Muhsin Eren, Muhammetmyrat Palvanov, S. Kadir, S. Kapur
This article deals with micro-karstification forming abundant dissolution features in a stalagmite from Küpeli Cave in southern Turkey. Dissolution occurs when cave water enriched with CO2 from the atmosphere and soil seeps into the stalagmite. Water is transmitted from the surface of the stalagmite to the interior by the roughly vertical or diagonal notch-shaped pores formed by the enlargement of intercrystalline pores by dissolution. These slightly elongated pores appear embedded in different parts of the stalagmite and characterize different stages of dissolution during the stalagmite formation. Later, when this water reaches the relatively more permeable growth layer surfaces, it flows along these surfaces, and diffuse dissolution features form. These features include micro-scale pitted and etched surface structures, rounded and enlarged crystal boundaries and intercrystalline pores, and the breakdown of relatively large crystals into small crystals (micritization). When the percolating water is sufficiently saturated with calcium carbonate in the stalagmite, secondary calcite precipitation occurs as rim and pore-filling cements within the pores formed as a result of dissolution. In general, dissolution and calcite re-precipitation as cement are early diagenetic events and occur at different stages of stalagmite development due to seasonal variation in CO2 and CaCO3 contents of the water in the epikarst zone and within the stalagmite. These conditions were probably provided during the wet season.
{"title":"Micro-karstification in a stalagmite, Küpeli Cave, southern Turkey","authors":"Muhsin Eren, Muhammetmyrat Palvanov, S. Kadir, S. Kapur","doi":"10.3986/ac.v51i2.10589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v51i2.10589","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with micro-karstification forming abundant dissolution features in a stalagmite from Küpeli Cave in southern Turkey. Dissolution occurs when cave water enriched with CO2 from the atmosphere and soil seeps into the stalagmite. Water is transmitted from the surface of the stalagmite to the interior by the roughly vertical or diagonal notch-shaped pores formed by the enlargement of intercrystalline pores by dissolution. These slightly elongated pores appear embedded in different parts of the stalagmite and characterize different stages of dissolution during the stalagmite formation. Later, when this water reaches the relatively more permeable growth layer surfaces, it flows along these surfaces, and diffuse dissolution features form. These features include micro-scale pitted and etched surface structures, rounded and enlarged crystal boundaries and intercrystalline pores, and the breakdown of relatively large crystals into small crystals (micritization). When the percolating water is sufficiently saturated with calcium carbonate in the stalagmite, secondary calcite precipitation occurs as rim and pore-filling cements within the pores formed as a result of dissolution. In general, dissolution and calcite re-precipitation as cement are early diagenetic events and occur at different stages of stalagmite development due to seasonal variation in CO2 and CaCO3 contents of the water in the epikarst zone and within the stalagmite. These conditions were probably provided during the wet season. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46833257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
So far, the longest known unroofed cave in Slovenia has been found on the Slavinski ravnik, southwest of Postojna. From its position on the surface, its shape, and its containing sediments, we can infer its spatial and temporal development, as well as the processes and evolution of the contact karst in its hinterland. The corrosional plain Slavinski ravnik is a small area of the Dinaric Karst in Slovenia, located at the contact between impermeable flysch and karstified carbonate rocks, where many contact karst features formed. Due to erosion, multi-phase regional tectonic uplift, and sedimentation, a paragenetic cave system, active and relict blind valleys have formed. During the geomorphological mapping, elements were examined and drawn using ESRI ArcMap and Golden Software Surfer, and the stages of their formation were observed. During the survey, the active cave system Markov spodmol and Vodna jama v Lozi, the relict unroofed cave Brezstropa jama v Lozi, Biščevci blind valley, Sajevško polje blind valley, Ivačevci blind valley, and Sajevško polje sediment accumulation were studied. The changing hydrological regime, the allogenic sediments, the distribution of active and relict ponors, and the placement of active and relict elements of these contact karst forms, show different stages of formation and subsequent development of the northern border of Slavinski ravnik. The geomorphological map of these contact karst features and their following studies give us an insight into the morphogenesis of the southern karst periphery of the Postojna Basin as an exceptional - relatively small but highly variable Slovenian contact karst site.
