Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.3390/separations11080241
Alessandro Frontini, A. Luvisi, C. Negro, Massimiliano Apollonio, R. Accogli, Mariarosaria De Pascali, L. De Bellis
Exploiting by-products from the oenological industry to extract antioxidant chemicals is a shared goal that combines the need to reduce the wine sector’s environmental impact with the need to improve the availability of these biomolecules, according to a circular economy approach. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) have recently captured researchers’ interest as a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional solvents due to their effectiveness, low toxicity, and stability. In this work, we set out to investigate several NaDES for the extraction of phenolic chemicals from local monovarietal grape pomace resulting from different vinification procedures (including both red and rosé vinification of Negroamaro and Primitivo grapes; rosé vinification of Susumaniello grapes and white vinification of Chardonnay, Fiano and Malvasia bianca grapes), with the additional goal of generalizing the use of NaDES to extract chemicals of interest from organisms selected from the wide plant biodiversity. Three binary choline chloride-based NaDES (DES-Lac, DES-Tar, and DES-Gly, with lactic acid, tartaric acid, and glycerol as hydrogen bond donors, respectively) were compared to ethanol as a conventional solvent, and the extracts were evaluated using HPLC/MS and colorimetric techniques. The results revealed that each NaDES produces a substantially higher total phenolic yield than ethanol (up to 127.8 mg/g DW from Primitivo rosé grape pomace). DES-Lac and DES-Tar were more effective for anthocyanins extraction; the most abundant compound was malvidin 3-O-glucoside (highest extraction yield with DES-Lac from Susumaniello pomace: 29.4 mg/g DW). Regarding phenolic compounds, DES-Gly was the most effective NaDES producing results comparable to ethanol. Unexpectedly, Chardonnay pomace has the greatest content of astilbin. In most cases, grape pomace extracts obtained by rosé and white vinification provided the maximum yield. As a result, NaDES have emerged as a viable alternative to traditional organic solvent extraction techniques, allowing for higher (or equal) yields while significantly lowering costs, hazards, and environmental impact.
{"title":"Polyphenols Extraction from Different Grape Pomaces Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents","authors":"Alessandro Frontini, A. Luvisi, C. Negro, Massimiliano Apollonio, R. Accogli, Mariarosaria De Pascali, L. De Bellis","doi":"10.3390/separations11080241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11080241","url":null,"abstract":"Exploiting by-products from the oenological industry to extract antioxidant chemicals is a shared goal that combines the need to reduce the wine sector’s environmental impact with the need to improve the availability of these biomolecules, according to a circular economy approach. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) have recently captured researchers’ interest as a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional solvents due to their effectiveness, low toxicity, and stability. In this work, we set out to investigate several NaDES for the extraction of phenolic chemicals from local monovarietal grape pomace resulting from different vinification procedures (including both red and rosé vinification of Negroamaro and Primitivo grapes; rosé vinification of Susumaniello grapes and white vinification of Chardonnay, Fiano and Malvasia bianca grapes), with the additional goal of generalizing the use of NaDES to extract chemicals of interest from organisms selected from the wide plant biodiversity. Three binary choline chloride-based NaDES (DES-Lac, DES-Tar, and DES-Gly, with lactic acid, tartaric acid, and glycerol as hydrogen bond donors, respectively) were compared to ethanol as a conventional solvent, and the extracts were evaluated using HPLC/MS and colorimetric techniques. The results revealed that each NaDES produces a substantially higher total phenolic yield than ethanol (up to 127.8 mg/g DW from Primitivo rosé grape pomace). DES-Lac and DES-Tar were more effective for anthocyanins extraction; the most abundant compound was malvidin 3-O-glucoside (highest extraction yield with DES-Lac from Susumaniello pomace: 29.4 mg/g DW). Regarding phenolic compounds, DES-Gly was the most effective NaDES producing results comparable to ethanol. Unexpectedly, Chardonnay pomace has the greatest content of astilbin. In most cases, grape pomace extracts obtained by rosé and white vinification provided the maximum yield. As a result, NaDES have emerged as a viable alternative to traditional organic solvent extraction techniques, allowing for higher (or equal) yields while significantly lowering costs, hazards, and environmental impact.","PeriodicalId":510456,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141929463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.3390/separations11080242
