Pub Date : 2023-01-06DOI: 10.1017/S0954102022000438
M. Wege, H. Bornemann, M. Bester
Abstract Ross seals (Ommatophoca rossii) travel away from the pack ice and spend most of their year foraging pelagically. Here, we augment the few existing records of Ross seal diving and haul-out behaviour, providing novel insights into how these are influenced diurnally and seasonally. We used biologging devices that recorded the dive behaviour (n = 5) and/or haul-out behaviour (n = 9) of Ross seals in the eastern Weddell Sea (2016–2019). Ross seals mostly dived between 100 and 200 m deep, often > 300 m, and for 5–12 min in duration, often > 20 min. During March–July, when Ross seals forage pelagically, diving metrics varied diurnally. The seals dived deeper during twilight and shallowest at night, while the number of dives and diving duration did not follow a clear diurnal pattern. Consequently, diving effort was highest during the night. Ross seals preferentially hauled out in the middle of the day during September, October, February and December, but not during the rest of the year. Three females that entered the pack ice during breeding season were hauled out continuously for 5–7 days, punctuated by water entries for 1–3 h during and/or after such continuous haul-outs over the breeding season. This behaviour might suggest that Ross seals alternate between capital and facultative income breeding.
{"title":"The nightlife of a Ross seal: diving and haul-out behaviour from the eastern Weddell Sea","authors":"M. Wege, H. Bornemann, M. Bester","doi":"10.1017/S0954102022000438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102022000438","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ross seals (Ommatophoca rossii) travel away from the pack ice and spend most of their year foraging pelagically. Here, we augment the few existing records of Ross seal diving and haul-out behaviour, providing novel insights into how these are influenced diurnally and seasonally. We used biologging devices that recorded the dive behaviour (n = 5) and/or haul-out behaviour (n = 9) of Ross seals in the eastern Weddell Sea (2016–2019). Ross seals mostly dived between 100 and 200 m deep, often > 300 m, and for 5–12 min in duration, often > 20 min. During March–July, when Ross seals forage pelagically, diving metrics varied diurnally. The seals dived deeper during twilight and shallowest at night, while the number of dives and diving duration did not follow a clear diurnal pattern. Consequently, diving effort was highest during the night. Ross seals preferentially hauled out in the middle of the day during September, October, February and December, but not during the rest of the year. Three females that entered the pack ice during breeding season were hauled out continuously for 5–7 days, punctuated by water entries for 1–3 h during and/or after such continuous haul-outs over the breeding season. This behaviour might suggest that Ross seals alternate between capital and facultative income breeding.","PeriodicalId":50972,"journal":{"name":"Antarctic Science","volume":"35 1","pages":"31 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47399630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1017/S0954102022000396
R. Ochyra, D. O. Øvstedal, P. Broady
Abstract This is the first detailed study of the distribution of mosses and lichens at Alexandra Mountains and Rockefeller Mountains, Edward VII Peninsula, Antarctica. A total of 418 samples was collected on 21 nunataks in the summer of 1987–1988. Lichens included 44 taxa, bringing the total known from Edward VII Peninsula to 50. Ten lichen species were new records for the Continental Antarctic zone, whilst only six were endemic to that zone. There were six species and one variety of moss, bringing the total known from Edward VII Peninsula to seven species and one variety. These included the first record of a species of Orthotrichum in Continental Antarctica. Two other species and a variety were new records for Edward VII Peninsula. Overall, the flora was species rich for a Continental Antarctic region and was comparable with the species-rich sites of Botany Bay and Kar Plateau, which are at approximately the same latitude (77°S) in southern Victoria Land. This rich flora was probably supported by a reliable summer water supply from melting snowfall and snowdrift and by the range of microenvironments at nunataks with different degrees of nutrient enrichment from nesting birds.