到目前为止，在Postojna西南部的斯拉文斯基拉夫尼克发现了斯洛文尼亚已知最长的无顶洞穴。从它在地表的位置、形状和所含沉积物可以推断出它的时空发展，以及它腹地接触岩溶的过程和演化。斯拉文斯基-拉夫尼克腐蚀平原是斯洛文尼亚迪纳里克岩溶的一个小区域，位于不透水复理石和岩溶碳酸盐岩之间的接触处，在那里形成了许多接触岩溶特征。由于侵蚀、多期区域构造抬升和沉积作用，形成了共生的洞穴系统、活动的和残留的盲谷。在地貌测绘过程中，使用ESRI ArcMap和Golden Software Surfer对元素进行了检查和绘制，并观察了它们的形成阶段。在调查过程中，研究了活跃的洞穴系统Markov spodmol和Vodna jama v Lozi、残余的未覆盖洞穴Brezstropa jama v Rozi、Biščevci盲谷、Sajevško polje盲谷、Ivačevcci盲谷和Sajevčko polje沉积物堆积。不断变化的水文状况、同种沉积物、活动和残余沉积物的分布，以及这些接触岩溶形式的活动和残余元素的位置，显示了斯拉文斯基-拉夫尼克北部边界的不同形成和随后的发展阶段。这些接触岩溶特征的地貌图及其后续研究使我们深入了解了Postojna盆地南部岩溶外围的形态发生，该盆地是一个特殊的、相对较小但高度可变的斯洛文尼亚接触岩溶场地。
{"title":"Active and Relict Contact Karst morphological forms of the corrosional plain (Slavinski ravnik, SW Slovenia)","authors":"Astrid Švara, A. Mihevc, N. Zupan Hajna","doi":"10.3986/ac.v51i2.10788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v51i2.10788","url":null,"abstract":"So far, the longest known unroofed cave in Slovenia has been found on the Slavinski ravnik, southwest of Postojna. From its position on the surface, its shape, and its containing sediments, we can infer its spatial and temporal development, as well as the processes and evolution of the contact karst in its hinterland. The corrosional plain Slavinski ravnik is a small area of the Dinaric Karst in Slovenia, located at the contact between impermeable flysch and karstified carbonate rocks, where many contact karst features formed. Due to erosion, multi-phase regional tectonic uplift, and sedimentation, a paragenetic cave system, active and relict blind valleys have formed. During the geomorphological mapping, elements were examined and drawn using ESRI ArcMap and Golden Software Surfer, and the stages of their formation were observed. During the survey, the active cave system Markov spodmol and Vodna jama v Lozi, the relict unroofed cave Brezstropa jama v Lozi, Biščevci blind valley, Sajevško polje blind valley, Ivačevci blind valley, and Sajevško polje sediment accumulation were studied. The changing hydrological regime, the allogenic sediments, the distribution of active and relict ponors, and the placement of active and relict elements of these contact karst forms, show different stages of formation and subsequent development of the northern border of Slavinski ravnik. The geomorphological map of these contact karst features and their following studies give us an insight into the morphogenesis of the southern karst periphery of the Postojna Basin as an exceptional - relatively small but highly variable Slovenian contact karst site.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45876134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alberto Fortis (1741-1803) was an Italian naturalist who had a wide range of scientific interests from linguistics and ethnology to geology, geography and hydrology. This paper presents an overview of hydrological features that Fortis recorded in two of his works: Saggio d'Osservazzioni sopra l'Isola di Cherso ed Osero (1771) and Viaggio in Dalmazia (1774). These works were a result of several Fortis' travels in the region and were noted in European scientific literature of that time. Fortis revealed to European public the eastern Adriatic coast, a then little-known part of Europe with its wide variety of natural features. Despite the scarce appearance of surface water in karst, numerous interpretations of hydrological features can be found in Fortis’ descriptions of the East Adriatic coast. He often shows a remarkable understanding of karst hydrology even though some of his ideas and explanations are dubious from the present point of view. Although Fortis is not considered a karstologist in the strict sense, his works contain elements of what will eventually become karstology.