S. Salis, Simone Dore, Nicola Rubattu, Vittoria D’Ascenzo, Francesca T. Cherchi, Stefano A. Lollai
An LC–Orbitrap–HRMS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of four tetracyclines—oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC), doxycycline (DC), and chlortetracycline (CTC)—in milk. This method involves sample extraction with McIlvaine–EDTA buffer solution (pH 4) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) with Oasis HLB cartridges, followed by the evaporation of the extract and its reconstitution with a 14% methanol aqueous solution before injection into the instrumental system. This method has been validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, selectivity, precision, and accuracy, in accordance with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC requirements. Compared to existing methods, this approach optimally combines a quantitative procedure for extracting analytes from the milk of different species, including sheep, bovines, and goats, with a very short LC–Orbitrap–HRMS instrumental analysis time (only 8 min), simultaneously ensuring high precision, sensitivity, and applicability as a rapid confirmation method in official food control laboratories. The proposed method was applied to determine the concentration levels of OTC in milk samples derived from healthy Sardinian sheep and those naturally infected with Streptococcus uberis, after the intramuscular administration of an antibiotic, in order to evaluate how much of the drug was “subtracted” during penetration from blood into milk, with a potential effect of reducing its therapeutic efficacy.
{"title":"The Development and Validation of an LC–Orbitrap–HRMS Method for the Analysis of Four Tetracyclines in Milk and Its Application to Determine Oxytetracycline Concentrations after Intramuscular Administration in Healthy Sarda Ewes and Those Naturally Infected with Streptococcus uberis","authors":"S. Salis, Simone Dore, Nicola Rubattu, Vittoria D’Ascenzo, Francesca T. Cherchi, Stefano A. Lollai","doi":"10.3390/separations11080242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11080242","url":null,"abstract":"An LC–Orbitrap–HRMS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of four tetracyclines—oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC), doxycycline (DC), and chlortetracycline (CTC)—in milk. This method involves sample extraction with McIlvaine–EDTA buffer solution (pH 4) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) with Oasis HLB cartridges, followed by the evaporation of the extract and its reconstitution with a 14% methanol aqueous solution before injection into the instrumental system. This method has been validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, selectivity, precision, and accuracy, in accordance with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC requirements. Compared to existing methods, this approach optimally combines a quantitative procedure for extracting analytes from the milk of different species, including sheep, bovines, and goats, with a very short LC–Orbitrap–HRMS instrumental analysis time (only 8 min), simultaneously ensuring high precision, sensitivity, and applicability as a rapid confirmation method in official food control laboratories. The proposed method was applied to determine the concentration levels of OTC in milk samples derived from healthy Sardinian sheep and those naturally infected with Streptococcus uberis, after the intramuscular administration of an antibiotic, in order to evaluate how much of the drug was “subtracted” during penetration from blood into milk, with a potential effect of reducing its therapeutic efficacy.","PeriodicalId":510456,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"51 31","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141929699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.3390/separations11080228
Jiahong Han, Shujuan Dai, Jiushuai Deng, Shandong Que, Yugao Zhou
Cyanide leaching technology was studied for low-grade oxidized gold ores in Guangxi Province. The gold grade of the raw ores was 1.32 g/t. The gold leaching rate was 90.91% under the optimal conditions for the following conventional leaching process: using steel forging as the grinding medium, a grinding fineness of −0.074 mm accounting for 92.53%, a stirring speed of 1500 r/min, a pulp leaching concentration of 28.57%, a pH value of 10.5, a temperature of 25 °C, a leaching time of 24 h, and a potassium cyanide consumption of 4 kg/t. A new type of mixed aid-leaching agent (0.6 kg/t) was used, with a dosage of potassium cyanide of 2 kg/t. All else being equal, the gold leaching rate increased by 2.17% to 93.20% after 18 h of aid leaching compared to that of conventional leaching for 28 h. Meanwhile, the amount of potassium cyanide used was reduced by 50%. The aid-leaching agents restored the surface activity of passivated gold particles and depressed the adsorption of gold and its complexes by gangue minerals. This approach could shorten the leaching time and increase the gold leaching rate.
