Pub Date : 2024-05-24DOI: 10.3390/geosciences14060142
E. Steiakakis, Georgios Syllignakis, Michail Galetakis, D. Vavadakis, Vincent Renaud, M. Al Heib, Jan Burda
This paper presents the results of a geotechnical investigation regarding the slope stability in a pit lake, emphasizing the impact of water level variations. Advanced analysis techniques were utilized for this study. The research was performed by using fully coupled flow-deformation analyses. For the fully coupled approach, Bishop’s effective-stress equation was used, and for the description of soil hydraulic behavior, the Van Genuchten’s model was applied. The analysis of slope stability associated with reservoir water level changes revealed that the slope tended to become unstable as the water level decreased; the stability factor was negatively related to the rate of water level reduction. Concerning the water level fluctuations, the analyses revealed that the soil mass seemed to become less stable as the rate of water level change increased. Under a specific range of rates of water level variation, the safety factor became higher as the number of fluctuations increased. Additionally, the simulation results concerning the water level rising indicate that the pressure due to the external water level acts on the slope surface with a positive impact on the stability factor. The results obtained reflect the effects under a specific site condition, but they can be used as a reference for evaluating slope stability in a pit lake design.
本文介绍了一项关于坑湖边坡稳定性的岩土工程勘测结果，强调了水位变化的影响。这项研究采用了先进的分析技术。研究采用了完全耦合的流动-变形分析方法。在全耦合方法中，使用了 Bishop 有效应力方程，在描述土壤水力行为时，使用了 Van Genuchten 模型。与水库水位变化相关的边坡稳定性分析表明，随着水位下降，边坡趋于不稳定；稳定系数与水位下降率呈负相关。关于水位波动，分析表明，随着水位变化率的增加，土体的稳定性似乎也在降低。在特定的水位变化率范围内，安全系数随着波动次数的增加而增大。此外，有关水位上升的模拟结果表明，外部水位造成的压力作用于斜坡表面，对稳定系数产生了积极影响。所获得的结果反映了特定场地条件下的影响，但可作为基坑湖泊设计中评估斜坡稳定性的参考。
{"title":"Pit Lake Slope Stability under Water Level Variations","authors":"E. Steiakakis, Georgios Syllignakis, Michail Galetakis, D. Vavadakis, Vincent Renaud, M. Al Heib, Jan Burda","doi":"10.3390/geosciences14060142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14060142","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of a geotechnical investigation regarding the slope stability in a pit lake, emphasizing the impact of water level variations. Advanced analysis techniques were utilized for this study. The research was performed by using fully coupled flow-deformation analyses. For the fully coupled approach, Bishop’s effective-stress equation was used, and for the description of soil hydraulic behavior, the Van Genuchten’s model was applied. The analysis of slope stability associated with reservoir water level changes revealed that the slope tended to become unstable as the water level decreased; the stability factor was negatively related to the rate of water level reduction. Concerning the water level fluctuations, the analyses revealed that the soil mass seemed to become less stable as the rate of water level change increased. Under a specific range of rates of water level variation, the safety factor became higher as the number of fluctuations increased. Additionally, the simulation results concerning the water level rising indicate that the pressure due to the external water level acts on the slope surface with a positive impact on the stability factor. The results obtained reflect the effects under a specific site condition, but they can be used as a reference for evaluating slope stability in a pit lake design.","PeriodicalId":509137,"journal":{"name":"Geosciences","volume":"1 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141099427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-24DOI: 10.3390/geosciences14060144
Amina Wafik, Nouamane El Aouad, Youssef Daafi, Yousra Morsli, Marouane Chniouar, R. Punturo, Aida Maria Conte, Daniela Guglietta, Wissale Aba Sidi
The Sidi Bou Othmane (SBO) pegmatite district is situated in the Central Jebilet massif, Western Meseta domain, Morocco. The SBO district is hosted essentially in a volcano-sedimentary series composed of Late-Devonian Sarhlef shales. Pegmatite bodies crop out as dykes, which are oriented from N-S to E-W and are generally variably deformed with ductile and/or brittle structures with ante, syn- or post-kinematic criteria. Petrographic observations of pegmatite dykes show that feldspars (i.e., albite, microcline) are the most abundant mineral phases, followed by quartz and micas, with tourmaline and accessory minerals such as garnet, and zircon also featuring heavily, as well as secondary minerals such as clinochlore, sericite, and illite. The geochemical study of the SBO pegmatites indicates that they have mainly S-type granitic compositions, which are peraluminous granites with calc-alkalic affinities. The study of trace elements indicates that SBO pegmatites were formed in post-orogenic syn-collision context during the Variscan orogeny by the partial melting of argilliferous sediment. They can be ascribed to the muscovite-bearing pegmatite; moreover, they have good potential regarding ceramics. They also contain minerals, such as feldspar, which have been recently assessed as critical raw materials by the European Union.