阿尔贝托·富通斯(Alberto Fortis, 1741-1803)，意大利博物学家，对语言学、民族学、地质学、地理学和水文学等学科有着广泛的兴趣。本文概述了Fortis在他的两部作品中记录的水文特征:Saggio d'Osservazzioni sopra l'Isola di Cherso ed Osero(1771)和Viaggio in Dalmazia(1774)。这些作品是富通人在该地区旅行的结果，并在当时的欧洲科学文献中有所记载。富通向欧洲公众展示了亚得里亚海东部海岸，这是一个当时鲜为人知的欧洲地区，拥有各种各样的自然景观。尽管喀斯特地区缺乏地表水，但在Fortis对亚得里亚海东岸的描述中，可以找到许多对水文特征的解释。他经常表现出对喀斯特水文学的非凡理解，尽管他的一些观点和解释从现在的观点来看是可疑的。虽然严格意义上，Fortis不被认为是岩溶学家，但他的作品包含了最终成为岩溶学的元素。
{"title":"Karst hydrology of the Croatian coast recorded in the works of Alberto Fortis (1741-1803)","authors":"Robert Lončarić, M. Surić","doi":"10.3986/ac.v51i2.10999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v51i2.10999","url":null,"abstract":"Alberto Fortis (1741-1803) was an Italian naturalist who had a wide range of scientific interests from linguistics and ethnology to geology, geography and hydrology. This paper presents an overview of hydrological features that Fortis recorded in two of his works: Saggio d'Osservazzioni sopra l'Isola di Cherso ed Osero (1771) and Viaggio in Dalmazia (1774). These works were a result of several Fortis' travels in the region and were noted in European scientific literature of that time. Fortis revealed to European public the eastern Adriatic coast, a then little-known part of Europe with its wide variety of natural features. Despite the scarce appearance of surface water in karst, numerous interpretations of hydrological features can be found in Fortis’ descriptions of the East Adriatic coast. He often shows a remarkable understanding of karst hydrology even though some of his ideas and explanations are dubious from the present point of view. Although Fortis is not considered a karstologist in the strict sense, his works contain elements of what will eventually become karstology.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44011153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the unique examples of the development of subsoil karren into a stone forest on the varied geological bedrock of the Lunan surface is revealed to us. Originally of subsoil formation and later denuded, the rounded hills that dissect the karst surface have transformed into a clustered stone forest whose central part usually consists of a larger dissected rock mass with individual stone pillars and teeth at the edge. The geologic profile contains beds of dense, homogeneous and compact fine-grained limestones that alternate with beds of mostly coarse-grained and just as compact dolomitised limestones. These bed properties are also reflected in the exterior of the rock as a diverse relief. The average calcium carbonate content in both types of rocks combined is 97.3%. The rock is thickly bedded to massive; beds are mainly positioned subhorizontally. The contacts between the beds of limestone and dolomitised limestone are sharp and clearly visible, especially in the bottom part of the geologic profile, whereas in the central part, they are often blurred and one type of rock grades continuously into the other. In the areas containing limestone, individual bedding planes are especially visible. As can be inferred, the slightly more porous dolomitised rock, made up of larger particles, disintegrates faster in a more permanently waterlogged acid subsoil environment, where the moisture penetrates it deeper. However, as it takes longer to dissolve, it protrudes from the surface of the dolomitic limestone rock when exposed to moisture from occasional rain. The composition and fracturing of the diverse rock strata decisively influences the shape of the pillars and their rock relief. Larger subsoil rock forms (channels, notches, half-bells) have developed on all rock strata. The diversity of the rock is also reflected by the notches that have formed under the soil along the more rapidly soluble partly dolomite rock strata. Denuded subsoil-shaped pillars are reshaped by rainwater and trickling water. Smaller rock forms carved by rainwater have formed mostly only on evenly composed, fine- grained limestone rock. The tops on such rock are more distinctly conical and blade-like and wider on more slowly soluble rock.
