Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology最新文献

Plutonium was discovered and first synthesized in the early 1940's. Several isotopes of plutonium are used in nuclear technologies, ²³⁸Pu for heat generation and ²³⁹Pu for energy production and weapons. Both isotopes emit alpha particles, which pose a significant radiation hazard when incorporated into the body. Alpha particles emitted during ²³⁹Pu decay deposit energy along a very short path in biological tissues (≈45 μm in soft tissues). Thus, defining the anatomical locations of these deposits is essential to identify the cells at risk of radiation damage and potential malignant transformation. Bone is a primary site for plutonium deposition and retention. Plutonium exposures are associated with increases in osteogenic cancers. Plutonium is preferentially deposited on endosteal and endocortical bone surfaces, particularly those surrounded by red versus yellow bone marrow. Red marrow is more vascularized with a sinusoid network, while yellow marrow is largely a closed capillary system. Cancellous bone in red marrow sites has greater bone turnover rates and relatively more plutonium-related bone cancers than in yellow marrow sites. The relationships of plutonium deposits in bone and potential alpha particle exposures to cells that include osteoclasts, reversal cells, canopy cells, osteoblasts, bone lining cells, and osteogenic progenitors of the basic multicellular unit during bone modeling and remodeling are reviewed. Differences in distributions of ²³⁹Pu versus naturally occurring tumors in humans and experimental animals are noted. This review emphasizes the importance of the anatomical locations of plutonium deposition and retention in the skeleton and the potential relative radiation risks from alpha particles to bone cells and their progenitors.

Due to its complex ossification during development, the superior region of the human occipital bone is a frequent site of supernumerary bones known as interparietal bones. Interparietal bones have been extensively studied across various disciplines, resulting in multiple classification schemes using icon-like graphics to represent categories of interparietal variants. However, disparities across these classification schemes reveal the need for a standardized system to facilitate comparisons and permit data pooling across studies. Based on an extensive literature review and the examination of physical specimens, a graphic library of 80 evidence-based graphics capturing interparietal variants was designed for community use. It provides five graphics of different morphologies of the lambdoid suture, 64 graphics of interparietal bones, six of ossicles at lambda, three of mendosal suture variants, and two of intrasutural ossicles. This approach allows additional graphics to be added in the future as needed. Graphics are compared to those from existing classification schemes and an exercise using the graphics to classify crania was performed. In the broadest sense, this research establishes a model for improved practices in representing and sharing morphological data.

We aimed to determine the timing of appearance and the morphologic and morphometric features of the initial human cerebral sulcal formation. Using high-resolution magnetic resonance images obtained from 33 samples between 11 and 16 weeks (w) of gestation (crown-rump length <130 mm), the cerebral surface and internal structures on serial two-dimensional planes and all possible sulci on three-dimensional reconstructions were marked, allowing comparison of the positions of the sulci in the samples and inter-samples. Our method provided accurate conclusions regarding the timing of sulcal formation. Detection timing was as early as and earlier than those in previous studies using anatomical dissection and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), respectively: <12 w for the callosum, <13 w for the hippocampal, calcarine, and parieto-occipital sulci, and < 15 w for the lateral sulcus. Occasionally, an olfactory sulcus was detected. However, the cingulate sulcus could not be definitely identified. The lateral sulcus gradually appeared and changed shape. The lengths of the left and right sides of the olfactory sulci and the left side of the hippocampal sulcus increased linearly with the CRL. The length of the right side of the hippocampal sulcus and the left and right sides of the calcarine, parieto-occipital, and not determined_a sulci did not increase with the CRL The depth of the all sulci, except for the parieto-occipital sulci, increased linearly with the CRL. The sulci might not arise as if they elongate gradually but arise simultaneously over some distance. We determined the timing of the initial sulcal formation using high-resolution MRI. Our findings may significantly impact prenatal diagnosis and research on neurodevelopmental disorders.

Although the reproduction of some Boidae snakes has been studied through the macroscopic anatomy of the gonads, without microscopic morphology, there is little precision in describing reproductive cycles, especially for males. The relationship between the reproductive cycle—gametogenesis and reproductive seasonality throughout the year—has yet to be detailed for many Boidae species. We present macroscopic and histological data on the reproductive tracts of both male and viviparous female Corallus hortulana (Linnaeus 1758) (Amazon Tree Boa) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest. Males present spermiogenesis and spermiation mainly during January and June (wet season to beginning-dry season). Contrary to common assumption, we speculate that sperm production in C. hortulana, even in the tropical Amazon, is likely energetically demanding, influenced by rainfall, given that testicular involution occurred between May and November (most of the driest months of the year). Females present ovarian follicles in processes of vitellogenesis from December to August (wet season and part of the dry season). However, newborns are found in the wild mainly in the wet season, characterizing the cycle of female C. hortulana as seasonal. Unprecedentedly, we present the first microscopic description of the pouch and non-glandular uterus in a Boidae species. The cells that compose the epithelial tissue of the non-glandular uterus have been suggested for maintaining and supporting spermatozoa (sperm storage) in snakes, but we found no evidence that sperm storage occurs in this portion of the oviduct in C. hortulana. This study not only improves our understanding of reproductive biology in a boid, but because several aspects of reproductive cycles are conservative in the family (e.g., season of birth of newborn snakes), it aids in the development of effective conservation policies for endangered species such as Corallus cropanii, the rarest Boidae in the Americas.

