Pub Date : 2024-07-04DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i7376
Bodunrinde, Ruth Ebunoluwa, Oladunmoye, Muftau Kolawole, A. Tokunbo
Uropathogens are the causative agents of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Although, UTI can be treated with antibiotics but, the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant uropathogens poses a major setback to the treatment of UTIs hence the need to search for alternative therapies. This study is therefore aimed to analyze the antimicrobial properties of the extract of some medicinal plants such as Zingiber officinale, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Justicia carnea, their nanoparticles and honey on common uropathogens are; Staphylococcus aureus, S. saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Candida sp. The antibiogram profile of the test uropathogens was determined using standard assay prior the plant extract and nanosynthesized plant extract assays. The plant extracts were prepared using ethanol, chloroform and hot water as extraction solvents while the nanosynthesis of the plant extracts was performed using standard methods. The antibiogram of the test uropathogens showed that almost all the tested urobacteria were resistant to all the antibiotics used with multiple antibiotics resistance index ranged from 0.3-0.9, E. faecalis having the highest MARI (0.9). On the other hand, all the Candida strains used were resistant to the tested antifungal agents. Out of all the prepared extracts, the ethanol calyx extract of H. sabdariffa was the most effective on the test urobacteria. The nanosynthesized plant extracts however, was effective against all the uropathogens with the 1M nanobased hot water calyx extract of H. sabdariffa displaying the highest growth inhibitory activity on all the test uropathogens. This work revealed that the ethanol calyx extract of H. sabdariffa and nanobased hot water calyx extract of H. sabdariffa can be explored for the development of more effective drugs against MARI uropathogens.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants, Nano-Based Plant Extracts and Honey on Some Uropathogens","authors":"Bodunrinde, Ruth Ebunoluwa, Oladunmoye, Muftau Kolawole, A. Tokunbo","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i7376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i7376","url":null,"abstract":"Uropathogens are the causative agents of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Although, UTI can be treated with antibiotics but, the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant uropathogens poses a major setback to the treatment of UTIs hence the need to search for alternative therapies. This study is therefore aimed to analyze the antimicrobial properties of the extract of some medicinal plants such as Zingiber officinale, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Justicia carnea, their nanoparticles and honey on common uropathogens are; Staphylococcus aureus, S. saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Candida sp. The antibiogram profile of the test uropathogens was determined using standard assay prior the plant extract and nanosynthesized plant extract assays. The plant extracts were prepared using ethanol, chloroform and hot water as extraction solvents while the nanosynthesis of the plant extracts was performed using standard methods. The antibiogram of the test uropathogens showed that almost all the tested urobacteria were resistant to all the antibiotics used with multiple antibiotics resistance index ranged from 0.3-0.9, E. faecalis having the highest MARI (0.9). On the other hand, all the Candida strains used were resistant to the tested antifungal agents. Out of all the prepared extracts, the ethanol calyx extract of H. sabdariffa was the most effective on the test urobacteria. The nanosynthesized plant extracts however, was effective against all the uropathogens with the 1M nanobased hot water calyx extract of H. sabdariffa displaying the highest growth inhibitory activity on all the test uropathogens. This work revealed that the ethanol calyx extract of H. sabdariffa and nanobased hot water calyx extract of H. sabdariffa can be explored for the development of more effective drugs against MARI uropathogens.","PeriodicalId":509356,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141679423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i7375
Balsam Tagelsir Alsafi Hamid, Nusaiba Abdelrahman M. Hakim, Leila Mohamed A. Abdelgader, G. M. Mahjaf, Khalid Saeed Hammad, Tibyan Abd Almajed Altaher, M. Al-hamodi
Background: Herbal medicinal products have been documented as a significant source for discovering new pharmaceutical molecules that have been used to treat serious diseases. It has been postulated that the geographical locations of the herbs affect the constituents of their essential oils and thus the degree of their antimicrobial action. Syzigium aromaticum (clove) is a traditional spice used as an antimicrobial agent and an alternative solution to increased antibiotic resistance by bacterial strains. Objective: This study aimed to study the in vitro antimicrobial activity of different clove concentrations against bacteria isolated from clinical specimens. Methods: This is a prospective cross-sectional study conducted in Shendi City, Sudan, from February to March 2023, at the Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences. 50 samples were collected from urine and wounds, from which eight strains of pathogenic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were isolated and identified using gram stain and biochemical tests. Clove was tested using a 100%, 50%, 25%, and 12.5% concentration. Results: Out of 50 clinical specimens, standard strains were confirmed as S. aureus 13 (26%), S. epidermidis 7 (14%), E. faecalis 1 (2%), E. coli 15 (30%), Enterobacter 3 (6%), Citrobacter 2 (4%), K. pneumoniae 4 (8%), and P. aeruginosa 5 (10%). Clove showed remarkable antimicrobial activity against all clinical isolates and standard strains. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the aqueous extract of clove can exhibit high antimicrobial activity against all types of tested organisms, both clinical and standard. The findings indicate that, besides being safe and sensorial attractive, Clove has antimicrobial activity, making it an herbal antimicrobial agent.