{"title":"Clustered stone forest in Pu Dou Chun (Yunnan, China)","authors":"M. Knez, Hong Liu, T. Slabe","doi":"10.3986/ac.v51i1.10688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v51i1.10688","url":null,"abstract":"One of the unique examples of the development of subsoil karren into a stone forest on the varied geological bedrock of the Lunan surface is revealed to us. Originally of subsoil formation and later denuded, the rounded hills that dissect the karst surface have transformed into a clustered stone forest whose central part usually consists of a larger dissected rock mass with individual stone pillars and teeth at the edge. The geologic profile contains beds of dense, homogeneous and compact fine-grained limestones that alternate with beds of mostly coarse-grained and just as compact dolomitised limestones. These bed properties are also reflected in the exterior of the rock as a diverse relief. The average calcium carbonate content in both types of rocks combined is 97.3%. The rock is thickly bedded to massive; beds are mainly positioned subhorizontally. The contacts between the beds of limestone and dolomitised limestone are sharp and clearly visible, especially in the bottom part of the geologic profile, whereas in the central part, they are often blurred and one type of rock grades continuously into the other. In the areas containing limestone, individual bedding planes are especially visible. As can be inferred, the slightly more porous dolomitised rock, made up of larger particles, disintegrates faster in a more permanently waterlogged acid subsoil environment, where the moisture penetrates it deeper. However, as it takes longer to dissolve, it protrudes from the surface of the dolomitic limestone rock when exposed to moisture from occasional rain. The composition and fracturing of the diverse rock strata decisively influences the shape of the pillars and their rock relief. Larger subsoil rock forms (channels, notches, half-bells) have developed on all rock strata. The diversity of the rock is also reflected by the notches that have formed under the soil along the more rapidly soluble partly dolomite rock strata. Denuded subsoil-shaped pillars are reshaped by rainwater and trickling water. Smaller rock forms carved by rainwater have formed mostly only on evenly composed, fine- grained limestone rock. The tops on such rock are more distinctly conical and blade-like and wider on more slowly soluble rock.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48530055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Telbisz, László Mari, Alena Gessert, Janetta Nestorová Dická, Péter Gruber
National parks (NPs) are the flagships of protected areas, which primarily serve the protection of nature, but are also important sites for tourism. While karst areas are generally disadvantageous in terms of traditional farming, tourism can provide new livelihoods for those who live there. Therefore, it does matter how the local people relate to the NP and tourism, and the opinion of tourists is also an important factor. In this article, we present the results of a questionnaire survey conducted in the Aggtelek National Park (ANP) and the Slovak Karst National Park (SKNP). Our results show that for locals, the forest is the most important natural resource often visited by them, while for tourists, caves are the first choice. Conflicts between locals and tourists are negligible, and all actors agree to further increase tourism. In both ANP and SKNP, the majority of tourists and locals alike have a rather positive view of the NP. However, there is still a significant group of local residents who have a negative opinion about the NP. One reason for this may be that the locals feel they have only a marginal influence on NP decisions. The ANP plays a more important role in the lives of locals than in SKNP, because ANP has a larger organisational background and more human resources for a smaller population. Although geotourism is still largely missing from the vocabulary of local residents and park management alike, there is a small but significant part of visitors who consider themselves sensu lato geotourists. As for the motivation of tourists, the keyword is “cave”, while the content of the term “karst” is much less known for visitors (especially on the Hungarian side). In Hungary, the tourism to Baradla Cave is largely due to school education. We found that the internet, although one of the most important sources of information for visitors, was not the first port of call, and was not outstanding compared to other factors.