{"title":"Technology for Aiding the Cyanide Leaching of Gold Ores","authors":"Jiahong Han, Shujuan Dai, Jiushuai Deng, Shandong Que, Yugao Zhou","doi":"10.3390/separations11080228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11080228","url":null,"abstract":"Cyanide leaching technology was studied for low-grade oxidized gold ores in Guangxi Province. The gold grade of the raw ores was 1.32 g/t. The gold leaching rate was 90.91% under the optimal conditions for the following conventional leaching process: using steel forging as the grinding medium, a grinding fineness of −0.074 mm accounting for 92.53%, a stirring speed of 1500 r/min, a pulp leaching concentration of 28.57%, a pH value of 10.5, a temperature of 25 °C, a leaching time of 24 h, and a potassium cyanide consumption of 4 kg/t. A new type of mixed aid-leaching agent (0.6 kg/t) was used, with a dosage of potassium cyanide of 2 kg/t. All else being equal, the gold leaching rate increased by 2.17% to 93.20% after 18 h of aid leaching compared to that of conventional leaching for 28 h. Meanwhile, the amount of potassium cyanide used was reduced by 50%. The aid-leaching agents restored the surface activity of passivated gold particles and depressed the adsorption of gold and its complexes by gangue minerals. This approach could shorten the leaching time and increase the gold leaching rate.","PeriodicalId":510456,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"26 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141801531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.3390/separations11080229
Eleftheria H. Kaparakou, C. Kanakis, Maroula G. Kokotou, Georgios Papadopoulos, P. Tarantilis
Phenolic compounds are plant secondary metabolites, one of the most common and widespread groups of substances in plants, as well as a major group of phytochemicals present in medicinal and aromatic plants. The phytochemical composition of the hydroalcoholic extracts from S. raeseri, S. scardica and S. syriaca was determined by LC-MS/MS-QTOF analysis. A total amount of 23 secondary metabolites were identified, including 17 flavonoids (Fs), 4 phenylethanoid glycosides (PEGs), 1 phenolic acid (PA) and 1 fatty acid (FA). Among the three species, the constituents that have been detected in all of nine samples were: verbascocide/isoverbascoside (PEG), apigenin 7-O- glucoside (F), isoscutellarein 7-O-[6″-O-acetyl]-allosyl(1→2)-glucoside (F) and apigenin 7-(4″-p-coumaroylglucoside) (F). This study contributes to the phytochemical characterization of the Sideritis spp. by providing a comparative study of bioactive compounds present in three different Sideritis species, S. raeseri, S. scardica and S. syriaca, which are widely used as a herbal medicine in Mediterranean region and Balkan Peninsula.