{"title":"In vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Syzigium aromaticum (Clove) against Bacteria Isolated from Different Clinical Specimens in Shendi Town, Sudan","authors":"Balsam Tagelsir Alsafi Hamid, Nusaiba Abdelrahman M. Hakim, Leila Mohamed A. Abdelgader, G. M. Mahjaf, Khalid Saeed Hammad, Tibyan Abd Almajed Altaher, M. Al-hamodi","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i7375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i7375","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Herbal medicinal products have been documented as a significant source for discovering new pharmaceutical molecules that have been used to treat serious diseases. It has been postulated that the geographical locations of the herbs affect the constituents of their essential oils and thus the degree of their antimicrobial action. Syzigium aromaticum (clove) is a traditional spice used as an antimicrobial agent and an alternative solution to increased antibiotic resistance by bacterial strains. \u0000Objective: This study aimed to study the in vitro antimicrobial activity of different clove concentrations against bacteria isolated from clinical specimens. \u0000Methods: This is a prospective cross-sectional study conducted in Shendi City, Sudan, from February to March 2023, at the Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences. 50 samples were collected from urine and wounds, from which eight strains of pathogenic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were isolated and identified using gram stain and biochemical tests. Clove was tested using a 100%, 50%, 25%, and 12.5% concentration. \u0000Results: Out of 50 clinical specimens, standard strains were confirmed as S. aureus 13 (26%), S. epidermidis 7 (14%), E. faecalis 1 (2%), E. coli 15 (30%), Enterobacter 3 (6%), Citrobacter 2 (4%), K. pneumoniae 4 (8%), and P. aeruginosa 5 (10%). Clove showed remarkable antimicrobial activity against all clinical isolates and standard strains. \u0000Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the aqueous extract of clove can exhibit high antimicrobial activity against all types of tested organisms, both clinical and standard. The findings indicate that, besides being safe and sensorial attractive, Clove has antimicrobial activity, making it an herbal antimicrobial agent.","PeriodicalId":509356,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141697071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i7374
B. Azudialu, Ohalete Chinyere Ngozi, Ogunnaya Frances, B. Nkem, Calistus Muodebe Nwokeji
This study assessed the antibiogram and bacteriological assessment of raw meat sold in Owerri. Samples of fresh beef were taken from beef vendors from three (3) markets; Relief market, Ekeonuwa market and Amakohia market in Owerri, Imo State. Three samples each weighing 100g were aseptically collected in sterile polythene pouches, sealed and transported in ice to the Imo State University Microbiological Laboratory for microbiologic alanalysis within some few hours of collection. The results of this study showed that the total heterotropic bacteria counts of ranged from 3.72× 105cfu/g - 4.2 × 105cfu/g , the coliform bacterial counts ranged from 1.9 × 105cfu/g - 2.7 × 105cfu/g while the total salmonella shigella count ranged from 0cfu/g -4.12x103cfu/g. Bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Streptococcus spp., Bacillus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. Of the 50 bacterial isolates obtained, E. coli [15 (27.7)] and Staphylococcus spp [15 (27.7)] were the prevalent isolates. Other bacterial pathogens incriminated in this study were Salmonella spp [9(18.0)], Bacillus spp [7(14.0), and Streptococus spp [4 (8.0)].Most of the Gram-positive bacteria were highly susceptible to ceftizoxime and the Gram-negative to gentamicin and cefotaxime. E. coli, was susceptible to ampicillin/sulbactam (71% susceptibility), cefotaxime (71%), ciprofloxacin (94%), chloramphenicol (94%), ceftizoxime (100%), ofloxacin (82%), and amikacin (100%). S. aureus was susceptible to ampicillin/sulbactam (75%), cephalexin (75%), cefotaxime (100%), roxithromycin (75%), lincomycin (75%), and gentamicin (100%). Bacterial quality of fresh beef sold in Owerri has shown that beef sold in Owerri is contaminated with Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. but the prevalence of Salmonella spp. was low.This findings shall guide clinicians in the management of food poisoning/enteritis from possible meat consumption. Effective supervision and health education of meat sellers and their abbatoirs is highly recommended.