{"title":"Attitudes and perceptions of local residents and tourists – a comparative study of the twin national parks of Aggtelek (Hungary) and Slovak Karst (Slovakia)","authors":"T. Telbisz, László Mari, Alena Gessert, Janetta Nestorová Dická, Péter Gruber","doi":"10.3986/ac.v51i1.10683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v51i1.10683","url":null,"abstract":"National parks (NPs) are the flagships of protected areas, which primarily serve the protection of nature, but are also important sites for tourism. While karst areas are generally disadvantageous in terms of traditional farming, tourism can provide new livelihoods for those who live there. Therefore, it does matter how the local people relate to the NP and tourism, and the opinion of tourists is also an important factor. In this article, we present the results of a questionnaire survey conducted in the Aggtelek National Park (ANP) and the Slovak Karst National Park (SKNP). Our results show that for locals, the forest is the most important natural resource often visited by them, while for tourists, caves are the first choice. Conflicts between locals and tourists are negligible, and all actors agree to further increase tourism. In both ANP and SKNP, the majority of tourists and locals alike have a rather positive view of the NP. However, there is still a significant group of local residents who have a negative opinion about the NP. One reason for this may be that the locals feel they have only a marginal influence on NP decisions. The ANP plays a more important role in the lives of locals than in SKNP, because ANP has a larger organisational background and more human resources for a smaller population. Although geotourism is still largely missing from the vocabulary of local residents and park management alike, there is a small but significant part of visitors who consider themselves sensu lato geotourists. As for the motivation of tourists, the keyword is “cave”, while the content of the term “karst” is much less known for visitors (especially on the Hungarian side). In Hungary, the tourism to Baradla Cave is largely due to school education. We found that the internet, although one of the most important sources of information for visitors, was not the first port of call, and was not outstanding compared to other factors.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42580694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The correlation between surface and subsurface karst development was explored by comparing the directionality and spatial distribution of karstic depressions around twenty-two select caves in the eogenetic karst of Florida. Orientations of cave passages and major axes of depressions around cave centrelines imply varying degrees of correlation between them. Spatial distribution of karstic depressions was studied by standard deviational ellipses of sinkhole centroids and nearest neighbour orientations around caves using spatial statistics tools of ArcGIS. An overall analysis of the data shows close connections between some caves and the surrounding sinkholes in terms of their orientation and spatial distribution, suggesting the importance of fracture systems in the development of karst.
{"title":"Caves, sinkholes, and fractures in the eogenetic karst of Florida, a GIS-based spatial analysis","authors":"C. Denizman","doi":"10.3986/ac.v51i1.10454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v51i1.10454","url":null,"abstract":"The correlation between surface and subsurface karst development was explored by comparing the directionality and spatial distribution of karstic depressions around twenty-two select caves in the eogenetic karst of Florida. Orientations of cave passages and major axes of depressions around cave centrelines imply varying degrees of correlation between them. Spatial distribution of karstic depressions was studied by standard deviational ellipses of sinkhole centroids and nearest neighbour orientations around caves using spatial statistics tools of ArcGIS. An overall analysis of the data shows close connections between some caves and the surrounding sinkholes in terms of their orientation and spatial distribution, suggesting the importance of fracture systems in the development of karst.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45949294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cave is re-defined in order to be linked to the cave formation processes, to cover the known cave types, to differentiate from porosity and contiguous spaces, to be applied also in a continuum of size and to avoid explorational bias. Despite the scientific basis, the proposed definition remains simple enough to be used by cavers and non-specialists. Following this definition, a classification scheme that is also process-based combines the known cave types. Clustering is based on five levels of classification, from which the first two levels define the major cave categories. The rest of the branching is the result of variation in settings and formation agents. A discussion on various classifications and definitions reveals the non-static character of such schemes that tend to change in relation to the progress of research cave census and improved communication of scientists on previously and new discovered caves.
{"title":"Definition and process-based classification of caves","authors":"G. Lazaridis","doi":"10.3986/ac.v51i1.10611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v51i1.10611","url":null,"abstract":"Cave is re-defined in order to be linked to the cave formation processes, to cover the known cave types, to differentiate from porosity and contiguous spaces, to be applied also in a continuum of size and to avoid explorational bias. Despite the scientific basis, the proposed definition remains simple enough to be used by cavers and non-specialists. Following this definition, a classification scheme that is also process-based combines the known cave types. Clustering is based on five levels of classification, from which the first two levels define the major cave categories. The rest of the branching is the result of variation in settings and formation agents. A discussion on various classifications and definitions reveals the non-static character of such schemes that tend to change in relation to the progress of research cave census and improved communication of scientists on previously and new discovered caves.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44912364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cristiano Fernandes Ferreira, Yawar Hussain, R. Uagoda
Doline mapping is paramount in the vulnerability and risk assessment of the underground karst environment by identifying cave-ground connectivity points at the surface. However, manual mapping is labour-intensive, slow and subjective, especially on a large scale. Therefore, the present study adopted a GIS-based semi-automatic approach for mapping large and medium-sized depressions/dolines in the Corrente river basin in Brazil, with a particular focus on the environmentally preserved areas of river Vermelho (APANRV Portuguese abbreviation) using remote sensing (DEM and Google Earth imagery) and field-based observations. Seven typical dolines forms (e.g., cockpit with drain insertion, collapse, collapse with river capture, suffosion, solution, cover collapse, and buried) are found from extensive field surveys. As an outcome of the proposed approach, two hundred and thirty-two medium to large-sized dolines have been identified and categorised into three main groups based on the cave density and local geology G1, G2, and G3. The high density of identified dolines (164 known caves) in G1 provides reconnaissance for future speleological works in the preserved areas. Additionally, the presence of a considerable number of dolines in the adjoining areas (G2 and G3) stresses the need to revise the existing boundaries of the APANRV. Results correlate well with the dolines sites marked using field surveys and Google Earth images. This doline mapping may help researchers in the groundwater vulnerability assessment and the protection of speleological heritage preserved in the caves.