{"title":"LC-MS/MS-QTOF Identification of Phenolic Compounds of Sideritis Species Cultivated in Greece","authors":"Eleftheria H. Kaparakou, C. Kanakis, Maroula G. Kokotou, Georgios Papadopoulos, P. Tarantilis","doi":"10.3390/separations11080229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11080229","url":null,"abstract":"Phenolic compounds are plant secondary metabolites, one of the most common and widespread groups of substances in plants, as well as a major group of phytochemicals present in medicinal and aromatic plants. The phytochemical composition of the hydroalcoholic extracts from S. raeseri, S. scardica and S. syriaca was determined by LC-MS/MS-QTOF analysis. A total amount of 23 secondary metabolites were identified, including 17 flavonoids (Fs), 4 phenylethanoid glycosides (PEGs), 1 phenolic acid (PA) and 1 fatty acid (FA). Among the three species, the constituents that have been detected in all of nine samples were: verbascocide/isoverbascoside (PEG), apigenin 7-O- glucoside (F), isoscutellarein 7-O-[6″-O-acetyl]-allosyl(1→2)-glucoside (F) and apigenin 7-(4″-p-coumaroylglucoside) (F). This study contributes to the phytochemical characterization of the Sideritis spp. by providing a comparative study of bioactive compounds present in three different Sideritis species, S. raeseri, S. scardica and S. syriaca, which are widely used as a herbal medicine in Mediterranean region and Balkan Peninsula.","PeriodicalId":510456,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"33 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141798907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.3390/separations11080230
T. Senfter, Thomas Neuner, Christian Bachmann, M. Berger, C. Mayerl, T. Kofler, M. Kraxner, M. Pillei
Cyclones are pivotal in mechanical process engineering and crucial in the complex field of separation technology. Their robustness and compact spatial requirements render them universally applicable and versatile across various industrial domains. Depending on the utilized fluid and field of application, both gas-based cyclones and hydrocyclones (HCs) are well established. Regarding HC design, enduring elongated flat cones have seen minimal alterations in shape and structure since their introduction over more than a hundred years ago. Experimental investigations regarding unconventional cone designs within scientific studies remain the exception. Therefore, this study focuses on alternative geometric configurations of the separation chambers and highlights their impact on separation and energy efficiency. To achieve this objective, different geometric shapes are investigated and retrofitted into HCs. The geometric foundation is derived from upcycled glass bottles. The repurposed bottles with a volume of 750 mL are used in conjunction with an inlet part, following the established Rietema design. Experimental tests are conducted with dilute phase separation, using 0.1–200 µm test particles in water. Comparisons between a bottle-based HC and a conventional Rietema design were conducted, establishing a benchmark against the standard. The findings revealed a noticeable correlation between separation efficiency and cone geometry. Conical designs demonstrated enhanced separation, particularly at lower volume flows. At the highest volume flow of 75 L min−1, the best performing bottle cyclones showed separation efficiencies of 78.5%, 78.4% and 77.9% and therefore are in a competitive range with 78.0% efficiency, achieved using the commercial Rietema design. Minimal disparities in cut sizes were observed in terms of separation grade efficiency among the models tested. Variations in separation efficiency and fractional efficiency curves indicated nuanced differences in classification efficiency.
{"title":"An Empirical Study on the Upcycling of Glass Bottles into Hydrocyclone Separators","authors":"T. Senfter, Thomas Neuner, Christian Bachmann, M. Berger, C. Mayerl, T. Kofler, M. Kraxner, M. Pillei","doi":"10.3390/separations11080230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11080230","url":null,"abstract":"Cyclones are pivotal in mechanical process engineering and crucial in the complex field of separation technology. Their robustness and compact spatial requirements render them universally applicable and versatile across various industrial domains. Depending on the utilized fluid and field of application, both gas-based cyclones and hydrocyclones (HCs) are well established. Regarding HC design, enduring elongated flat cones have seen minimal alterations in shape and structure since their introduction over more than a hundred years ago. Experimental investigations regarding unconventional cone designs within scientific studies remain the exception. Therefore, this study focuses on alternative geometric configurations of the separation chambers and highlights their impact on separation and energy efficiency. To achieve this objective, different geometric shapes are investigated and retrofitted into HCs. The geometric foundation is derived from upcycled glass bottles. The repurposed bottles with a volume of 750 mL are used in conjunction with an inlet part, following the established Rietema design. Experimental tests are conducted with dilute phase separation, using 0.1–200 µm test particles in water. Comparisons between a bottle-based HC and a conventional Rietema design were conducted, establishing a benchmark against the standard. The findings revealed a noticeable correlation between separation efficiency and cone geometry. Conical designs demonstrated enhanced separation, particularly at lower volume flows. At the highest volume flow of 75 L min−1, the best performing bottle cyclones showed separation efficiencies of 78.5%, 78.4% and 77.9% and therefore are in a competitive range with 78.0% efficiency, achieved using the commercial Rietema design. Minimal disparities in cut sizes were observed in terms of separation grade efficiency among the models tested. Variations in separation efficiency and fractional efficiency curves indicated nuanced differences in classification efficiency.","PeriodicalId":510456,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"45 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141800144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.3390/separations11080226
