of Divaska Jama and Trhlovca caves in SW Slovenia. “Roteg’s” main characteristics are an extraordinary high power output (20 MW) and high voltage on antennas (up to 20 kV), which allows penetration more than ten times deeper than common GPRs. During the measurement we used 3-m long antennas (50 MHz) with a central frequency of 50 MHz and we clearly detected the reflections from the depth of 200 m after data processing. During field survey 22 profiles were completed with a total length of 4487.97 m. Pretnerjeva and Žibernova Dvorana chambers in Divaska Jama were well visible on radarograms. New big cavities, which were detected below profiles P18, P21 and P22, are almost all at the same level of 350 – 400 m a.s.l. There is another group of cavities at a level of 420 – 450 m a.s.l., which corresponds to Trhlovca. Both cave groups are separated by the gap which extends in the vertical direction, and probably presents a tectonic zone, which is as well visible on the radarograms. By the use of “Roteg” at the karst surface we were able to detect known caves, new - unknown caves and tectonic zones up to 200 m below the surface. Key words: ground penetrating radar, caves, karst, Divaska Jama, Trhlovca, Slovenia. Dolocitev rovov Divaske jame v JZ smeri za Trhlovco z uporabo zelo mocnega nizkofrekvencnega georadarja Nizkofrekvencni georadar (GPR), imenovan »Roteg«, smo uporabili pri zaznavi znanih in neznanih rovov Divaske jame in Trhlovce v JZ Sloveniji. »Rotegove« glavne znacilnosti so izjemna moc (20 MW) in visoka napetost do 20 kV na antenah, kar omogoca penetracijo, ki je vec kot desetkrat globlja, kot jo dosežejo obicajni georadarji. Med meritvami smo uporabili 3 m dolgi anteni (50 MHz) s srediscno frekvenco 50 MHz. Tako smo po obdelavi podatkov jasno zaznali odboje iz globine 200 m. Med terenskimi meritvami smo izmerili 22 profilov s skupno dolžino 4490 m. Pretnerjeva in Žibernova dvorana v Divaski jami sta bili dobro vidni na georadarskih profilih. Nove velike jame, ki smo jih zaznali pod profili P18, P21 in P22, so skoraj vse na istem nivoju, 350–400 m nad morjem. Druga skupina jam na nadmorski visini 420–450 m ustreza Trhlovci. Obe skupini jam sta loceni z vrzeljo v navpicni smeri, ki je verjetno tektonska cona in je dobro vidna na georadarskih profilih. Z uporabo »Rotega« na kraskem povrsju smo dolocili znane jame, nove neznane jame in tektonske cone do globine 200 m pod povrsjem. Kljucne besede: georadar (GPR), jame, kras, Divaska jama, Trhlovca, Slovenija.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48398264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
So far reported unstable correlations between environmental settings and doline geometry require a revision of doline delineating methods and morphometric analyses that follows from such input data. We examine the reliability of the most accessible data sources for doline delineation, namely basic topographic maps at a scale of 1:5,000 and ortho-rectified aerial photographs (digital orthophotos) of 0.5 m resolution. Their reliability has been quantified in the Dinaric karst (Krk Island, NE Adriatic Sea). The adequacy of most commonly used morphometric parameters (viz. elongation and circularity) and their variations applied in previous studies are mathematically verified and practically tested. The simulation of an individual method behaviour performed on polygons with increasing circularity and elongation demonstrated their ranges of validity. The efficiency of a particular method was verified by the application to the real dataset of dolines. The optimal variation of an individual parameter (circularity = Pcc/Pd; elongation = e of the best fitting ellipse) is identified and suggested for use in order to provide uniform results and increase the comparability of future morphometric analyses. Asymmetry (the distance between the centroid of doline ground plan and the centroid of the largest inscribed circle) as an additional parameter for describing doline ground plans has been developed and is proposed for further use. Key words: karst, doline delineating, morphometric analyses, measurement errors, Krk Island. Morfometricne analize vrtac – problem dolocanja oboda in racunanja osnovnih parametrov Nezanesljivost korelacij med okoljskimi dejavniki in geometrijo vrtac je spodbudila pregled do sedaj uporabljenih metod dolocanja oboda vrtac in primernosti morfometricnih analiz, ki sledijo iz teh podatkov. V prispevku preverjamo zanesljivost najsirse dostopnih podatkovnih virov za dolocanje oboda vrtac, in sicer topografskih kart v