{"title":"Geological and Geochemical Characterization of Variscan Pegmatites in the Sidi Bou Othmane District, Central Jebilet Province, Morocco","authors":"Amina Wafik, Nouamane El Aouad, Youssef Daafi, Yousra Morsli, Marouane Chniouar, R. Punturo, Aida Maria Conte, Daniela Guglietta, Wissale Aba Sidi","doi":"10.3390/geosciences14060144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14060144","url":null,"abstract":"The Sidi Bou Othmane (SBO) pegmatite district is situated in the Central Jebilet massif, Western Meseta domain, Morocco. The SBO district is hosted essentially in a volcano-sedimentary series composed of Late-Devonian Sarhlef shales. Pegmatite bodies crop out as dykes, which are oriented from N-S to E-W and are generally variably deformed with ductile and/or brittle structures with ante, syn- or post-kinematic criteria. Petrographic observations of pegmatite dykes show that feldspars (i.e., albite, microcline) are the most abundant mineral phases, followed by quartz and micas, with tourmaline and accessory minerals such as garnet, and zircon also featuring heavily, as well as secondary minerals such as clinochlore, sericite, and illite. The geochemical study of the SBO pegmatites indicates that they have mainly S-type granitic compositions, which are peraluminous granites with calc-alkalic affinities. The study of trace elements indicates that SBO pegmatites were formed in post-orogenic syn-collision context during the Variscan orogeny by the partial melting of argilliferous sediment. They can be ascribed to the muscovite-bearing pegmatite; moreover, they have good potential regarding ceramics. They also contain minerals, such as feldspar, which have been recently assessed as critical raw materials by the European Union.","PeriodicalId":509137,"journal":{"name":"Geosciences","volume":"1 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141099414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.3390/geosciences14060140
L. Mele, S. Lirer, Alessandro Flora
Earthquake-induced soil liquefaction is a catastrophic phenomenon that can damage existing building foundations and other structures, resulting in significant economic losses. Traditional mitigation techniques against liquefaction present critical aspects, such as high construction costs, impact on surrounding infrastructure and effects on the surrounding environment. Therefore, research is ongoing in order to develop new approaches and technologies suitable to mitigate liquefaction risk. Among the innovative countermeasures against liquefaction, Induced Partial Saturation (IPS) is considered one of the most promising technologies. It consists of introducing gas/air bubbles into the pore water of sandy soils in order to increase the compressibility of the fluid phase and then enhance liquefaction resistance. IPS is economical, eco-friendly and suitable for urbanised areas, where the need to reduce the risk of liquefaction must be addressed, taking into account the integrity of existing buildings. However, IPS is still far from being a routine technology since more aspects should be better understood. The main aim of this review is to raise some important questions and encourage further research and discussions on this topic. The review first analyses and discusses the effects of air/gas bubbles on the cyclic behaviour of sandy soils, focusing on the soil volume element scale and then extending the considerations to the real scale. The use of useful design charts is also described. Moreover, a section will be devoted to the effect of IPS under shallow foundations. The readers will fully understand the research trend of IPS liquefaction mitigation and will be encouraged to further explore new practical aspects to overcome the application difficulties and contribute to spreading the use of this technology.