{"title":"Antibiogram and Bacteriological Assessment of Raw Meat Sold in Owerri, Southeast Nigeria","authors":"B. Azudialu, Ohalete Chinyere Ngozi, Ogunnaya Frances, B. Nkem, Calistus Muodebe Nwokeji","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i7374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i7374","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed the antibiogram and bacteriological assessment of raw meat sold in Owerri. Samples of fresh beef were taken from beef vendors from three (3) markets; Relief market, Ekeonuwa market and Amakohia market in Owerri, Imo State. Three samples each weighing 100g were aseptically collected in sterile polythene pouches, sealed and transported in ice to the Imo State University Microbiological Laboratory for microbiologic alanalysis within some few hours of collection. The results of this study showed that the total heterotropic bacteria counts of ranged from 3.72× 105cfu/g - 4.2 × 105cfu/g , the coliform bacterial counts ranged from 1.9 × 105cfu/g - 2.7 × 105cfu/g while the total salmonella shigella count ranged from 0cfu/g -4.12x103cfu/g. Bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Streptococcus spp., Bacillus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. Of the 50 bacterial isolates obtained, E. coli [15 (27.7)] and Staphylococcus spp [15 (27.7)] were the prevalent isolates. Other bacterial pathogens incriminated in this study were Salmonella spp [9(18.0)], Bacillus spp [7(14.0), and Streptococus spp [4 (8.0)].Most of the Gram-positive bacteria were highly susceptible to ceftizoxime and the Gram-negative to gentamicin and cefotaxime. E. coli, was susceptible to ampicillin/sulbactam (71% susceptibility), cefotaxime (71%), ciprofloxacin (94%), chloramphenicol (94%), ceftizoxime (100%), ofloxacin (82%), and amikacin (100%). S. aureus was susceptible to ampicillin/sulbactam (75%), cephalexin (75%), cefotaxime (100%), roxithromycin (75%), lincomycin (75%), and gentamicin (100%). Bacterial quality of fresh beef sold in Owerri has shown that beef sold in Owerri is contaminated with Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. but the prevalence of Salmonella spp. was low.This findings shall guide clinicians in the management of food poisoning/enteritis from possible meat consumption. Effective supervision and health education of meat sellers and their abbatoirs is highly recommended.","PeriodicalId":509356,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141714454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-03DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i7369
Okoh Ei, Immanuel Om
Azo dyes are widely used colourants, possess array of colours and are generally recalcitrant to microbial degradation. This study aimed to isolate azo dyes degrading bacteria from soil; treat methyl red and crystal violet dyes using the isolates, and assess the phytotoxicity of the treated and untreated dyes on sorghum. Ten bacteria were isolated from the soil, of which two were identified as efficient azo dyes degrading bacteria by efficiency in dye decolouration. The isolates were identified as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis based on their biochemical characteristics. The isolates were able to degrade methyl orange dye by 16-75 % and crystal violet by 16-78%, depending on the concentration of the dye. The isolates were more efficient at degrading the dyes at a low concentration of 0.00025 mg/ml, as indicated by a higher percentage of decolourization (53-79%). The percentage phytotoxicity of the untreated methyl red ranged from 33-59%, while the toxicity of the untreated crystal violet ranged from 62-91%. The toxicity of the treated methyl red ranged from 9-34%, while the toxicity of the treated crystal violet ranged from 12-32%. The results revealed that the isolates were capable of degrading methyl red and crystal violet dyes, and could be useful in the bioremediation of azo dyes polluted soil.