merilu 1 : 5000 in ortofotov z locljivostjo 0,5 m. Zanesljivost smo dolocali na primeru Dinarskega krasa (otok Krk, SV Jadransko morje). Primernost do sedaj najpogosteje uporabljenih parametrov (tj. sploscenost in krožnost) in njunih razlicic, ki se pojavljajo v literaturi, smo matematicno preverili in preizkusili pri realnem naboru vrtac. Simulacija delovanja posamezne metode na poligonih z narascajoco krožnostjo in sploscenostjo je pokazala njihova obmocja veljavnosti. Ucinkovitost metod smo nato preverili se pri realnem vzorcu vrtac, pri katerem smo ugotovili, katera je najprimernejsa razlicica posameznega parametra (krožnost = Pcc/Pd; sploscenost = e prilegajoce elipse), in jo, da bi zagotovili vecjo usklajenost in primerljivost rezultatov, predlagali za nadaljnjo rabo v prihodnjih morfometricnih analizah vrtac. Kot dodaten parameter za analizo tlorisa vrtac smo razvili in preizkusili indeks asimetrije oboda vrtac, tj.razdaljo med težiscem tlorisa vrtace in težiscem najvecjega vcrtanega kroga. Kljucne besede: kras, dolocan
{"title":"Morphometric analyses of dolines — the problem of delineation and calculation of basic parameters","authors":"Ela Segina, Č. Benac, J. Rubinić, M. Knez","doi":"10.3986/AC.V47I1.4941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V47I1.4941","url":null,"abstract":"So far reported unstable correlations between environmental settings and doline geometry require a revision of doline delineating methods and morphometric analyses that follows from such input data. We examine the reliability of the most accessible data sources for doline delineation, namely basic topographic maps at a scale of 1:5,000 and ortho-rectified aerial photographs (digital orthophotos) of 0.5 m resolution. Their reliability has been quantified in the Dinaric karst (Krk Island, NE Adriatic Sea). The adequacy of most commonly used morphometric parameters (viz. elongation and circularity) and their variations applied in previous studies are mathematically verified and practically tested. The simulation of an individual method behaviour performed on polygons with increasing circularity and elongation demonstrated their ranges of validity. The efficiency of a particular method was verified by the application to the real dataset of dolines. The optimal variation of an individual parameter (circularity = Pcc/Pd; elongation = e of the best fitting ellipse) is identified and suggested for use in order to provide uniform results and increase the comparability of future morphometric analyses. Asymmetry (the distance between the centroid of doline ground plan and the centroid of the largest inscribed circle) as an additional parameter for describing doline ground plans has been developed and is proposed for further use. Key words: karst, doline delineating, morphometric analyses, measurement errors, Krk Island. Morfometricne analize vrtac – problem dolocanja oboda in racunanja osnovnih parametrov Nezanesljivost korelacij med okoljskimi dejavniki in geometrijo vrtac je spodbudila pregled do sedaj uporabljenih metod dolocanja oboda vrtac in primernosti morfometricnih analiz, ki sledijo iz teh podatkov. V prispevku preverjamo zanesljivost najsirse dostopnih podatkovnih virov za dolocanje oboda vrtac, in sicer topografskih kart v merilu 1 : 5000 in ortofotov z locljivostjo 0,5 m. Zanesljivost smo dolocali na primeru Dinarskega krasa (otok Krk, SV Jadransko morje). Primernost do sedaj najpogosteje uporabljenih parametrov (tj. sploscenost in krožnost) in njunih razlicic, ki se pojavljajo v literaturi, smo matematicno preverili in preizkusili pri realnem naboru vrtac. Simulacija delovanja posamezne metode na poligonih z narascajoco krožnostjo in sploscenostjo je pokazala njihova obmocja veljavnosti. Ucinkovitost metod smo nato preverili se pri realnem vzorcu vrtac, pri katerem smo ugotovili, katera je najprimernejsa razlicica posameznega parametra (krožnost = Pcc/Pd; sploscenost = e prilegajoce elipse), in jo, da bi zagotovili vecjo usklajenost in primerljivost rezultatov, predlagali za nadaljnjo rabo v prihodnjih morfometricnih analizah vrtac. Kot dodaten parameter za analizo tlorisa vrtac smo razvili in preizkusili indeks asimetrije oboda vrtac, tj.razdaljo med težiscem tlorisa vrtace in težiscem najvecjega vcrtanega kroga. Kljucne besede: kras, dolocan","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47714926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Calligaris, J. Calaforra, F. Cucchi, P. Forti, L. Zini
