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Nonhuman Primates in Public Health: Between Biological Standardization, Conservation and Care. 公共卫生中的非人灵长类动物:在生物标准化、保护和护理之间。
IF 0.7 1区 哲学 Q4 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-21 DOI: 10.1007/s10739-023-09721-z
Tone Druglitrø

By the mid-1960s, nonhuman primates had become key experimental organisms for vaccine development and testing, and was seen by many scientists as important for the future success of this field as well as other biomedical undertakings. A major hindrance to expanding the use of nonhuman primates was the dependency on wild-captured animals. In addition to unreliable access and poor animal health, procurement of wild primates involved the circulation of infectious diseases and thus also public health hazards. This paper traces how the World Health Organization (WHO) became involved in the issue of primate supply, and shows how by the late 1960s concerns for vaccine development and the conservation of wildlife began to converge. How did the WHO navigate public health and animal health? What characterized the response and with what implications for humans and animals? The paper explores how technical standards of care were central to managing the conflicting concerns of animal and human health, biological standardization, and conservation. While the WHO's main aim was to prevent public health risks, I argue that imposing new standards of care implied establishing new hierarchies of humans and animals, and cultures of care.

到20世纪60年代中期,非人类灵长类动物已成为疫苗开发和测试的关键实验生物,许多科学家认为这对该领域以及其他生物医学事业的未来成功至关重要。扩大非人类灵长类动物使用的一个主要障碍是对野生捕获动物的依赖。除了获取途径不可靠和动物健康状况不佳外,采购野生灵长类动物还涉及传染病的传播,从而也危害公共健康。本文追溯了世界卫生组织(世界卫生组织)是如何参与灵长类动物供应问题的,并展示了到20世纪60年代末,对疫苗开发和野生动物保护的关注是如何开始趋同的。世界卫生组织是如何驾驭公共卫生和动物卫生的?反应的特点是什么?对人类和动物有什么影响?本文探讨了技术护理标准如何在管理动物和人类健康、生物标准化和保护等相互矛盾的问题方面发挥核心作用。虽然世界卫生组织的主要目标是预防公共卫生风险,但我认为,实施新的护理标准意味着建立新的人类和动物等级制度以及护理文化。
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引用次数: 0
Nathan Crowe, Forgotten Clones: The Birth of Cloning and the Biological Revolution, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2021, ISBN: 9780822946274, 299 pp. Nathan Crowe,《被遗忘的克隆人:克隆的诞生与生物革命》,匹兹堡:匹兹堡大学出版社,2021年,ISBN:9780822946274,299页。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.1007/s10739-023-09740-w
Gregory Radick
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引用次数: 0
Luke Keogh, The Wardian Case: How a Simple Box Moved Plants and Changed the World, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN: 9780226713618, 288 pp. 卢克·基奥,《典狱长案:一个简单的盒子如何移动植物并改变世界》,芝加哥:芝加哥大学出版社,ISBN:97802267136182088页。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.1007/s10739-023-09736-6
Jim Endersby
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引用次数: 0
Rob Boddice, Humane Professions: The Defence of Experimental Medicine, 1876-1914, Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2021, ISBN: 9781108490092, 204 pp. Rob Boddice,《人道职业:实验医学的辩护,1876-1914》,英国剑桥:剑桥大学出版社,2021,ISBN: 9781108490092, 204页。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-08-09 DOI: 10.1007/s10739-023-09728-6
Shira Schmuely
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引用次数: 0
Laura J. Martin, Wild by Design: The Rise of Ecological Restoration Cambridge, USA: Harvard University Press, 2022, ISBN: 9780674979420, 336 pp. 劳拉·j·马丁,《野性的设计:生态恢复的兴起》,美国剑桥:哈佛大学出版社,2022,ISBN: 9780674979420, 336页。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10739-023-09729-5
Christine Keiner
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引用次数: 0
Correction: Rob Boddice, Humane Professions: The Defence of Experimental Medicine, 1876–1914, Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2021, ISBN: 9781108490092, 204 pp 更正:Rob Boddice,《人道主义专业:实验医学的辩护》,1876–1914,英国剑桥:剑桥大学出版社,2021年,ISBN:978110849009204页
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10739-023-09732-w
Shira Shmuely
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引用次数: 0
The Relationship Between George Evelyn Hutchinson and Vladimir Ivanovic Vernadsky: Roots and Consequences of a Biogeochemical Approach. George Evelyn Hutchinson和Vladimir Ivanovic Vernadsky之间的关系:生物地球化学方法的根源和后果。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10739-023-09717-9
Pier Luigi Pireddu

Focusing on the relationship between two important scientists in the development of ecological thought during the first half of the twentieth century, this paper argues that Yale limnologist G. E. Hutchinson's adoption of the biogeochemical approach in the late 1930s builds on the 1920s work of the Russian scientist V. I. Vernadsky. An analysis of Hutchinson's scientific publications shows that he first referred to Vernadsky in 1940, on two different occasions. This article analyzes the dynamics of Hutchinson's formulation of the biogeochemical approach, providing historical context and linking its early application to the existing limnological tradition.