{"title":"Assessment of Biodegradation and Phytotoxicity of Azo Dyes Methyl Orange and Crystal Violet by Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis","authors":"Okoh Ei, Immanuel Om","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i7369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i7369","url":null,"abstract":"Azo dyes are widely used colourants, possess array of colours and are generally recalcitrant to microbial degradation. This study aimed to isolate azo dyes degrading bacteria from soil; treat methyl red and crystal violet dyes using the isolates, and assess the phytotoxicity of the treated and untreated dyes on sorghum. Ten bacteria were isolated from the soil, of which two were identified as efficient azo dyes degrading bacteria by efficiency in dye decolouration. The isolates were identified as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis based on their biochemical characteristics. The isolates were able to degrade methyl orange dye by 16-75 % and crystal violet by 16-78%, depending on the concentration of the dye. The isolates were more efficient at degrading the dyes at a low concentration of 0.00025 mg/ml, as indicated by a higher percentage of decolourization (53-79%). The percentage phytotoxicity of the untreated methyl red ranged from 33-59%, while the toxicity of the untreated crystal violet ranged from 62-91%. The toxicity of the treated methyl red ranged from 9-34%, while the toxicity of the treated crystal violet ranged from 12-32%. The results revealed that the isolates were capable of degrading methyl red and crystal violet dyes, and could be useful in the bioremediation of azo dyes polluted soil.","PeriodicalId":509356,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141268247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the third most common type of infection in humans globally. Gram-positive bacteria are said to be responsible for ten percent of urinary tract (UTI) infections. The study's goal was to profile gram-positive cocci-associated UTIs and their antibiogram, as they were observed at LASUTH. Methods: This was a retrospective assessment of the Medical Microbiology Laboratory records of the LASUTH to review the in vitro antibiotic susceptibility patterns of gram-positive urinary bacterial isolates between April 2020 and March 2021. The bacteria were isolated and identified from routine urine samples using standard bacteriological methods and the API. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) was routinely performed by the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test and susceptibility breakpoints were determined using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: 2,253 urine samples were processed in the medical microbiology laboratory over the one year and 662 (29.4%) samples yielded Positive cultures. Of the 662 isolates, 494 (74.6%) were gram-negative bacteria. 164 (24.8%) were gram-positive cocci while 4 (0.6%) were gram positive rod. Among the gram-positive cocci’s isolated Enterococcus faecalis had the highest frequency 58 (35.4%). Aminoglycosides (Gentamycin and Amikacin) and Linezolid antibiotics were found to be the most effective drugs against gram-positive cocci bacteria except Enterococcus spp. For empirical treatment of Enterococcus spp in our facility Fosfomycin and Tigecycline are the best options, while for Streptococcus agalactiae associated UTI, Amikacin, Cefuroxime, Linezolid, and levofloxacin can be used for empirical treatment. Conclusion: The prevalence rate of gram-positive cocci associated UTI in this study was 7.3% (164/2253). The emergence of drug resistance in these pathogens to commonly used antibiotics is a thing of concern. Therefore, efficient antimicrobial stewardship programmes must be in place.
{"title":"Gram Positive Cocci Associated Urinary Tract Infections, their Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns","authors":"Oluwadamilare Afolabi Obe, Wasiu Bamidele Mutiu, Ibrahim Oladipupo Odulate, Adewunmi Akingbola","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i6366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i6366","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the third most common type of infection in humans globally. Gram-positive bacteria are said to be responsible for ten percent of urinary tract (UTI) infections. The study's goal was to profile gram-positive cocci-associated UTIs and their antibiogram, as they were observed at LASUTH. \u0000Methods: This was a retrospective assessment of the Medical Microbiology Laboratory records of the LASUTH to review the in vitro antibiotic susceptibility patterns of gram-positive urinary bacterial isolates between April 2020 and March 2021. The bacteria were isolated and identified from routine urine samples using standard bacteriological methods and the API. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) was routinely performed by the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test and susceptibility breakpoints were determined using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. \u0000Results: 2,253 urine samples were processed in the medical microbiology laboratory over the one year and 662 (29.4%) samples yielded Positive cultures. Of the 662 isolates, 494 (74.6%) were gram-negative bacteria. 164 (24.8%) were gram-positive cocci while 4 (0.6%) were gram positive rod. Among the gram-positive cocci’s isolated Enterococcus faecalis had the highest frequency 58 (35.4%). Aminoglycosides (Gentamycin and Amikacin) and Linezolid antibiotics were found to be the most effective drugs against gram-positive cocci bacteria except Enterococcus spp. For empirical treatment of Enterococcus spp in our facility Fosfomycin and Tigecycline are the best options, while for Streptococcus agalactiae associated UTI, Amikacin, Cefuroxime, Linezolid, and levofloxacin can be used for empirical treatment. \u0000Conclusion: The prevalence rate of gram-positive cocci associated UTI in this study was 7.3% (164/2253). The emergence of drug resistance in these pathogens to commonly used antibiotics is a thing of concern. Therefore, efficient antimicrobial stewardship programmes must be in place.","PeriodicalId":509356,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140966486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-14DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i6365