{"title":"Induced Partial Saturation: From Mechanical Principles to Engineering Design of an Innovative and Eco-Friendly Countermeasure against Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction","authors":"L. Mele, S. Lirer, Alessandro Flora","doi":"10.3390/geosciences14060140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14060140","url":null,"abstract":"Earthquake-induced soil liquefaction is a catastrophic phenomenon that can damage existing building foundations and other structures, resulting in significant economic losses. Traditional mitigation techniques against liquefaction present critical aspects, such as high construction costs, impact on surrounding infrastructure and effects on the surrounding environment. Therefore, research is ongoing in order to develop new approaches and technologies suitable to mitigate liquefaction risk. Among the innovative countermeasures against liquefaction, Induced Partial Saturation (IPS) is considered one of the most promising technologies. It consists of introducing gas/air bubbles into the pore water of sandy soils in order to increase the compressibility of the fluid phase and then enhance liquefaction resistance. IPS is economical, eco-friendly and suitable for urbanised areas, where the need to reduce the risk of liquefaction must be addressed, taking into account the integrity of existing buildings. However, IPS is still far from being a routine technology since more aspects should be better understood. The main aim of this review is to raise some important questions and encourage further research and discussions on this topic. The review first analyses and discusses the effects of air/gas bubbles on the cyclic behaviour of sandy soils, focusing on the soil volume element scale and then extending the considerations to the real scale. The use of useful design charts is also described. Moreover, a section will be devoted to the effect of IPS under shallow foundations. The readers will fully understand the research trend of IPS liquefaction mitigation and will be encouraged to further explore new practical aspects to overcome the application difficulties and contribute to spreading the use of this technology.","PeriodicalId":509137,"journal":{"name":"Geosciences","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141104754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.3390/geosciences14060141
Nisrine Kchikach, H. Ibouh, Abderrahim Benali, Anas Charbaoui, Abdelhafid El Alaoui El Fels
In the digital era, highlighting the heritage resources of a mountainous region involves describing and advertising them to promote their visibility and attractiveness. Previous studies mainly assess the natural resources of such regions through a multi-indicator descriptive evaluation. This study aims to develop an effective evaluation of such indicators along the main tourist route of the M’Goun UNESCO Global Geopark, located in the central High Atlas of Morocco. The implementation of an experiential method to assess the tourism characteristics of this region is a notable aspect of our study. It includes analyzing the criteria for choosing this destination by segmenting tourists’ consumption experiences. Statistical data analysis has identified five dimensions of destination choice and four visitor groups. Additionally, we created an interactive map and made it accessible online to promote the natural geoheritage of this region. This article proposes to discuss the findings of this research and their applicability in terms of tourism destination management and decision-making, which can assist local governments in allocating tourism resources and land use rationally.