Fascinating and fragile environments as are the underground estuaries, need to be studied, understood and protected for present and future generations. Even if wide and abundant bibliography related to tides and their behaviour with respect to the external estuaries is available, none dealed with the estuary caves and the related hydrogeology. This paper aims to partially fill this gap presenting a preliminary study done at the Puerto Princesa Underground River (PPUR), in the Palawan Island (Philippines). The data was collected during the last expedition (November 2016) organised by La Venta, in which some of the authors took part. During the survey, the cave has been instrumented with in continuous diver data-logger devices (CTD) recording temperature (T), electrical conductivity (EC) and water level fluctuations. Longitudinal and vertical water hydrogeological profiles of the cave were realised with the aim of understanding the dynamics of the waters during different hydrogeological regimes in combination with salt water intrusion. In addition, a bathymetric profile was done to better identify the point where to realise the vertical logs. A significant rainstorm occurred during the expedition, lasting for approximately 12 hours resulting in 80 mm of rain, and its effects gave the researchers the opportunity to analyse the hydrodynamics of the flowing waters during a flood. In normal flow conditions, the longitudinal logs highlighted the presence of freshwater inlets and the vertical logs testified to a clear stratification of the waters (freshwaters at the surface and brackish waters at the bottom). During floods, the EC and T data showed evidence of a fast substitution of the resident waters. Key words: anchialine caves, sea water intrusion, hydrodynamics, karst springs, PPUR, Philippines. Ucinek mocnega naliva na hidrodinamiko podzemske reke Puerto princese (Palawan, Filipini) Ocarljivo in obcutljivo okolje, kot so podzemni estuariji, je treba preucevati, razumeti in zascititi za sedanje in prihodnje generacije. Cetudi imamo na voljo siroko in bogato bibliografijo o plimovanju in delovanju plimovanja v zunanjih estuarijih, nobeno delo ne obravnava estuarskih jam in s tem povezane hidrogeologije. Namen tega clanka je delno zapolniti to vrzel in predstaviti predhodno studijo na podzemni reki Puerto Princesa (PPUR) na otoku Palawan (Filipini). Podatki so bili zbrani med zadnjo ekspedicijo (novembra 2016), ki jo je organizirala La Venta, v kateri so sodelovali tudi nekateri avtorji. V raziskavi je bila jama opremljena z zveznimi merilci (CTD) temperature (T), elektricne prevodnosti (EC) in nihanja nivojev vode. Vzdolžni in navpicni hidrogeoloski vodni profili jame so bili izmerjeni, da bi razumeli dinamiko voda med razlicnimi hidrogeoloskimi nivoji in med vdori morske vode. Poleg tega je bil opravljen tudi batimetricni profil, da bi lažje dolocili, kje izvesti navpicne meritve. Med ekspedicijo se je zgodil mocan naliv, ki je trajal približno 12 u
{"title":"Effect of s strong rainstorm on the hydrodynamics of the Puerto Princesa underground river (Palawan, Philippines)","authors":"C. Calligaris, J. Calaforra, F. Cucchi, P. Forti, L. Zini","doi":"10.3986/AC.V47I1.5000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V47I1.5000","url":null,"abstract":"Fascinating and fragile environments as are the underground estuaries, need to be studied, understood and protected for present and future generations. Even if wide and abundant bibliography related to tides and their behaviour with respect to the external estuaries is available, none dealed with the estuary caves and the related hydrogeology. This paper aims to partially fill this gap presenting a preliminary study done at the Puerto Princesa Underground River (PPUR), in the Palawan Island (Philippines). The data was collected during the last expedition (November 2016) organised by La Venta, in which some of the authors took part. During the survey, the cave has been instrumented with in continuous diver data-logger devices (CTD) recording temperature (T), electrical conductivity (EC) and water level fluctuations. Longitudinal and vertical water hydrogeological profiles of the cave were realised with the aim of understanding the dynamics of the waters during different hydrogeological regimes in combination with salt water intrusion. In addition, a bathymetric profile was done to better identify the point where to realise the vertical logs. A significant rainstorm occurred during the expedition, lasting for approximately 12 hours resulting in 80 mm of rain, and its effects gave the researchers the opportunity to analyse the