C. Daokoru-Olukole, J. Pondei, Ejiroghene Avwerosuoghene, E. Fenibo, Herbert O. Stanley
Background: Inadequate indoor air quality poses significant challenges in school environments, stemming from factors such as overcrowded classrooms, insufficient ventilation, and substandard construction and maintenance practices. Bacterial and fungal contaminants in indoor air present serious health risks. Methods: This institutional-based cross-sectional study focused on selected learning halls to assess bacterial and fungal loads using the settle plate method. Analysis was accomplished through standard cultural methods. Nutrient agar and Potato Dextrose agar plates were exposed for 15 minutes to capture bacteria and fungi, respectively. Results: The study revealed a total bacterial load of 8300 CFU/m3 in the morning and 10400 CFU/m3 in the evening. The highest bacterial load occurred at MBS 25 (3200 CFU/m3 in the morning and 3700 CFU/m3 in the evening), while the lowest was recorded at the Arena (310 CFU/m3 in the morning and 990 CFU/m3 in the evening). Similarly, fungal loads varied, with the Arena recording the highest (620 CFU/m3 in the morning and 690 CFU/m3 in the evening) and the Faculty of Science Auditorium the lowest (310 CFU/m3 in the morning and 620 CFU/m3 in the evening). Bacillus spp. dominated among bacterial genera (25.9%), while Aspergillus spp. was the most prevalent fungal genus (41.7%). Other bacterial genera included Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, E. coli, and Pseudomonas, while Penicillium and Candida were among the fungal genera. Conclusion: Mitigation strategies should target factors such as temperature, occupancy, and humidity to curb bacterial and fungal proliferation in indoor lecture halls, thus safeguarding the health of students and teachers in the University of Port Harcourt and similar educational institutions.
{"title":"Bacillus and Aspergillus Prevalence: an Investigation into the Indoor Microbial Quality of Built Environment at the University of Port Harcourt: Nigeria","authors":"C. Daokoru-Olukole, J. Pondei, Ejiroghene Avwerosuoghene, E. Fenibo, Herbert O. Stanley","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i6365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i6365","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Inadequate indoor air quality poses significant challenges in school environments, stemming from factors such as overcrowded classrooms, insufficient ventilation, and substandard construction and maintenance practices. Bacterial and fungal contaminants in indoor air present serious health risks. \u0000Methods: This institutional-based cross-sectional study focused on selected learning halls to assess bacterial and fungal loads using the settle plate method. Analysis was accomplished through standard cultural methods. Nutrient agar and Potato Dextrose agar plates were exposed for 15 minutes to capture bacteria and fungi, respectively. \u0000Results: The study revealed a total bacterial load of 8300 CFU/m3 in the morning and 10400 CFU/m3 in the evening. The highest bacterial load occurred at MBS 25 (3200 CFU/m3 in the morning and 3700 CFU/m3 in the evening), while the lowest was recorded at the Arena (310 CFU/m3 in the morning and 990 CFU/m3 in the evening). Similarly, fungal loads varied, with the Arena recording the highest (620 CFU/m3 in the morning and 690 CFU/m3 in the evening) and the Faculty of Science Auditorium the lowest (310 CFU/m3 in the morning and 620 CFU/m3 in the evening). Bacillus spp. dominated among bacterial genera (25.9%), while Aspergillus spp. was the most prevalent fungal genus (41.7%). Other bacterial genera included Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, E. coli, and Pseudomonas, while Penicillium and Candida were among the fungal genera. \u0000Conclusion: Mitigation strategies should target factors such as temperature, occupancy, and humidity to curb bacterial and fungal proliferation in indoor lecture halls, thus safeguarding the health of students and teachers in the University of Port Harcourt and similar educational institutions.","PeriodicalId":509356,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140980544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-09DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i6364
Geraldine Micah Nworie, Anthony Nathaniel Umo, E. Edem, I. A. Adeagbo, O. Akinjogunla, G. E. Uzono, N. Jimmy, Adejumobi Olawale Abiodun, Rachel Sylvester Okon, Ene Omenyi Bawonda
Background: Vegetables are essential part of people’s diet and are sometimes consumed raw and often without heat treatment or thorough washing, hence some studies suggested it serves as vehicle for the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms like Helicobacter pylori. The source of contamination has also been traced to sellers of vegetables who are involved in unhygienic practices which contribute to the dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore the aim of this study was to provide information on the seroprevalence of H. pylori IgG antibodies and associated risk factors among asymptomatic vegetable sellers in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Blood and stool samples from 142 participants were included in the study. Blood samples were analyzed using the rapid diagnostic method while the stool samples were analyzed using Enzyme linked immunosorbent Assays (ELISA). Results: A total of 85 (59.9%) were positive by rapid diagnostic test (RDT) while 53 (37.3%) were positive by stool ELISA test. Risk factors like age, marital status, residency family size, years in vegetable business, source of vegetable, wash before stalling etc were all statistically associated with (p<0.05) with H. pylori prevalence. Conclusion: This study revealed that unhygienic behaviors by vegetable sellers are associated with high risk of H. pylori infection to vegetable consumers.