{"title":"Digital Promotion of Geoheritage along a Tourist Route in M’Goun UNESCO Geopark (Central High Atlas, Morocco) and Visitor Typology Analysis","authors":"Nisrine Kchikach, H. Ibouh, Abderrahim Benali, Anas Charbaoui, Abdelhafid El Alaoui El Fels","doi":"10.3390/geosciences14060141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14060141","url":null,"abstract":"In the digital era, highlighting the heritage resources of a mountainous region involves describing and advertising them to promote their visibility and attractiveness. Previous studies mainly assess the natural resources of such regions through a multi-indicator descriptive evaluation. This study aims to develop an effective evaluation of such indicators along the main tourist route of the M’Goun UNESCO Global Geopark, located in the central High Atlas of Morocco. The implementation of an experiential method to assess the tourism characteristics of this region is a notable aspect of our study. It includes analyzing the criteria for choosing this destination by segmenting tourists’ consumption experiences. Statistical data analysis has identified five dimensions of destination choice and four visitor groups. Additionally, we created an interactive map and made it accessible online to promote the natural geoheritage of this region. This article proposes to discuss the findings of this research and their applicability in terms of tourism destination management and decision-making, which can assist local governments in allocating tourism resources and land use rationally.","PeriodicalId":509137,"journal":{"name":"Geosciences","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141107005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-18DOI: 10.3390/geosciences14050138
Risheng Ye, Weiyong Li, Dongyang Huo, Jingxin Zhao, Xiguang Huang, Jun He, Fukun Chen
Granitic rocks forming in the syn- to post-orogenic stages can trace the compositional and structural complexity of the crust beneath an orogenic belt. The Qinling orogenic belt undertook multiple stages of tectonics and magmatism, resulting in the multifaceted evolution and compositional diversity of the crust. In the present study, the Guangtoushan and Miba plutons in South Qinling were chosen to reveal the crustal heterogeneity in study area via isotopic geochemistry and zircon geochronology. The Guangtoushan pluton was emplaced between ~215 Ma and ~202 Ma and the Miba pluton formed at ~213 Ma, as constrained by zircon U-Pb isotopic dating. Granitic rocks of the Miba pluton are characterized by amphibole bearing and homogeneous composition, with relatively depleted Sr-Nd isotopic compositions (initial 87Sr/86Sr values of 0.7060 to 0.7084 and initial εNd values of −5.4 to −9.5) and high Pb isotopic values. The Guangtoushan pluton contains muscovite and complex inherited zircon grains and has variable Sr-Nd isotopic composition (initial 87Sr/86Sr values of 0.7050 to 0.7091 and initial εNd values of −4.5 to −12.9) and low Pb isotopic values. Felsic magmas of the Guangtoushan pluton should be derived mainly from meta-sedimentary rocks beneath South Qinling, while the Miba pluton originated primarily from partial melting of meta-igneous rocks. The compositional diversity recorded in the Early Mesozoic plutons was caused by the heterogeneous crust, and partial melting was induced by heating of the up-welling asthenosphere in a post-collision setting.
{"title":"Compositional Diversity of Early Mesozoic Granites in South Qinling: Derivation from Heterogenous Basement Rocks in the Orogenic Belt","authors":"Risheng Ye, Weiyong Li, Dongyang Huo, Jingxin Zhao, Xiguang Huang, Jun He, Fukun Chen","doi":"10.3390/geosciences14050138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14050138","url":null,"abstract":"Granitic rocks forming in the syn- to post-orogenic stages can trace the compositional and structural complexity of the crust beneath an orogenic belt. The Qinling orogenic belt undertook multiple stages of tectonics and magmatism, resulting in the multifaceted evolution and compositional diversity of the crust. In the present study, the Guangtoushan and Miba plutons in South Qinling were chosen to reveal the crustal heterogeneity in study area via isotopic geochemistry and zircon geochronology. The Guangtoushan pluton was emplaced between ~215 Ma and ~202 Ma and the Miba pluton formed at ~213 Ma, as constrained by zircon U-Pb isotopic dating. Granitic rocks of the Miba pluton are characterized by amphibole bearing and homogeneous composition, with relatively depleted Sr-Nd isotopic compositions (initial 87Sr/86Sr values of 0.7060 to 0.7084 and initial εNd values of −5.4 to −9.5) and high Pb isotopic values. The Guangtoushan pluton contains muscovite and complex inherited zircon grains and has variable Sr-Nd isotopic composition (initial 87Sr/86Sr values of 0.7050 to 0.7091 and initial εNd values of −4.5 to −12.9) and low Pb isotopic values. Felsic magmas of the Guangtoushan pluton should be derived mainly from meta-sedimentary rocks beneath South Qinling, while the Miba pluton originated primarily from partial melting of meta-igneous rocks. The compositional diversity recorded in the Early Mesozoic plutons was caused by the heterogeneous crust, and partial melting was induced by heating of the up-welling asthenosphere in a post-collision setting.","PeriodicalId":509137,"journal":{"name":"Geosciences","volume":"114 39","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141125561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-18DOI: 10.3390/geosciences14050139
L. Pinzón, D. Hidalgo-Leiva, L. Pujades