{"title":"A semi-automatic approach for doline mapping in Brazilian covered karst: the way forward to vulnerability assessment","authors":"Cristiano Fernandes Ferreira, Yawar Hussain, R. Uagoda","doi":"10.3986/ac.v51i1.10011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v51i1.10011","url":null,"abstract":"Doline mapping is paramount in the vulnerability and risk assessment of the underground karst environment by identifying cave-ground connectivity points at the surface. However, manual mapping is labour-intensive, slow and subjective, especially on a large scale. Therefore, the present study adopted a GIS-based semi-automatic approach for mapping large and medium-sized depressions/dolines in the Corrente river basin in Brazil, with a particular focus on the environmentally preserved areas of river Vermelho (APANRV Portuguese abbreviation) using remote sensing (DEM and Google Earth imagery) and field-based observations. Seven typical dolines forms (e.g., cockpit with drain insertion, collapse, collapse with river capture, suffosion, solution, cover collapse, and buried) are found from extensive field surveys. As an outcome of the proposed approach, two hundred and thirty-two medium to large-sized dolines have been identified and categorised into three main groups based on the cave density and local geology G1, G2, and G3. The high density of identified dolines (164 known caves) in G1 provides reconnaissance for future speleological works in the preserved areas. Additionally, the presence of a considerable number of dolines in the adjoining areas (G2 and G3) stresses the need to revise the existing boundaries of the APANRV. Results correlate well with the dolines sites marked using field surveys and Google Earth images. This doline mapping may help researchers in the groundwater vulnerability assessment and the protection of speleological heritage preserved in the caves.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44510828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the start of mass production of plastic materials more than a century ago, the problem of accumulating plastic waste in the environment has reached epic proportions. Recently, the problem of smaller plastic particles (microplastic, MP) in the environment has become a widely studied topic, but the amount and types of MP in karst environments are still poorly known. Thus, the objective of this study was to collect and analyse samples from various karst habitats and to try and determine the scope of pollution in karst springs that are in part used as sources for drinking water. Of the potential pollution sources, we sampled rainwater, two discharges from wastewater treatment plants, and a leachate from a landfill. We conducted polymer analyses of potential MP particles using FTIR-ATR. The results showed that eight samples from the Postojna region (Postojna–Planina Cave System, rainfall sample and surface streams) contain up to 444 MP particles per m3. However, 32 samples taken from the Škocjan–Kačna–Jama 1 v Kanjaducah Cave System contain up to 60,000 MP particles per m3, with the bulk of particles found in the sediment samples from Škocjan Caves – Kačna Cave System. Samples from Postojna region contained mostly PET, PU and PA polymers, with a minor inclusion of polymers of plastic sponge used for cleaning. Samples from Škocjan region contained mostly PP, PET and PE polymers, with some of PA and PU polymers. Sediment samples contained much less MP particles compared to water samples, which indicates fast transport through karst aquifer.