{"title":"Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori IgG Antibodies and Associated Risk Factors among Asymptomatic Vegetable Sellers in Uyo, South Nigeria","authors":"Geraldine Micah Nworie, Anthony Nathaniel Umo, E. Edem, I. A. Adeagbo, O. Akinjogunla, G. E. Uzono, N. Jimmy, Adejumobi Olawale Abiodun, Rachel Sylvester Okon, Ene Omenyi Bawonda","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i6364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i6364","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Vegetables are essential part of people’s diet and are sometimes consumed raw and often without heat treatment or thorough washing, hence some studies suggested it serves as vehicle for the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms like Helicobacter pylori. The source of contamination has also been traced to sellers of vegetables who are involved in unhygienic practices which contribute to the dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore the aim of this study was to provide information on the seroprevalence of H. pylori IgG antibodies and associated risk factors among asymptomatic vegetable sellers in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.\u0000Materials and Methods: Blood and stool samples from 142 participants were included in the study. Blood samples were analyzed using the rapid diagnostic method while the stool samples were analyzed using Enzyme linked immunosorbent Assays (ELISA).\u0000Results: A total of 85 (59.9%) were positive by rapid diagnostic test (RDT) while 53 (37.3%) were positive by stool ELISA test. Risk factors like age, marital status, residency family size, years in vegetable business, source of vegetable, wash before stalling etc were all statistically associated with (p<0.05) with H. pylori prevalence.\u0000Conclusion: This study revealed that unhygienic behaviors by vegetable sellers are associated with high risk of H. pylori infection to vegetable consumers. ","PeriodicalId":509356,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140996585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-08DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i6363
O. J.O., O. J.I, Aphiar, A.E., Ukolobi O.
This study isolated and identified microorganisms associated with pap and stored corn starch. This was done to help portray spoilage microorganisms associated with stored corn starch and pap. The study was achieved through laboratory analysis of pap sample and stored sample over a period of 7days. Result obtained shows that the pap samples are contaminated with bacteria. The profile of bacteria evaluated shows an increasing trend over the retention period with isolates of bacteria such as Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp and Lactobacillus sp. which are not entirely eliminated when prepared in heat (pap). The isolation of fungi from the pap samples revealed that it could serve as a means for the transmission of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. However, fungi isolates such Rhizopus sp. and Aspergillus sp. was not present in pap due to the fact that they are mesophilic fungi and cannot survive at temperature ranges above 60OC. Comparison of samples showed that pap preparation is an efficient technique for elimination of fungi but significantly ineffective in complete elimination of bacteria. It can therefore be concluded that cooking of pap does not entirely eliminate pathogenic microbes and hence caution should be taken in pap consumption.
{"title":"Isolation and Identification of Microorganisms Associated with Pap and Stored Corn Starch","authors":"O. J.O., O. J.I, Aphiar, A.E., Ukolobi O.","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i6363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i6363","url":null,"abstract":"This study isolated and identified microorganisms associated with pap and stored corn starch. This was done to help portray spoilage microorganisms associated with stored corn starch and pap. The study was achieved through laboratory analysis of pap sample and stored sample over a period of 7days. Result obtained shows that the pap samples are contaminated with bacteria. The profile of bacteria evaluated shows an increasing trend over the retention period with isolates of bacteria such as Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp and Lactobacillus sp. which are not entirely eliminated when prepared in heat (pap). The isolation of fungi from the pap samples revealed that it could serve as a means for the transmission of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. However, fungi isolates such Rhizopus sp. and Aspergillus sp. was not present in pap due to the fact that they are mesophilic fungi and cannot survive at temperature ranges above 60OC. Comparison of samples showed that pap preparation is an efficient technique for elimination of fungi but significantly ineffective in complete elimination of bacteria. It can therefore be concluded that cooking of pap does not entirely eliminate pathogenic microbes and hence caution should be taken in pap consumption.","PeriodicalId":509356,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140998928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i5362