Naika Marcin, V. Thesnor, Valentin Duvauchelle, Alejandro Ponce-Mora, L. Gimeno-Mallench, Stacy Narayanin-Richenapin, Laura Brelle, Eloy Bejarano, Christelle Yacou, Muriel Sylvestre, Cristel Onésippe-Potiron, P. Meffre, Z. Benfodda, G. Cebrián-Torrejón
Sargassum is a genus of brown algae that causes a major impact to marine ecosystems. Although accumulation of this invasive seaweed is considered an environmental problem, Sargassum can also be resource of valuable molecules such as alginates. Alginates are polysaccharides extracted from the cell walls of brown seaweeds with multiple applications in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology. In this study, we explored four different extraction protocols to isolate alginates from Sargassum from the archipelago of Guadeloupe. H-NMR, FTIR, and SEM were carried out to characterize isolated samples and describe their chemical and morphological properties. Antioxidant capacity of the isolated alginates was tested in the sample. FRAP assay showed free radical scavenging activity, and cell viability assay showed that alginates keep protective capacity against oxidative stress in cell cultures. In sum, the isolation methods used in this study are effective extractive methods to obtain alginates from Sargassum, which highlight this seaweed as a potential source of bioactive compounds that may be exploited for industrial and biomedical purposes.
马尾藻是一种对海洋生态系统造成重大影响的褐藻。虽然这种入侵性海藻的积累被认为是一个环境问题，但马尾藻也可以成为藻酸盐等有价值分子的资源。藻酸盐是从褐色海藻细胞壁中提取的多糖，在食品、化妆品、医药和生物技术领域有多种应用。在这项研究中，我们探索了从瓜德罗普岛马尾藻中分离藻酸盐的四种不同提取方案。我们采用 H-NMR、FTIR 和 SEM 对分离样品进行了表征，并描述了它们的化学和形态特性。在样品中测试了分离出的藻酸盐的抗氧化能力。FRAP 分析表明了海藻酸盐具有清除自由基的活性，细胞存活率分析表明海藻酸盐对细胞培养物中的氧化应激具有保护能力。总之，本研究中使用的分离方法是从马尾藻中获得藻酸盐的有效提取方法，这凸显了马尾藻是生物活性化合物的潜在来源，可用于工业和生物医学目的。
{"title":"Characterization of Alginates of Sargassum from the Archipelago of Guadeloupe","authors":"Naika Marcin, V. Thesnor, Valentin Duvauchelle, Alejandro Ponce-Mora, L. Gimeno-Mallench, Stacy Narayanin-Richenapin, Laura Brelle, Eloy Bejarano, Christelle Yacou, Muriel Sylvestre, Cristel Onésippe-Potiron, P. Meffre, Z. Benfodda, G. Cebrián-Torrejón","doi":"10.3390/separations11080226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11080226","url":null,"abstract":"Sargassum is a genus of brown algae that causes a major impact to marine ecosystems. Although accumulation of this invasive seaweed is considered an environmental problem, Sargassum can also be resource of valuable molecules such as alginates. Alginates are polysaccharides extracted from the cell walls of brown seaweeds with multiple applications in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology. In this study, we explored four different extraction protocols to isolate alginates from Sargassum from the archipelago of Guadeloupe. H-NMR, FTIR, and SEM were carried out to characterize isolated samples and describe their chemical and morphological properties. Antioxidant capacity of the isolated alginates was tested in the sample. FRAP assay showed free radical scavenging activity, and cell viability assay showed that alginates keep protective capacity against oxidative stress in cell cultures. In sum, the isolation methods used in this study are effective extractive methods to obtain alginates from Sargassum, which highlight this seaweed as a potential source of bioactive compounds that may be exploited for industrial and biomedical purposes.","PeriodicalId":510456,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"24 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141803058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lumen pressure is of crucial importance to achieve simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) in the membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR); so, in this study, a laboratory-scale MABR was operated under different lumen pressures (7 kPa, 10 kPa, 13 kPa, and 16 kPa) successively to verify its impact on nitrogen removal. The results showed that NH4+-N oxidation was deficient under 7 kPa due to inadequate oxygen supply, while denitrification was depressed under 16 kPa. Total nitrogen removal efficiency was similar under 10 kPa and 13 kPa (around 78.9%), much higher than that under 7 kPa and 16 kPa (approximately 50%). The biomass density (22.35 g/m2) and biofilm thickness (500.3 µm) were the highest under 13 kPa, and EPS was increasingly secreted along with the increase in lumen pressure. The relative abundance of Nitrospirae was highest under 16 kPa (3.53%), indicating a higher lumen pressure could promote nitrifiers. The denitrifying-related microbes, such as β-proteobacteria, α-proteobacteria and ε-proteobacteria, showed an increasing and then decreasing pattern along with lumen pressure increase, and were enriched at 10 kPa. The results could draw the conclusion that SND could be achieved at moderate lumen pressure, i.e., 10 kPa and 13 kPa in this study.