{"title":"The distribution of lichens and mosses at Edward VII Peninsula, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica","authors":"R. Ochyra, D. O. Øvstedal, P. Broady","doi":"10.1017/S0954102022000396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102022000396","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This is the first detailed study of the distribution of mosses and lichens at Alexandra Mountains and Rockefeller Mountains, Edward VII Peninsula, Antarctica. A total of 418 samples was collected on 21 nunataks in the summer of 1987–1988. Lichens included 44 taxa, bringing the total known from Edward VII Peninsula to 50. Ten lichen species were new records for the Continental Antarctic zone, whilst only six were endemic to that zone. There were six species and one variety of moss, bringing the total known from Edward VII Peninsula to seven species and one variety. These included the first record of a species of Orthotrichum in Continental Antarctica. Two other species and a variety were new records for Edward VII Peninsula. Overall, the flora was species rich for a Continental Antarctic region and was comparable with the species-rich sites of Botany Bay and Kar Plateau, which are at approximately the same latitude (77°S) in southern Victoria Land. This rich flora was probably supported by a reliable summer water supply from melting snowfall and snowdrift and by the range of microenvironments at nunataks with different degrees of nutrient enrichment from nesting birds.","PeriodicalId":50972,"journal":{"name":"Antarctic Science","volume":"34 1","pages":"423 - 431"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44152525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1017/S0954102022000402
K. Hughes, Mercedes M. Santos, J. Caccavo, Stephen M. Chignell, N. Gardiner, Neil Gilbert, A. Howkins, B. V. van Vuuren, Jasmine R. Lee, D. Liggett, A. Lowther, H. Lynch, A. Quesada, H. Shin, Á. Soutullo, A. Terauds
Abstract Antarctic and Southern Ocean environments are facing increasing pressure from multiple threats. The Antarctic Treaty System regularly looks to the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) for the provision of independent and objective advice based on the best available science to support decision-making, policy development and effective environmental management. The recently approved SCAR Scientific Research Programme Ant-ICON - ‘Integrated Science to Inform Antarctic and Southern Ocean Conservation‘ - facilitates and coordinates high-quality transdisciplinary research to inform the conservation and management of Antarctica, the Southern Ocean and the sub-Antarctic in the context of current and future impacts. The work of Ant-ICON focuses on three research themes examining 1) the current state and future projections of Antarctic systems, species and functions, 2) human impacts and sustainability and 3) socio-ecological approaches to Antarctic and Southern Ocean conservation, and one synthesis theme that seeks to facilitate the provision of timely scientific advice to support effective Antarctic conservation. Research outputs will address the most pressing environmental challenges facing Antarctica and offer high-quality science to policy and advisory bodies including the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, the Committee for Environmental Protection and the Scientific Committee of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources.
{"title":"Ant-ICON - ‘Integrated Science to Inform Antarctic and Southern Ocean Conservation’: a new SCAR Scientific Research Programme","authors":"K. Hughes, Mercedes M. Santos, J. Caccavo, Stephen M. Chignell, N. Gardiner, Neil Gilbert, A. Howkins, B. V. van Vuuren, Jasmine R. Lee, D. Liggett, A. Lowther, H. Lynch, A. Quesada, H. Shin, Á. Soutullo, A. Terauds","doi":"10.1017/S0954102022000402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102022000402","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Antarctic and Southern Ocean environments are facing increasing pressure from multiple threats. The Antarctic Treaty System regularly looks to the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) for the provision of independent and objective advice based on the best available science to support decision-making, policy development and effective environmental management. The recently approved SCAR Scientific Research Programme Ant-ICON - ‘Integrated Science to Inform Antarctic and Southern Ocean Conservation‘ - facilitates and coordinates high-quality transdisciplinary research to inform the conservation and management of Antarctica, the Southern Ocean and the sub-Antarctic in the context of current and future impacts. The work of Ant-ICON focuses on three research themes examining 1) the current state and future projections of Antarctic systems, species and functions, 2) human impacts and sustainability and 3) socio-ecological approaches to Antarctic and Southern Ocean conservation, and one synthesis theme that seeks to facilitate the provision of timely scientific advice to support effective Antarctic conservation. Research outputs will address the most pressing environmental challenges facing Antarctica and offer high-quality science to policy and advisory bodies including the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, the Committee for Environmental Protection and the Scientific Committee of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources.","PeriodicalId":50972,"journal":{"name":"Antarctic Science","volume":"34 1","pages":"446 - 455"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48156564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1017/S095410202200044X