This article presents the findings of a study on the directionality effect observed in strong motion records. We set out to establish ratios between several seismic intensity measures that depend on sensor orientation (e.g., GMar, Larger) and others that are orientation-independent (e.g., RotDpp, GMRotDpp, and GMRotIpp), with the intention of proposing multiplicative correction factors. The analysis included an evaluation of the impact of site conditions, ground motion intensity, earthquake magnitude, and hypocentral distance on these ratios. Following a concise overview of the directionality effects and the associated intensity measures, the Costa Rican Strong Motion Database, comprising a total of 4199 horizontal accelerograms (two components), was employed to determine the correction factors. The analysis was carried out for 5% damped response spectra within the 0.01–5 s period range. The study focuses on orientation-independent intensity measures that are derived by combining the maximum values from the recorded motions. In the comprehensive analysis of the complete database, a trend was observed between these intensity measures and the magnitude of the earthquake along with the hypocentral distance. Specifically, records from earthquakes with greater magnitudes exhibited a lower maximum spectral response to the geometric mean of the response spectra of the as-recorded (ar) components ratio (RotD100/GMar), similar to records from earthquakes with larger hypocentral distances. Based on these findings, a proposal was put forth to estimate RotD100 values using GMar values. This ratio can prove useful in transforming data from previous seismic hazard studies, including those applied in many seismic codes, and in defining the maximum anticipated seismic intensity for design purposes in a more straightforward manner.
{"title":"Correction Factors to Account for Seismic Directionality Effects: Case Study of the Costa Rican Strong Motion Database","authors":"L. Pinzón, D. Hidalgo-Leiva, L. Pujades","doi":"10.3390/geosciences14050139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14050139","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the findings of a study on the directionality effect observed in strong motion records. We set out to establish ratios between several seismic intensity measures that depend on sensor orientation (e.g., GMar, Larger) and others that are orientation-independent (e.g., RotDpp, GMRotDpp, and GMRotIpp), with the intention of proposing multiplicative correction factors. The analysis included an evaluation of the impact of site conditions, ground motion intensity, earthquake magnitude, and hypocentral distance on these ratios. Following a concise overview of the directionality effects and the associated intensity measures, the Costa Rican Strong Motion Database, comprising a total of 4199 horizontal accelerograms (two components), was employed to determine the correction factors. The analysis was carried out for 5% damped response spectra within the 0.01–5 s period range. The study focuses on orientation-independent intensity measures that are derived by combining the maximum values from the recorded motions. In the comprehensive analysis of the complete database, a trend was observed between these intensity measures and the magnitude of the earthquake along with the hypocentral distance. Specifically, records from earthquakes with greater magnitudes exhibited a lower maximum spectral response to the geometric mean of the response spectra of the as-recorded (ar) components ratio (RotD100/GMar), similar to records from earthquakes with larger hypocentral distances. Based on these findings, a proposal was put forth to estimate RotD100 values using GMar values. This ratio can prove useful in transforming data from previous seismic hazard studies, including those applied in many seismic codes, and in defining the maximum anticipated seismic intensity for design purposes in a more straightforward manner.","PeriodicalId":509137,"journal":{"name":"Geosciences","volume":"121 43","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141125103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-16DOI: 10.3390/geosciences14050137
Umesh Jung Thapa, Satish Paudel, Umesh Chandra Bhusal, Hari Ghimire, S. S. Khadka
A subsurface investigation was conducted to assess the suitability of a site for potential tunnel construction, focusing on the determination of shear wave velocities (Vs) in subsurface materials. This study employed three distinct methods to analyze Vs in weathered soft rock: drilling mechanism, multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW), and microtremor array measurement (MAM). Through the utilization of MASW and MAM, empirical relationships were established, enabling the determination of Vs based solely on soil type and depth, offering a practical alternative to the limitations of SPT N-Value, particularly when exceeding 50 blows. The comparison of Vs values obtained from these methods revealed a close alignment between empirical techniques and MASW/MAM, which proved to be cost-effective and an efficient alternative to drilling for comprehensive underground structure assessments. The reliability of MASW was further underscored through its comparison with existing empirical methods. Moreover, the empirical approach demonstrated its efficacy in predicting velocities in weathered soft rock within the Central Himalayan region of Nepal, thus enhancing the feasibility study of underground structures. Lastly, this study proposed a Vs-Depth correlation specifically tailored for highly weathered meta-sandstone bedrock resulting in clay and sandy soils.