{"title":"Achieving Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification by a Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactor at Moderate Lumen Pressure","authors":"Huiyun Zhong, Yuanyuan Tang, Mengyu Wang, Liangfei Dong","doi":"10.3390/separations11080227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11080227","url":null,"abstract":"Lumen pressure is of crucial importance to achieve simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) in the membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR); so, in this study, a laboratory-scale MABR was operated under different lumen pressures (7 kPa, 10 kPa, 13 kPa, and 16 kPa) successively to verify its impact on nitrogen removal. The results showed that NH4+-N oxidation was deficient under 7 kPa due to inadequate oxygen supply, while denitrification was depressed under 16 kPa. Total nitrogen removal efficiency was similar under 10 kPa and 13 kPa (around 78.9%), much higher than that under 7 kPa and 16 kPa (approximately 50%). The biomass density (22.35 g/m2) and biofilm thickness (500.3 µm) were the highest under 13 kPa, and EPS was increasingly secreted along with the increase in lumen pressure. The relative abundance of Nitrospirae was highest under 16 kPa (3.53%), indicating a higher lumen pressure could promote nitrifiers. The denitrifying-related microbes, such as β-proteobacteria, α-proteobacteria and ε-proteobacteria, showed an increasing and then decreasing pattern along with lumen pressure increase, and were enriched at 10 kPa. The results could draw the conclusion that SND could be achieved at moderate lumen pressure, i.e., 10 kPa and 13 kPa in this study.","PeriodicalId":510456,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"92 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141802655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.3390/separations11080224
Karolina Pianowska, G. Benke, Karolina Goc, Joanna Malarz, Patrycja Kowalik, K. Leszczyńska-Sejda, D. Kopyto
The aim of this work was to develop an effective method for obtaining perrhenic acid from available ammonia waste solutions using the solvent extraction method. An ammonia waste solution was used as the test material, with Re and NH4+ concentrations of 13.5 and 43.7 g/dm3, respectively. The scope of this study includes the following: the selection of an appropriate extractant for testing, and the examination of the impact of individual parameters on the efficiency and selectivity of extraction and stripping. The obtained results made it possible to determine the conditions for the production of perrhenic acid via the extraction method using organic solutions of trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride (Cyphos IL 101). The outcome of this study was the development of a method for obtaining perrhenic acid and the production of the acid sample with an efficiency of >90% and a Re concentration of >100 g/dm3.