Lawrence N. Chigbu, Chigbu-Nwaneri Kelechi, Chikezie Ikonne, Jumbo Ugonma Kendra, Onwuchekwa, Uwa Nwokocha
Introduction: Fungi - associated respiratory Infections are serious health challenges that have become inextricably linked with handling of paper currencies in some countries of the world Dermici et al., [1]. Given the quantity of Old-worn-out and mutilated Naira notes in circulation, and other prevailing circumstances in Nigerian banking halls, study was undertaken to evaluate the incidence and spread of fungi -associated respiratory infections among tellers from selected commercial Banks in South-Eastern Nigeria. Methods: A total of 504 Cash Bank Tellers; 196 Males and 308 females aged 25 – 48years (mean age 32.4 years) were evaluated for Fungi-associated infections using Sputum and Nasal secretions-smear Microscopy and Culture simultaneously. Twenty-Seven bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus (12), Streptococcus Pneumonia (7) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (8) were tested for their antibiogram Results: One hundred and fifty-nine (31.5%) of the 504 Bank Cash Tellers were diagnosed of respiratory infections due to Aspergillus Sp. (13.5%), Candida albicans (5.8%), Candida tropicalis 6(.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (2.4%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (1.6%), and Nocardia Sp. (0.6%). The yield of micro-pathogens appeared to rise from 18.8% to 55.6% as duration of currency note handling increased from ≤ 6months to 43 – 48 months respectively. Analysis of the differences of the Micro-Pathogens isolated among tellers from Bulk Rooms (42.9%) and those from open Halls (20.2%) was statistically significant (X2cal=68.3) P < 0.05. Forty-eight (88.9%), 26(123.8%), 41(44.6%) and 43(113.2%) Strains of micro-pathogens were isolated from Tellers who indicated with history of respiratory infections, smoking only, alcohol consumption only and smoking/alcohol consumption respectively. The proportions of the micro-pathogens isolated are shown in the Table 1, with Aspergillus sp. yield appearing highest. The antibiogram of the 27 strains of bacteria isolated in the study appeared relatively high; 92.6% for Ofloxacin and 66.7% for Gentamycin, while Streptomycin, Erythromycin, Cephalexin, Ampiclox, and Chloramphenicol responded poorly. Conclusion: The micro-pathogens isolated from this study are important agents of respiratory infections. The relatively high proportions (31.6%) of micro-pathogens isolated may serve as relevant indication that most Nigerian Currency notes in circulation are old, worn-out, mutilated, and are contaminated with micro-pathogens commonly linked with serious public health problems.
{"title":"Diversity of Fungi and Bacteria Associated with Respiratory Infections among Commercial Bank Tellers in South-Eastern Nigeria","authors":"Lawrence N. Chigbu, Chigbu-Nwaneri Kelechi, Chikezie Ikonne, Jumbo Ugonma Kendra, Onwuchekwa, Uwa Nwokocha","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i5362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i5362","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Fungi - associated respiratory Infections are serious health challenges that have become inextricably linked with handling of paper currencies in some countries of the world Dermici et al., [1]. Given the quantity of Old-worn-out and mutilated Naira notes in circulation, and other prevailing circumstances in Nigerian banking halls, study was undertaken to evaluate the incidence and spread of fungi -associated respiratory infections among tellers from selected commercial Banks in South-Eastern Nigeria.\u0000Methods: A total of 504 Cash Bank Tellers; 196 Males and 308 females aged 25 – 48years (mean age 32.4 years) were evaluated for Fungi-associated infections using Sputum and Nasal secretions-smear Microscopy and Culture simultaneously. Twenty-Seven bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus (12), Streptococcus Pneumonia (7) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (8) were tested for their antibiogram\u0000Results: One hundred and fifty-nine (31.5%) of the 504 Bank Cash Tellers were diagnosed of respiratory infections due to Aspergillus Sp. (13.5%), Candida albicans (5.8%), Candida tropicalis 6(.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (2.4%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (1.6%), and Nocardia Sp. (0.6%). The yield of micro-pathogens appeared to rise from 18.8% to 55.6% as duration of currency note handling increased from ≤ 6months to 43 – 48 months respectively. Analysis of the differences of the Micro-Pathogens isolated among tellers from Bulk Rooms (42.9%) and those from open Halls (20.2%) was statistically significant (X2cal=68.3) P < 0.05. Forty-eight (88.9%), 26(123.8%), 41(44.6%) and 43(113.2%) Strains of micro-pathogens were isolated from Tellers who indicated with history of respiratory infections, smoking only, alcohol consumption only and smoking/alcohol consumption respectively. The proportions of the micro-pathogens isolated are shown in the Table 1, with Aspergillus sp. yield appearing highest. The antibiogram of the 27 strains of bacteria isolated in the study appeared relatively high; 92.6% for Ofloxacin and 66.7% for Gentamycin, while Streptomycin, Erythromycin, Cephalexin, Ampiclox, and Chloramphenicol responded poorly.\u0000Conclusion: The micro-pathogens isolated from this study are important agents of respiratory infections. The relatively high proportions (31.6%) of micro-pathogens isolated may serve as relevant indication that most Nigerian Currency notes in circulation are old, worn-out, mutilated, and are contaminated with micro-pathogens commonly linked with serious public health problems.","PeriodicalId":509356,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141058544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-25DOI: 10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i5360