K. Hughes, R. Cavanagh, P. Convey
Abstract Climate change is increasingly affecting Antarctica and the rest of the world. Urgent policy responses are needed to mitigate its associated impacts. Engagement of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM), Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) and Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) with the issue of climate change has culminated in several important meetings planned for 2023/2024. Researchers play a crucial role in the provision of the best available science to inform action by Antarctic policymakers, and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) clearly will play an important role in representing the Antarctic science community and delivering the latest science into the upcoming meetings. However, recognizing the ATCM's call for Parties and other stakeholders to bring experts to its meeting to support the work and with acknowledgement by CCAMLR and CEP of the value of including a range of scientific experts, we highlight the opportunity for and importance of researchers engaging proactively to offer further bespoke scientific support. Given the urgency of addressing climate change in Antarctica and beyond, every effort is needed from researchers and policymakers to work together to facilitate the necessary policy responses at both the national and international level.
{"title":"Advancing Antarctic climate change policy: upcoming opportunities for scientists and policymakers to work together","authors":"K. Hughes, R. Cavanagh, P. Convey","doi":"10.1017/S095410202200044X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S095410202200044X","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Climate change is increasingly affecting Antarctica and the rest of the world. Urgent policy responses are needed to mitigate its associated impacts. Engagement of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM), Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) and Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) with the issue of climate change has culminated in several important meetings planned for 2023/2024. Researchers play a crucial role in the provision of the best available science to inform action by Antarctic policymakers, and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) clearly will play an important role in representing the Antarctic science community and delivering the latest science into the upcoming meetings. However, recognizing the ATCM's call for Parties and other stakeholders to bring experts to its meeting to support the work and with acknowledgement by CCAMLR and CEP of the value of including a range of scientific experts, we highlight the opportunity for and importance of researchers engaging proactively to offer further bespoke scientific support. Given the urgency of addressing climate change in Antarctica and beyond, every effort is needed from researchers and policymakers to work together to facilitate the necessary policy responses at both the national and international level.","PeriodicalId":50972,"journal":{"name":"Antarctic Science","volume":"34 1","pages":"403 - 407"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47069992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-11DOI: 10.1017/S0954102022000372
M. Nash
Abstract Drawing on qualitative interview data, this article explores past and current Australian Antarctic Program expeditioners' perceptions of the personal qualities of expeditioners alongside their views of Antarctic station culture and expeditioner recruitment procedures. The findings reveal study participants shared similar views about expeditioner personal qualities. However, the findings also suggest that the current demographic similarity of expeditioners (e.g. the overrepresentation of white men) is perhaps much more important for assessing organizational fit than the Program might be selecting for. Participants described the ways in which interpersonal interactions and the social environment can deeply affect an expeditioner's experience of the station culture. Women in this study pointed to the connection between the overrepresentation of men in the expeditioner population and a potential male bias in station culture. These results extend the existing literature on person-culture fit in Antarctica. To conclude, I provide recommendations for diversifying the expeditioner applicant pool in Antarctica that can also be applied to the selection of other workforces in isolated, confined and extreme work environments, including space missions.