{"title":"The Estimation of Shear Wave Velocity for Shallow Underground Structures in the Central Himalaya Region of Nepal","authors":"Umesh Jung Thapa, Satish Paudel, Umesh Chandra Bhusal, Hari Ghimire, S. S. Khadka","doi":"10.3390/geosciences14050137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14050137","url":null,"abstract":"A subsurface investigation was conducted to assess the suitability of a site for potential tunnel construction, focusing on the determination of shear wave velocities (Vs) in subsurface materials. This study employed three distinct methods to analyze Vs in weathered soft rock: drilling mechanism, multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW), and microtremor array measurement (MAM). Through the utilization of MASW and MAM, empirical relationships were established, enabling the determination of Vs based solely on soil type and depth, offering a practical alternative to the limitations of SPT N-Value, particularly when exceeding 50 blows. The comparison of Vs values obtained from these methods revealed a close alignment between empirical techniques and MASW/MAM, which proved to be cost-effective and an efficient alternative to drilling for comprehensive underground structure assessments. The reliability of MASW was further underscored through its comparison with existing empirical methods. Moreover, the empirical approach demonstrated its efficacy in predicting velocities in weathered soft rock within the Central Himalayan region of Nepal, thus enhancing the feasibility study of underground structures. Lastly, this study proposed a Vs-Depth correlation specifically tailored for highly weathered meta-sandstone bedrock resulting in clay and sandy soils.","PeriodicalId":509137,"journal":{"name":"Geosciences","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140966783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-15DOI: 10.3390/geosciences14050136
M. Delle Rose
Landward displacements of coastal boulders are geomorphological signatures of sea flooding and erosion processes. In this study, using open-access resources that do not require the integration of specialist software, the 2017 to 2021 annual mobility of medium, coarse, and very coarse boulders spread over about 100 km of the eastern coast of the Gulf of Taranto (Italy, Mediterranean Sea) was explored. The boulder displacement data obtained from remote sensing imagery were verified and refined by means of geomorphological field investigation. The main results are the following: (1) A large interannual variability in the boulder mobility was found; (2) storm Detlef, which crossed over the Mediterranean during 11–13 November 2019, was recognized as the cause of a massive displacement phenomenon; and (3) the marine weather conditions driving the investigated morphodynamic process were inferred.