R.O Adepoju, Lawrence O. Amadi, T. Sampson
Public health is seriously threatened by the emergence of antibiotic resistance, especially in food products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Bacterial Isolates from locally and Industrially Processed NONI (Morinda citrifolia) Drinks Sold in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Noni beverages (samples) were bought from three distinct locations in Rivers State while the fruits were locally fermented into noni beverages. Conventional microbiological methods were employed to identify the bacterial isolates, and the disc diffusion method was employed to assess the antibiotics susceptibility. Characterization of the bacterial isolates was further done using molecular techniques. The total heterotrophic bacteria in the beverages ranged from 3.5±0.7 to 5.9±0.3×104 cfu/ml. The total coliform counts ranged from 1.7±1.9 to 3.8±1.2×104 CFU/ml and faecal coliform count in all the samples was zero (0). Data showed that the locally produced noni sample had the highest bacterial counts (1.6×103 cfu/ml) while the lowest count was observed in samples from location B (1.50×102 cfu/ml). The presence of multiple bacterial species, including Flavobacterium spp. (16.7%), Enterobacter spp. (25%), Serratia spp. (25%), Micrococcus spp. (8.3%) and Bacillus spp. (25%) was indicated by the results. All the isolates (100%) were resistant to commonly used antibiotics such as cefuroxime, cefotaxime, cefixime and meropenem, gentamycin, vancomycin, with 66.7% being resistant to ampiclox. Ampicillin resistance gene (Amp C gene) was detected in Serratia marcescens AB061685.1 and Bacillus subtilis AB192294.2. These findings have shown that Noni beverages are prone to bacterial contamination with serious public health concerns and thus highlighted the significance of strict quality control measures in the production and sale of Noni drinks, to check the risk of antimicrobial resistance transmission through food consumption.
{"title":"Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Bacterial Isolates from Locally and Industrially Processed Noni (Morinda citrifolia) Drinks Sold in Port Harcourt, Nigeria","authors":"R.O Adepoju, Lawrence O. Amadi, T. Sampson","doi":"10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i5360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i5360","url":null,"abstract":"Public health is seriously threatened by the emergence of antibiotic resistance, especially in food products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Bacterial Isolates from locally and Industrially Processed NONI (Morinda citrifolia) Drinks Sold in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Noni beverages (samples) were bought from three distinct locations in Rivers State while the fruits were locally fermented into noni beverages. Conventional microbiological methods were employed to identify the bacterial isolates, and the disc diffusion method was employed to assess the antibiotics susceptibility. Characterization of the bacterial isolates was further done using molecular techniques. The total heterotrophic bacteria in the beverages ranged from 3.5±0.7 to 5.9±0.3×104 cfu/ml. The total coliform counts ranged from 1.7±1.9 to 3.8±1.2×104 CFU/ml and faecal coliform count in all the samples was zero (0). Data showed that the locally produced noni sample had the highest bacterial counts (1.6×103 cfu/ml) while the lowest count was observed in samples from location B (1.50×102 cfu/ml). The presence of multiple bacterial species, including Flavobacterium spp. (16.7%), Enterobacter spp. (25%), Serratia spp. (25%), Micrococcus spp. (8.3%) and Bacillus spp. (25%) was indicated by the results. All the isolates (100%) were resistant to commonly used antibiotics such as cefuroxime, cefotaxime, cefixime and meropenem, gentamycin, vancomycin, with 66.7% being resistant to ampiclox. Ampicillin resistance gene (Amp C gene) was detected in Serratia marcescens AB061685.1 and Bacillus subtilis AB192294.2. These findings have shown that Noni beverages are prone to bacterial contamination with serious public health concerns and thus highlighted the significance of strict quality control measures in the production and sale of Noni drinks, to check the risk of antimicrobial resistance transmission through food consumption.","PeriodicalId":509356,"journal":{"name":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140656291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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