Glisson's sheath is the connective tissue ensheathing the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct within the liver. Although the connective tissue surrounding the liver surface is known as Glisson's capsule, its structure and function are poorly understood. In the present study, we analyzed mouse, rat, rabbit, feline, canine, monkey, porcine, bovine, and equine livers by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry analysis of α-smooth muscle actin, keratin 19, and podoplanin and examined how the structure of the Glisson's capsule is conserved and differs among the nine species. Glisson's capsule tended to thicken as the animal's body size increased. Among the nine mammalian species, bile ducts were observed adjacent to the connective tissue of Glisson's capsule in adult monkey, porcine, bovine, and equine livers without association with portal veins. Fetal monkey and porcine livers exhibited thin Glisson's capsules without bile duct development. The hepatic artery develops in the Glisson's capsule in adult canine, monkey, porcine, bovine, and equine livers without association with the bile ducts and portal veins. Similar to the human liver, the livers of adult monkeys develop lymphatic vessels beneath the liver surface. The present study reveals for the first time that the structure of the Glisson's capsule differs considerably between small (mouse, rat, rabbit, and cat) and large (monkey, pig, cattle, and horse) animals and that the dog exhibits an intermediate structure between the two groups.

Computed tomography (CT) enables rapid imaging of large-scale studies of bone, but those datasets typically require manual segmentation, which is time-consuming and prone to error. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) offer an automated solution, achieving superior performance on image data. In this methodology-focused paper, we used CNNs to train segmentation models from scratch on 2D and 3D patches from micro-CT scans of otter long bones. These new models, collectively called BONe (Bone One-shot Network), aimed to be fast and accurate, and we expected enhanced results from 3D training due to better spatial context. Contrary to expectations, 2D models performed slightly better than 3D models in labeling details such as thin trabecular bone. Although lacking in some detail, 3D models appeared to generalize better and predict smoother internal surfaces than 2D models. However, the massive computational costs of 3D models limit their scalability and practicality, leading us to recommend 2D models for bone segmentation. BONe models showed potential for broader applications with variation in performance across species and scan quality. Notably, BONe models demonstrated promising results on skull segmentation, suggesting their potential utility beyond long bones with further refinement and fine-tuning.

The Shishugou Formation of the Middle to Late Jurassic in Xinjiang, China, has produced abundant tetrapod fossils including dinosaurs and tritylodontids. Bienotheroides is a genus of highly specialized tritylodontids, characterized by a short and wide snout, ventrally expanded zygomatic process, strongly reduced maxilla, short and flat basisphenoid, and maxillary teeth cusp formula 2-3-3. Here, we report a new tritylodontid, Bienotheroides wucaiensis sp. nov. from the lower Upper Jurassic level of the formation at Wucaiwan, Xinjiang, Northwest China, represented by a well-preserved cranium and associated postcranial skeleton. Micro-computed tomography and 3D reconstruction reveal the medial view of the cranial structure and the replacement upper incisors, providing new anatomical information of Bienotheroides. The absence of a septomaxilla in B. wucaiensis reveals the homoplastic evolution of this feature within tritylodontids, as it remains in basal mammaliaforms but is lost in later descendants.

In January 2021, Kurt Albertine, PhD, stepped down as the Editor of The Anatomical Record after 15 years of dedicated service. As Editor-In-Chief, he oversaw incredible growth, expanded scope, and increased impact of the journal. At the same time, he directed an active research lab in neonatal pulmonary biology at the University of Utah, with an exceptional track record of mentoring students, fellows, clinicians, and junior faculty. This special issue of The Anatomical Record honors Kurt's contributions to the journal, as well as to the fields of respiratory anatomy, physiology, and neonatology. Several of the invited papers were contributed by Kurt's collaborators and former trainees who cover topics related to neonatal lamb development, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, postnatal lung pathology, respiratory physiology, and the relationship of anatomy to function. Additional papers relating to Kurt's passion for dinosaur anatomy and human embryonic anatomy based on the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos and Fetuses. Kurt's tireless enthusiasm for the journal and devotion to the field are reflected in the papers in this special issue in his honor. His tenure at the journal was transformative and provided a foundation for continued growth and impact in anatomical sciences research from dinosaurs to clinical applications in humans. We celebrate Kurt's accomplishments and broader impact on anatomical sciences in this Special Issue of The Anatomical Record.

The human voice is a major signal transmission modality for our species. Accordingly, perception of its quality serves as an intraspecific window into the status of an individual's health, robusticity, and even stature in the group. Diminished quality-as may occur in aging or certain diseases-is a major feature in the lessening of an individual's communication modality. Here, we review the underlying anatomy and function that comprise the voice producing elements-the vocal tract sensu lato-from the lungs through the larynx and supralaryngeal modifying elements. Aspects of the aging larynx and constituent elements such as the vocal folds ("true vocal cords") and intrinsic laryngeal joints, are discussed within the context of how their aging or disease degradation may affect an individual's speech and concomitant perception and interpretation by listeners. The aging voice is considered within the context of the overall effects of aging sensory systems in both humans and other mammals.