这项工作的目的是开发一种有效的方法，利用溶剂萃取法从现有的氨废液中获得高铼酸。试验材料为氨废液，其中 Re 和 NH4+ 的浓度分别为 13.5 和 43.7 g/dm3。本研究的范围包括：选择合适的萃取剂进行测试，以及检查各个参数对萃取和汽提效率和选择性的影响。研究结果确定了使用三己基（十四烷基）氯化鏻（Cyphos IL 101）有机溶液萃取法生产高铼酸的条件。这项研究的成果是开发出了一种获取高铼酸的方法，并生产出了效率大于 90%、Re 浓度大于 100 g/dm3 的酸样品。
{"title":"Production of Perrhenic Acid by Solvent Extraction","authors":"Karolina Pianowska, G. Benke, Karolina Goc, Joanna Malarz, Patrycja Kowalik, K. Leszczyńska-Sejda, D. Kopyto","doi":"10.3390/separations11080224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11080224","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work was to develop an effective method for obtaining perrhenic acid from available ammonia waste solutions using the solvent extraction method. An ammonia waste solution was used as the test material, with Re and NH4+ concentrations of 13.5 and 43.7 g/dm3, respectively. The scope of this study includes the following: the selection of an appropriate extractant for testing, and the examination of the impact of individual parameters on the efficiency and selectivity of extraction and stripping. The obtained results made it possible to determine the conditions for the production of perrhenic acid via the extraction method using organic solutions of trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride (Cyphos IL 101). The outcome of this study was the development of a method for obtaining perrhenic acid and the production of the acid sample with an efficiency of >90% and a Re concentration of >100 g/dm3.","PeriodicalId":510456,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"50 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141809684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.3390/separations11080225
D. Kopyto, Mateusz Ciszewski, Szymon Orda, K. Leszczyńska-Sejda, Joanna Malarz, Patrycja Kowalik, Karolina Pianowska, Karolina Goc, G. Benke, Alicja Grzybek, D. Babilas, P. Dydo
Methods for obtaining high-purity perrhenic acid (with metallic impurities content below 100 ppm) of a high concentration > 200 g/dm3 and entirely from secondary raw materials were compared. Comparative analyses of three methods were performed: electrodialysis, solvent extraction (research carried out directly as part of the Small Grant project acronym RenMet), and ion-exchange (developed as part of previous projects implemented by Łukasiewicz-IMN). The basic process parameters were selected as comparative indicators: efficiency and selectivity of the process, purity of the obtained product, availability and consumption of raw materials and reagents, equipment necessary to carry out the process, the profitability of the technology, and the ecological aspects, i.e., the possibility of managing the generated solid waste and post-production solutions. Analysis of the verified indicators allowed us to select the most economically and ecologically advantageous method of obtaining high-purity perrhenic acid from secondary raw materials. Its preparation using the ion-exchange method emphasizes the product’s purity and the process’s simplicity, using readily available waste materials and renewable ion-exchange resin, and is based on a sustainable circular economy.
{"title":"A Comparison of Production Methods of High-Purity Perrhenic Acid from Secondary Resources","authors":"D. Kopyto, Mateusz Ciszewski, Szymon Orda, K. Leszczyńska-Sejda, Joanna Malarz, Patrycja Kowalik, Karolina Pianowska, Karolina Goc, G. Benke, Alicja Grzybek, D. Babilas, P. Dydo","doi":"10.3390/separations11080225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11080225","url":null,"abstract":"Methods for obtaining high-purity perrhenic acid (with metallic impurities content below 100 ppm) of a high concentration > 200 g/dm3 and entirely from secondary raw materials were compared. Comparative analyses of three methods were performed: electrodialysis, solvent extraction (research carried out directly as part of the Small Grant project acronym RenMet), and ion-exchange (developed as part of previous projects implemented by Łukasiewicz-IMN). The basic process parameters were selected as comparative indicators: efficiency and selectivity of the process, purity of the obtained product, availability and consumption of raw materials and reagents, equipment necessary to carry out the process, the profitability of the technology, and the ecological aspects, i.e., the possibility of managing the generated solid waste and post-production solutions. Analysis of the verified indicators allowed us to select the most economically and ecologically advantageous method of obtaining high-purity perrhenic acid from secondary raw materials. Its preparation using the ion-exchange method emphasizes the product’s purity and the process’s simplicity, using readily available waste materials and renewable ion-exchange resin, and is based on a sustainable circular economy.","PeriodicalId":510456,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"63 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141806798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.3390/separations11080222
Insun Kang, Wonjun Seo, Seokyeon Im, Kwonse Kim
In this study, three geometries were analyzed for sand and microplastic separation to confirm the applicability of cyclones. This research aimed to apply plastic-based samples such as Styrofoam, PET, PP, and PU to an analytical model, characterized by separating sand spread on Korean beaches into different outlets using a cyclone model. Regarding the numerical analysis, the results of sand particle separation were analyzed by designing a general cyclone (Type A), a cone-shaped cyclone (Type B), and a cone-shaped cyclone (Type C) with double the cone length, for four microplastics in three shapes. The results of the analysis of the characteristics showed that Type B, which has a conical shape, achieved an efficiency of 99.3–100% for sand, 72.7% for Styrofoam, and 95.7–100% for other plastics at an exit speed of 5–7 m/s, after which the efficiency decreased as the speed increased. Type C showed an efficiency of 92.2–100% for sand, 66.6–70.8% for Styrofoam, and 61% for PET at 5–10 m/s. Type C showed a maximum efficiency of 95.5% for PP and 73.4% for PU at 11 m/s. As the speed increased, the efficiency decreased. This is believed to be due to differences in the Reynolds number range, which helps separate particles depending on their shape; therefore, the applicability of the cone-shaped cyclone separator for sand and microplastic separation was confirmed, and it was found that an optimal speed condition exists in relation to the Reynolds number.