{"title":"Annual Coastal Boulder Mobility Detected in 2017–2021 Remote Sensing Imagery and Its Relation to Marine Storms (Gulf of Taranto, Mediterranean Sea)","authors":"M. Delle Rose","doi":"10.3390/geosciences14050136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14050136","url":null,"abstract":"Landward displacements of coastal boulders are geomorphological signatures of sea flooding and erosion processes. In this study, using open-access resources that do not require the integration of specialist software, the 2017 to 2021 annual mobility of medium, coarse, and very coarse boulders spread over about 100 km of the eastern coast of the Gulf of Taranto (Italy, Mediterranean Sea) was explored. The boulder displacement data obtained from remote sensing imagery were verified and refined by means of geomorphological field investigation. The main results are the following: (1) A large interannual variability in the boulder mobility was found; (2) storm Detlef, which crossed over the Mediterranean during 11–13 November 2019, was recognized as the cause of a massive displacement phenomenon; and (3) the marine weather conditions driving the investigated morphodynamic process were inferred.","PeriodicalId":509137,"journal":{"name":"Geosciences","volume":"66 31","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140972061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Austin metropolitan area has experienced unprecedented economic and population growth over the past two decades. This rapid growth is leading communities to settle in areas susceptible to landslides, necessitating a comprehensive analysis of landslide risks and the development of early warning systems. This could be accomplished with better confidence for slow-moving landslides, whose occurrences could be forecasted by monitoring precursory ground displacement. This study employed a combination of ground- and satellite-based observations and techniques to assess the kinematics of slow-moving landslides and identify the controlling and triggering factors that contribute to their occurrence. By closely examining landslide events in the Shoal Creek area, potential failure modes across the study area were inferred. The findings revealed that landslide-prone areas are undergoing creep deformation at an extremely slow rate (up to −4.29 mm/yr). These areas lie on moderate to steep slopes (>22°) and are predominantly composed of clay-rich units belonging to the Del Rio and Eagle Ford formations. Based on the incidents at Shoal Creek, episodes of intense rainfall acting on the landslide-prone areas are determined to be the main trigger for landslide processes in the region.
在过去二十年里，奥斯汀大都会地区经历了前所未有的经济和人口增长。这种快速增长导致一些社区在容易发生山体滑坡的地区定居，因此有必要对山体滑坡风险进行全面分析，并开发早期预警系统。对于缓慢移动的山体滑坡，可以通过监测前兆地面位移来预测其发生情况，从而更有把握地实现这一目标。这项研究综合利用地面和卫星观测数据和技术，评估了慢速滑坡的运动学特性，并确定了导致滑坡发生的控制和触发因素。通过仔细研究浅溪地区的滑坡事件，推断出整个研究区域的潜在破坏模式。研究结果表明，山体滑坡易发区正在以极其缓慢的速度（最多-4.29 毫米/年）发生蠕变变形。这些地区位于中等至陡峭的斜坡上（>22°），主要由属于德尔里奥和鹰滩地层的富含粘土的地层组成。根据 Shoal Creek 发生的事件，可以确定作用于滑坡易发区的强降雨事件是该地区滑坡过程的主要触发因素。
{"title":"Kinematics and Controlling Factors of Slow-Moving Landslides in Central Texas: A Multisource Data Fusion Approach","authors":"Esayas Gebremichael, Rosbeidy Hernandez, Helge Alsleben, Mohamed Ahmed, Richard Denne, Omar Harvey","doi":"10.3390/geosciences14050133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14050133","url":null,"abstract":"The Austin metropolitan area has experienced unprecedented economic and population growth over the past two decades. This rapid growth is leading communities to settle in areas susceptible to landslides, necessitating a comprehensive analysis of landslide risks and the development of early warning systems. This could be accomplished with better confidence for slow-moving landslides, whose occurrences could be forecasted by monitoring precursory ground displacement. This study employed a combination of ground- and satellite-based observations and techniques to assess the kinematics of slow-moving landslides and identify the controlling and triggering factors that contribute to their occurrence. By closely examining landslide events in the Shoal Creek area, potential failure modes across the study area were inferred. The findings revealed that landslide-prone areas are undergoing creep deformation at an extremely slow rate (up to −4.29 mm/yr). These areas lie on moderate to steep slopes (>22°) and are predominantly composed of clay-rich units belonging to the Del Rio and Eagle Ford formations. Based on the incidents at Shoal Creek, episodes of intense rainfall acting on the landslide-prone areas are determined to be the main trigger for landslide processes in the region.","PeriodicalId":509137,"journal":{"name":"Geosciences","volume":"111 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140977771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-14DOI: 10.3390/geosciences14050134
N. Yashalova, D. Ruban
Many geographical domains possess notable geological and geomorphological features, which are yet to be characterized comprehensively in terms of geoheritage. The present study focuses on the Kislovodsk area, which is situated in the southern part of the Central Ciscaucasus (post-Paleozoic platform), where the latter joins to the Greater Caucasus (late Cenozoic orogen). Three geosites are reported from there, and their qualitative description and semi-quantitative, score-based assessment are offered. The Honey Waterfalls represent an example of river erosion affecting Carboniferous granitoids with uppermost Jurassic weathering horizon and overlain by Lower Cretaceous carbonates. The Ring Mountain is a natural arch formed as result of wind erosion. The Little Saddle is a viewpoint offering a spectacular, panoramic view toward the Elbrus Mountain that is the highest peak of Russia and Europe and an impressive dormant stratovolcano. The Honey Waterfalls and the Ring Mountain are ranked nationally (the latter receives the highest total scores), and the Little Saddle is ranked regionally. These geosites are diverse in several aspects, and, particularly, different geoheritage types and forms are established. The Kislovodsk area bearing the reported geoheritage objects is a part of the Mineralnye Vody resort area, which is large and important for the national tourism and recreation industry. The related opportunities and challenges for geoheritage resource management have to be considered.