hydrodynamics of the flowing waters during a flood. In normal flow conditions, the longitudinal logs highlighted the presence of freshwater inlets and the vertical logs testified to a clear stratification of the waters (freshwaters at the surface and brackish waters at the bottom). During floods, the EC and T data showed evidence of a fast substitution of the resident waters. Key words: anchialine caves, sea water intrusion, hydrodynamics, karst springs, PPUR, Philippines. Ucinek mocnega naliva na hidrodinamiko podzemske reke Puerto princese (Palawan, Filipini) Ocarljivo in obcutljivo okolje, kot so podzemni estuariji, je treba preucevati, razumeti in zascititi za sedanje in prihodnje generacije. Cetudi imamo na voljo siroko in bogato bibliografijo o plimovanju in delovanju plimovanja v zunanjih estuarijih, nobeno delo ne obravnava estuarskih jam in s tem povezane hidrogeologije. Namen tega clanka je delno zapolniti to vrzel in predstaviti predhodno studijo na podzemni reki Puerto Princesa (PPUR) na otoku Palawan (Filipini). Podatki so bili zbrani med zadnjo ekspedicijo (novembra 2016), ki jo je organizirala La Venta, v kateri so sodelovali tudi nekateri avtorji. V raziskavi je bila jama opremljena z zveznimi merilci (CTD) temperature (T), elektricne prevodnosti (EC) in nihanja nivojev vode. Vzdolžni in navpicni hidrogeoloski vodni profili jame so bili izmerjeni, da bi razumeli dinamiko voda med razlicnimi hidrogeoloskimi nivoji in med vdori morske vode. Poleg tega je bil opravljen tudi batimetricni profil, da bi lažje dolocili, kje izvesti navpicne meritve. Med ekspedicijo se je zgodil mocan naliv, ki je trajal približno 12 u","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47919230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Kostov, N. Dobrev, J. Stemberk, M. Briestenský, P. Ivanov
The only early medieval rock bas-relief in Europe Madara Horseman is included in UNESCO World Heritage List. This article presents the results from an in situ monitoring of microdisplacements across fissure forming the Golyamata Tsepnatina Cave located at the edge of Madara Plateau above the Horseman, NE Bulgaria. Additionally, we studied movements along cracks behind the plateau edge, which are related to the dynamics of peripheral plateau parts and shaped the rock slices. Monitoring involves the use of a 3D extensometer model TM-71 installed in the cave as well as five sets of pin marks installed across the cracks behind the plateau edge. The results obtained since 1990 indicate formation of a new rock slice from the cliff due to the gravitational extension of rock massif. The established horizontal microdisplacements of the rock slice to SSE imply the existence of a possible active fault with left-lateral component of movements at the base of the plateau. We established influences from near and distant earthquakes with epicenters in NE Bulgaria (Provadia), Romania (Vrancea), and Turkey (Izmit). The graphs of established movements mark continuously ongoing process of shear processes along the slice forming cracks. Key words: rock deformations, seismic effects, monitoring, microdisplacements, Madara Plateau, Bulgaria. Spremljanje mikropremikov v jami Goljamata Cepnatina, Visoka planota Madara, SV Bolgarija Edini zgodnjesrednjeveski skalni relief v Evropi, Madarski konjenik, je vkljucen v Unescovo svetovno dediscino. Ta prispevek obravnava rezultate in situ meritev mikropremikov v razpoki, v kateri je oblikovana jama Goljamata cepnatina, ki se nahaja na robu visoke planote Madara nad Madarskim konjenikom v SV Bolgariji. Dodatno smo proucevali tudi premike razpok za robom visoke planote, ki so odvisni od dinamike robnih delov visoke planote in oblikujejo kamninske bloke. Monitoring vkljucuje uporabo 3D-ekstenzometra model TM-71, ki je namescen v jami. Dodatno vkljucuje tudi pet merilnikov premikov, ki so namesceni v razpokah za robom visoke planote. Rezultati, ki smo jih pridobili od leta 1990, kažejo nastajanje novih kamninskih blokov iz klifa zaradi gravitacijskega razpiranja kamninske mase. Ugotovljeni vodoravni mikropremiki kamninskih blokov v smeri proti JJV, kažejo, da je možen aktiven prelom z levo-zmicno komponento v podlagi visoke planote. Ugotovili smo vplive bližnjih in oddaljenih potresov z epicentri v SV Bolgariji (Provadija), Romuniji (Vrancea) in Turciji (Izmit). Grafi ugotovljenih premikov kažejo dolgotrajne strižne procese vzdolž kamninskih blokov, ki oblikujejo razpoke. Kljucne besede: deformacije kamnin, seizmicni ucinki, monitoring, mikropremiki, Madara visoka planota, Bolgarija.