{"title":"Who should work in Antarctica? An exploration of the individual, social and cultural aspects of expeditioner recruitment","authors":"M. Nash","doi":"10.1017/S0954102022000372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102022000372","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Drawing on qualitative interview data, this article explores past and current Australian Antarctic Program expeditioners' perceptions of the personal qualities of expeditioners alongside their views of Antarctic station culture and expeditioner recruitment procedures. The findings reveal study participants shared similar views about expeditioner personal qualities. However, the findings also suggest that the current demographic similarity of expeditioners (e.g. the overrepresentation of white men) is perhaps much more important for assessing organizational fit than the Program might be selecting for. Participants described the ways in which interpersonal interactions and the social environment can deeply affect an expeditioner's experience of the station culture. Women in this study pointed to the connection between the overrepresentation of men in the expeditioner population and a potential male bias in station culture. These results extend the existing literature on person-culture fit in Antarctica. To conclude, I provide recommendations for diversifying the expeditioner applicant pool in Antarctica that can also be applied to the selection of other workforces in isolated, confined and extreme work environments, including space missions.","PeriodicalId":50972,"journal":{"name":"Antarctic Science","volume":"34 1","pages":"432 - 445"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48375662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.1017/s0954102022000311
I. Allison
{"title":"The Dawning of Antarctica: Through Exploration to Occupation Patrick G. Quilty Published by Dr Eva Meidl, Hobart (2021) ISBN 978-0-646-84234-9. xviii + 474 pp. 75.00 AUD.","authors":"I. Allison","doi":"10.1017/s0954102022000311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954102022000311","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50972,"journal":{"name":"Antarctic Science","volume":"34 1","pages":"401 - 402"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49120848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.1017/S0954102022000335
M. Bacior, H. Haranczyk, P. Nowak, Paulina Kijak, M. Marzec, J. Fitas, M. Olech
Abstract Antarctic algae are extremophilic organisms capable of surviving harsh environmental conditions such as low temperatures and deep dehydration. Although these algae have various adaptations for life in extreme environments, the majority of the molecular mechanisms behind their resistance to dehydration and freezing are not yet fully understood. The aim of our research was to observe the behaviour of bound water freezing in the free-living Antarctic alga Prasiola crispa. One way to avoid frost damage involves deep dehydration of the algal thallus. For that reason, a detailed analysis of water freezing at different sample hydration levels was carried out. Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation revealed two types of water immobilization: cooperative bound water freezing for samples with sample hydration levels above Δm/m0 = 0.40 and non-cooperative bound water immobilization for lower thallus hydration levels. In the differential scanning calorimetry experiment, 2-h incubation at -20°C suggested the diffusion and final binding of supercooled water to the ice nuclei and a lower hydration level threshold, at which ice formation could be observed (Δm/m0 = 0.21). Our research provides a new perspective on water sorption and freezing in Antarctic algae, which may be important not only in biological systems, but also in such novel materials as metal-organic frameworks or covalent organic frameworks.
{"title":"Low-temperature investigation of residual water bound in free-living Antarctic Prasiola crispa","authors":"M. Bacior, H. Haranczyk, P. Nowak, Paulina Kijak, M. Marzec, J. Fitas, M. Olech","doi":"10.1017/S0954102022000335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102022000335","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Antarctic algae are extremophilic organisms capable of surviving harsh environmental conditions such as low temperatures and deep dehydration. Although these algae have various adaptations for life in extreme environments, the majority of the molecular mechanisms behind their resistance to dehydration and freezing are not yet fully understood. The aim of our research was to observe the behaviour of bound water freezing in the free-living Antarctic alga Prasiola crispa. One way to avoid frost damage involves deep dehydration of the algal thallus. For that reason, a detailed analysis of water freezing at different sample hydration levels was carried out. Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation revealed two types of water immobilization: cooperative bound water freezing for samples with sample hydration levels above Δm/m0 = 0.40 and non-cooperative bound water immobilization for lower thallus hydration levels. In the differential scanning calorimetry experiment, 2-h incubation at -20°C suggested the diffusion and final binding of supercooled water to the ice nuclei and a lower hydration level threshold, at which ice formation could be observed (Δm/m0 = 0.21). Our research provides a new perspective on water sorption and freezing in Antarctic algae, which may be important not only in biological systems, but also in such novel materials as metal-organic frameworks or covalent organic frameworks.","PeriodicalId":50972,"journal":{"name":"Antarctic Science","volume":"34 1","pages":"389 - 400"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42210800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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