在这项研究中，对沙子和微塑料分离的三种几何形状进行了分析，以确认气旋的适用性。该研究旨在将泡沫塑料、PET、PP 和 PU 等塑料基样品应用于分析模型，其特点是利用气旋模型将韩国海滩上散布的沙子分离到不同的出口。在数值分析方面，针对三种形状的四种微塑料，设计了普通旋风分离器（A 型）、锥形旋风分离器（B 型）和双倍锥长的锥形旋风分离器（C 型），分析了沙粒分离的结果。特性分析结果表明，锥形旋风分离器 B 在出口速度为 5-7 米/秒时，沙子的效率为 99.3%-100%，泡沫塑料的效率为 72.7%，其他塑料的效率为 95.7%-100%。C 型在出口速度为 5-10 米/秒时，沙子的效率为 92.2%-100%，泡沫塑料为 66.6%-70.8%，PET 为 61%。在 11 米/秒的速度下，C 型对 PP 和 PU 的最大效率分别为 95.5%和 73.4%。随着速度的增加，效率有所下降。这被认为是由于雷诺数范围的差异造成的，雷诺数有助于根据颗粒的形状对其进行分离；因此，锥形旋风分离器对沙子和微塑料分离的适用性得到了证实，并发现存在一个与雷诺数相关的最佳速度条件。
{"title":"Cyclone Shapes for Sand and Microplastic Separation: Efficiency and Reynolds Number Relationships","authors":"Insun Kang, Wonjun Seo, Seokyeon Im, Kwonse Kim","doi":"10.3390/separations11080222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11080222","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, three geometries were analyzed for sand and microplastic separation to confirm the applicability of cyclones. This research aimed to apply plastic-based samples such as Styrofoam, PET, PP, and PU to an analytical model, characterized by separating sand spread on Korean beaches into different outlets using a cyclone model. Regarding the numerical analysis, the results of sand particle separation were analyzed by designing a general cyclone (Type A), a cone-shaped cyclone (Type B), and a cone-shaped cyclone (Type C) with double the cone length, for four microplastics in three shapes. The results of the analysis of the characteristics showed that Type B, which has a conical shape, achieved an efficiency of 99.3–100% for sand, 72.7% for Styrofoam, and 95.7–100% for other plastics at an exit speed of 5–7 m/s, after which the efficiency decreased as the speed increased. Type C showed an efficiency of 92.2–100% for sand, 66.6–70.8% for Styrofoam, and 61% for PET at 5–10 m/s. Type C showed a maximum efficiency of 95.5% for PP and 73.4% for PU at 11 m/s. As the speed increased, the efficiency decreased. This is believed to be due to differences in the Reynolds number range, which helps separate particles depending on their shape; therefore, the applicability of the cone-shaped cyclone separator for sand and microplastic separation was confirmed, and it was found that an optimal speed condition exists in relation to the Reynolds number.","PeriodicalId":510456,"journal":{"name":"Separations","volume":"132 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141811667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：