欧洲唯一的中世纪早期岩石浅浮雕Madara Horseman被列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录。本文介绍了对位于保加利亚东北部霍尔斯曼上方马德拉高原边缘的Golyamata Tsepnatina洞穴裂缝中微位移的现场监测结果。此外，我们还研究了沿高原边缘后面的裂缝的运动，这些运动与外围高原部分的动力学有关，并形成了岩石切片。监测包括使用安装在洞穴中的TM-71型三维伸长计，以及在高原边缘后面的裂缝上安装的五组销钉标记。自1990年以来获得的结果表明，由于岩体的重力延伸，悬崖上形成了一个新的岩层。已确定的岩层向SSE的水平微位移表明，高原底部可能存在具有运动左侧分量的活动断层。我们确定了保加利亚东北部（Provadia）、罗马尼亚（Vrancea）和土耳其（Izmit）震中的远近地震的影响。所建立的运动图标记了沿着切片形成裂纹的剪切过程的连续进行过程。关键词：岩石变形，地震效应，监测，微位移，马达拉高原，保加利亚。监测保加利亚SV Madara高原Goljamata Cepnatina洞穴的微运动欧洲唯一的中世纪早期岩石浮雕Madarian Horseman被列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产。本文讨论了形成Goljamata cepnatina洞穴的裂缝中微位移的现场测量结果，该洞穴位于保加利亚南部马德拉骑兵上方的马德拉高原边缘。我们还研究了高高原边缘后面的裂缝的运动，这些裂缝取决于高高原边缘部分的动力学并形成岩块。监测包括使用安装在洞穴中的TM-71型三维伸长计。它还包括五个位于高平台边缘后面的裂缝中的运动测量仪。自1990年以来获得的结果表明，由于岩体的重力开口，悬崖上形成了新的岩石块。观察到的岩块在JJV方向上的水平微运动表明，在高高原的基础上，具有左侧斜坡分量的活动断裂是可能的。我们发现了远近地震的影响，震中位于保加利亚东南部（普罗瓦迪亚）、罗马尼亚（弗兰西亚）和土耳其（伊兹米特）。观察到的运动图显示了沿着形成裂缝的岩石块的长期剪切过程。关键词：岩石变形，地震ucinki，监测，micropomiki，Madara visoka planota，保加利亚。
{"title":"Monitoring of microdisplacements in Golyamata Tsepnatina cave, Madara plateau, NE Bulgaria","authors":"K. Kostov, N. Dobrev, J. Stemberk, M. Briestenský, P. Ivanov","doi":"10.3986/AC.V47I1.5149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V47I1.5149","url":null,"abstract":"The only early medieval rock bas-relief in Europe Madara Horseman is included in UNESCO World Heritage List. This article presents the results from an in situ monitoring of microdisplacements across fissure forming the Golyamata Tsepnatina Cave located at the edge of Madara Plateau above the Horseman, NE Bulgaria. Additionally, we studied movements along cracks behind the plateau edge, which are related to the dynamics of peripheral plateau parts and shaped the rock slices. Monitoring involves the use of a 3D extensometer model TM-71 installed in the cave as well as five sets of pin marks installed across the cracks behind the plateau edge. The results obtained since 1990 indicate formation of a new rock slice from the cliff due to the gravitational extension of rock massif. The established horizontal microdisplacements of the rock slice to SSE imply the existence of a possible active fault with left-lateral component of movements at the base of the plateau. We established influences from near and distant earthquakes with epicenters in NE Bulgaria (Provadia), Romania (Vrancea), and Turkey (Izmit). The graphs of established movements mark continuously ongoing process of shear processes along the slice forming cracks. Key words: rock deformations, seismic effects, monitoring, microdisplacements, Madara Plateau, Bulgaria. Spremljanje mikropremikov v jami Goljamata Cepnatina, Visoka planota Madara, SV Bolgarija Edini zgodnjesrednjeveski skalni relief v Evropi, Madarski konjenik, je vkljucen v Unescovo svetovno dediscino. Ta prispevek obravnava rezultate in situ meritev mikropremikov v razpoki, v kateri je oblikovana jama Goljamata cepnatina, ki se nahaja na robu visoke planote Madara nad Madarskim konjenikom v SV Bolgariji. Dodatno smo proucevali tudi premike razpok za robom visoke planote, ki so odvisni od dinamike robnih delov visoke planote in oblikujejo kamninske bloke. Monitoring vkljucuje uporabo 3D-ekstenzometra model TM-71, ki je namescen v jami. Dodatno vkljucuje tudi pet merilnikov premikov, ki so namesceni v razpokah za robom visoke planote. Rezultati, ki smo jih pridobili od leta 1990, kažejo nastajanje novih kamninskih blokov iz klifa zaradi gravitacijskega razpiranja kamninske mase. Ugotovljeni vodoravni mikropremiki kamninskih blokov v smeri proti JJV, kažejo, da je možen aktiven prelom z levo-zmicno komponento v podlagi visoke planote. Ugotovili smo vplive bližnjih in oddaljenih potresov z epicentri v SV Bolgariji (Provadija), Romuniji (Vrancea) in Turciji (Izmit). Grafi ugotovljenih premikov kažejo dolgotrajne strižne procese vzdolž kamninskih blokov, ki oblikujejo razpoke. Kljucne besede: deformacije kamnin, seizmicni ucinki, monitoring, mikropremiki, Madara visoka planota, Bolgarija.