许多地理区域都具有显著的地质和地貌特征，但这些特征尚未在地质遗产方面得到全面描述。本研究的重点是基斯洛沃茨克地区，该地区位于中高加索（后古生代地台）南部，后者与大高加索（晚新生代造山带）相连。报告中介绍了该地区的三个地貌景观，并对其进行了定性描述和半定量评分评估。蜂蜜瀑布（Honey Waterfalls）是河流侵蚀石炭纪花岗岩（最上层为侏罗纪风化层）和下白垩统碳酸盐岩的一个实例。环山是风蚀形成的天然拱门。小马鞍是一个观景点，在这里可以看到壮观的厄尔布鲁士山全景，厄尔布鲁士山是俄罗斯和欧洲的最高峰，也是一座令人印象深刻的休眠火山。蜂蜜瀑布和环形山在全国排名（后者总分最高），小马鞍在地区排名。这些地质地貌在多个方面具有多样性，特别是形成了不同的地质遗产类型和形式。基斯洛沃茨克地区拥有所报告的地质遗产对象，是 Mineralnye Vody 度假区的一部分，该度假区面积大，对国家旅游和休闲产业非常重要。必须考虑地质遗产资源管理的相关机遇和挑战。
{"title":"Geoheritage Value of Three Localities from Kislovodsk in the Southern Central Ciscaucasus: A Resource of Large Resort Area","authors":"N. Yashalova, D. Ruban","doi":"10.3390/geosciences14050134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14050134","url":null,"abstract":"Many geographical domains possess notable geological and geomorphological features, which are yet to be characterized comprehensively in terms of geoheritage. The present study focuses on the Kislovodsk area, which is situated in the southern part of the Central Ciscaucasus (post-Paleozoic platform), where the latter joins to the Greater Caucasus (late Cenozoic orogen). Three geosites are reported from there, and their qualitative description and semi-quantitative, score-based assessment are offered. The Honey Waterfalls represent an example of river erosion affecting Carboniferous granitoids with uppermost Jurassic weathering horizon and overlain by Lower Cretaceous carbonates. The Ring Mountain is a natural arch formed as result of wind erosion. The Little Saddle is a viewpoint offering a spectacular, panoramic view toward the Elbrus Mountain that is the highest peak of Russia and Europe and an impressive dormant stratovolcano. The Honey Waterfalls and the Ring Mountain are ranked nationally (the latter receives the highest total scores), and the Little Saddle is ranked regionally. These geosites are diverse in several aspects, and, particularly, different geoheritage types and forms are established. The Kislovodsk area bearing the reported geoheritage objects is a part of the Mineralnye Vody resort area, which is large and important for the national tourism and recreation industry. The related opportunities and challenges for geoheritage resource management have to be considered.","PeriodicalId":509137,"journal":{"name":"Geosciences","volume":"26 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140979754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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