自从一个多世纪前开始大规模生产塑料材料以来，环境中积累塑料垃圾的问题已经达到了史诗般的程度。近年来，环境中较小的塑料颗粒（微塑料，MP）问题已成为一个广泛研究的话题，但对岩溶环境中MP的数量和类型仍知之甚少。因此，本研究的目的是收集和分析来自各种岩溶栖息地的样本，并试图确定部分用作饮用水源的岩溶泉水的污染范围。在潜在的污染源中，我们对雨水、两个废水处理厂的排放物和一个垃圾填埋场的渗滤液进行了采样。我们使用FTIR-ATR对潜在MP颗粒进行了聚合物分析。结果显示，来自Postojna地区的八个样本（Postojna-Planina洞穴系统、降雨样本和地表溪流）每立方米含有高达444 MP的颗粒。然而，从Škocjan–Kačna–Jama 1 v Kanjaducah洞穴系统采集的32个样本中，每立方米含有高达60000个MP颗粒，大部分颗粒在Škoc jan洞穴–Kaćna洞穴系统的沉积物样本中发现。Postojna地区的样本主要含有PET、PU和PA聚合物，少量包含用于清洁的塑料海绵聚合物。Škocjan地区的样品主要含有PP、PET和PE聚合物，还有一些PA和PU聚合物。与水样相比，沉积物样品含有的MP颗粒要少得多，这表明通过岩溶含水层的传输速度很快。
{"title":"Microplastic pollution in vulnerable karst environments: case study from the Slovenian classical karst region","authors":"L. Valentić, P. Kozel, T. Pipan","doi":"10.3986/ac.v51i1.10597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v51i1.10597","url":null,"abstract":"Since the start of mass production of plastic materials more than a century ago, the problem of accumulating plastic waste in the environment has reached epic proportions. Recently, the problem of smaller plastic particles (microplastic, MP) in the environment has become a widely studied topic, but the amount and types of MP in karst environments are still poorly known. Thus, the objective of this study was to collect and analyse samples from various karst habitats and to try and determine the scope of pollution in karst springs that are in part used as sources for drinking water. Of the potential pollution sources, we sampled rainwater, two discharges from wastewater treatment plants, and a leachate from a landfill. We conducted polymer analyses of potential MP particles using FTIR-ATR. The results showed that eight samples from the Postojna region (Postojna–Planina Cave System, rainfall sample and surface streams) contain up to 444 MP particles per m3. However, 32 samples taken from the Škocjan–Kačna–Jama 1 v Kanjaducah Cave System contain up to 60,000 MP particles per m3, with the bulk of particles found in the sediment samples from Škocjan Caves – Kačna Cave System. Samples from Postojna region contained mostly PET, PU and PA polymers, with a minor inclusion of polymers of plastic sponge used for cleaning. Samples from Škocjan region contained mostly PP, PET and PE polymers, with some of PA and PU polymers. Sediment samples contained much less MP particles compared to water samples, which indicates fast transport through karst aquifer.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47603981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The doline density and their spatial distribution analysis is one of the methods used for karst relief morphostructural analysis. We present the results of morphometric features, doline spatial distribution and their relationship on Miljevci karst plateau based on digital elevation model (DEM). Altogether, 286 dolines were mapped in the study area. The doline density analysis has been applied. The results show that the doline spatial distribution is clustered. Two larger areas with densities of 30 and 34 dolines/km2 are determined. Their distribution along the river canyons could indicate the existence of a palaeodrainage network. The strongest link between the doline density and topography is with inclination and vertical relief dissection, whereas the number of dolines decreases with an increase of slope inclination and relative relief. Such distribution confirms the suitability of karstic plateaus without active drainage for doline formation.
{"title":"GIS-based analysis of doline density on Miljevci karst plateau (Croatia)","authors":"N. Lončar, I. Grčić","doi":"10.3986/ac.v51i1.10465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v51i1.10465","url":null,"abstract":"The doline density and their spatial distribution analysis is one of the methods used for karst relief morphostructural analysis. We present the results of morphometric features, doline spatial distribution and their relationship on Miljevci karst plateau based on digital elevation model (DEM). Altogether, 286 dolines were mapped in the study area. The doline density analysis has been applied. The results show that the doline spatial distribution is clustered. Two larger areas with densities of 30 and 34 dolines/km2 are determined. Their distribution along the river canyons could indicate the existence of a palaeodrainage network. The strongest link between the doline density and topography is with inclination and vertical relief dissection, whereas the number of dolines decreases with an increase of slope inclination and relative relief. Such distribution confirms the suitability of karstic plateaus without active drainage for doline formation.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45783334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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