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47472781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Surface and underground karst features, such as karren, dolines, sinking streams, caves and large freshwater and thermal springs are developed in Triassic Limestone in the southern Kashmir Valley. The rock formation has a high hydraulic conductivity (K), up to 1,000 m d-1 and constitutes one of the most productive aquifers in the region. Springs discharging from this aquifer supply pristine water to more than one million people, but the regional karst system is still poorly understood. The present study is really a first and preliminary study of an important but remote and previously unstudied area, with the goal to provide a first overview and inventory of karst phenomena, as a basis for more detailed (and more “scientific”) studies in the future. Results suggest that karstification is developed along tectonic joints and bedding planes. Karstification shows distinct variation with altitude and is more developed towards the valley floor. The study also revealed that erosion of the alluvium along streams pushed karstification downwards and caused drying up of formerly phreatic cave passages. Reconstruction of karst evolution on the basis of geomorphological, geological and climatic conditions of the region suggests that karstification has started during Plio-Pleistocene. The present surface and subsurface karstification is directly related to the tectono-sedimentational history of the Himalaya and the climatic conditions that prevailed after the Himalayan Orogeny. Key words: Triassic Limestone, karstification, freshwater supply, Himalaya, Kashmir Valley. Kraska geomorfologija, razvoj jam in hidrogeologija v Kasmirski dolini, Zahodna Himalaja, Indija Povrsinske in podzemne kraske oblike, kot so skraplje, vrtace, reke ponikalnice, jame ter veliki sladkovodni in termalni izviri, so v južni Kasmirski dolini nastale v triasnih apnencih. Ti imajo visoko hidravlicno prevodnost (K) do 1000 m d-1 in so med najbolj produktivnimi vodonosniki v regiji. Izviri, ki drenirajo ta vodonosnik, prispevajo neoporecno vodo vec kot milijon ljudem. Kljub temu hidrogeologijo regionalnega kraskega sistema se vedno slabo razumemo. Ta studija je prva in preliminarna studija pomembnega, a oddaljenega in predhodno neraziskanega obmocja ter poskusa zagotoviti prvi pregled in popis kraskih pojavov kot podlaga za podrobnejse (in bolj »znanstvene«) studije. Rezultati kažejo, da je zakrasevanje razvito vzdolž tektonskih prelomov in lezik. Zakrasevanje se razlikuje glede na nadmorsko visino in je bolj razvito proti dnu doline. Studija je pokazala tudi, da je erozija aluvija vzdolž vodotokov potisnila zakrasevanje v globino vodonosnika in povzrocila fosilizacijo predhodno freaticnih jamskih kanalov. Rekonstrukcija kraskega razvoja na podlagi geomorfoloskih, geoloskih in klimatskih razmer v regiji nakazuje, da se je zakrasevanje zacelo med Plio-Pleistocenom. Sedanje povrsinsko in podzemno zakrasevanje je neposredno povezano s tektonsko-sedimentacijsko zgodovino Himalaje in podnebnimi
{"title":"Karst geomorphology, cave development and hydrogeology in the Kashmir valley, Western Himalaya, India","authors":"G. Jeelani, R. A. Shah, N. Goldscheider","doi":"10.3986/AC.V47I1.5178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V47I1.5178","url":null,"abstract":"Surface and underground karst features, such as karren, dolines, sinking streams, caves and large freshwater and thermal springs are developed in Triassic Limestone in the southern Kashmir Valley. The rock formation has a high hydraulic conductivity (K), up to 1,000 m d-1 and constitutes one of the most productive aquifers in the region. Springs discharging from this aquifer supply pristine water to more than one million people, but the regional karst system is still poorly understood. The present study is really a first and preliminary study of an important but remote and previously unstudied area, with the goal to provide a first overview and inventory of karst phenomena, as a basis for more detailed (and more “scientific”) studies in the future. Results suggest that karstification is developed along tectonic joints and bedding planes. Karstification shows distinct variation with altitude and is more developed towards the valley floor. The study also revealed that erosion of the alluvium along streams pushed karstification downwards and caused drying up of formerly phreatic cave passages. Reconstruction of karst evolution on the basis of geomorphological, geological and climatic conditions of the region suggests that karstification has started during Plio-Pleistocene. The present surface and subsurface karstification is directly related to the tectono-sedimentational history of the Himalaya and the climatic conditions that prevailed after the Himalayan Orogeny. Key words: Triassic Limestone, karstification, freshwater supply, Himalaya, Kashmir Valley. Kraska geomorfologija, razvoj jam in hidrogeologija v Kasmirski dolini, Zahodna Himalaja, Indija Povrsinske in podzemne kraske oblike, kot so skraplje, vrtace, reke ponikalnice, jame ter veliki sladkovodni in termalni izviri, so v južni Kasmirski dolini nastale v triasnih apnencih. Ti imajo visoko hidravlicno prevodnost (K) do 1000 m d-1 in so med najbolj produktivnimi vodonosniki v regiji. Izviri, ki drenirajo ta vodonosnik, prispevajo neoporecno vodo vec kot milijon ljudem. Kljub temu hidrogeologijo regionalnega kraskega sistema se vedno slabo razumemo. Ta studija je prva in preliminarna studija pomembnega, a oddaljenega in predhodno neraziskanega obmocja ter poskusa zagotoviti prvi pregled in popis kraskih pojavov kot podlaga za podrobnejse (in bolj »znanstvene«) studije. Rezultati kažejo, da je zakrasevanje razvito vzdolž tektonskih prelomov in lezik. Zakrasevanje se razlikuje glede na nadmorsko visino in je bolj razvito proti dnu doline. Studija je pokazala tudi, da je erozija aluvija vzdolž vodotokov potisnila zakrasevanje v globino vodonosnika in povzrocila fosilizacijo predhodno freaticnih jamskih kanalov. Rekonstrukcija kraskega razvoja na podlagi geomorfoloskih, geoloskih in klimatskih razmer v regiji nakazuje, da se je zakrasevanje zacelo med Plio-Pleistocenom. Sedanje povrsinsko in podzemno zakrasevanje je neposredno povezano s tektonsko-sedimentacijsko zgodovino Himalaje in podnebnimi","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44963394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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