本文以二十世纪上半叶生态学思想发展中两位重要科学家之间的关系为中心,认为耶鲁大学湖沼学家G.E.Hutchinson在20世纪30年代末采用生物地球化学方法是建立在俄罗斯科学家V.I.Vernadsky在20世纪20年代的工作基础上的。对哈钦森科学出版物的分析表明,他于1940年在两个不同的场合首次提到维尔纳德斯基。本文分析了哈钦森提出的生物地球化学方法的动力学,提供了历史背景,并将其早期应用与现有的湖沼学传统联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
The Shelf Life of Skulls: Anthropology and 'race' in the Vrolik Craniological Collection. 头骨的保质期:Vrolik头骨收藏中的人类学和“种族”。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10739-023-09716-w
Laurens de Rooy

The Vrolik ethnographical collection consisted of roughly 300 skulls, mummified heads, skeletons, pelvises, wet-preserved preparations, and plaster models, collected by Gerard Vrolik (1775-1859) and his son Willem (1801-1863). Most prominent in this collection were the skulls, of which 177 remain in the collection of present-day Museum Vrolik. These skulls-a troubling heritage of colonialism and scientific racism-are the central subjects of this paper, which considers the changing meanings and values of these skulls for racial science over approximately 160 years, between ± 1800 and 1960. These shifting meanings are analysed using the skulls themselves as primary sources, including the labels, numbers and handwriting present on them or their stands. Central topics addressed will be matters of classification, hierarchy, scientific bias, and disciplinary development of racial anthropology from the study and collection of idealized national types to a quantitative craniometry of populations. This paper demonstrates that during 160 years of study of this same set of crania, the skulls of white European origin gradually lost racial relevance and were increasingly normalized, whereas the skulls of dark-skinned people of African descent continued to be categorized in a typological racial scheme and as such were increasingly othered.

Vrolik民族志收藏由Gerard Vrolik(1775-1859)和他的儿子Willem(1801-1863)收集的大约300个头骨、木乃伊头、骨骼、骨盆、湿保存的制剂和石膏模型组成。这批藏品中最突出的是头骨,其中177个仍保留在今天的Vrolik博物馆的藏品中。这些头骨——殖民主义和科学种族主义的令人不安的遗产——是本文的中心主题,它考虑了这些头骨在大约160年的时间里对种族科学的意义和价值的变化,在± 1800年和1960年。这些变化的含义是以头骨本身为主要来源进行分析的,包括头骨或其支架上的标签、数字和笔迹。所讨论的中心主题将是种族人类学的分类、等级、科学偏见和学科发展问题,从理想化的民族类型的研究和收集到人口的定量颅骨测量。这篇论文表明,在对同一组头骨进行160年的研究期间,欧洲白人血统的头骨逐渐失去了种族相关性,并越来越正常化,而非洲裔深色皮肤人的头骨继续被归类为一个类型学种族方案,因此越来越不同。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond the Instinct Debate: Daniel Lehrman's Contributions to Animal Behavior Studies. 超越本能辩论:丹尼尔·莱曼对动物行为研究的贡献。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10739-023-09706-y
Marga Vicedo

This paper examines the contributions of Daniel S. Lehrman (1919-1972) to animal behavior studies. Though widely cited as a critic of the early ethological program presented by Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen, other significant aspects of Lehrman's career and research have not received historical attention. In this paper, I offer a fuller account of Lehrman's work by situating his debate with ethologists within the larger context of Lehrman's early scholarly development under G. K. Noble and T. C. Schneirla, by examining his scientific research on the ring-dove as well as his epistemological views about the best way to understand animal behaviour, and by presenting his leadership in institution and network-building of interdisciplinary approaches to animal behavior. This essay highlights Lehrman's impact on the evolution of ethology, endocrinology, and developmental biology.

本文考察了Daniel S.Lehrman(1919-1972)对动物行为研究的贡献。尽管被广泛引用为Konrad Lorenz和Niko Tinbergen提出的早期行为学计划的批评者,但莱曼职业生涯和研究的其他重要方面并没有受到历史的关注。在这篇论文中,我通过将他与行为学家的辩论置于莱曼在G.K.Noble和T.C.Schneirla领导下的早期学术发展的大背景下,通过考察他对环鸽的科学研究以及他关于理解动物行为的最佳方式的认识论观点,并通过展示他在动物行为跨学科方法的机构和网络建设方面的领导作用。这篇文章强调了莱曼对行为学、内分泌学和发育生物学进化的影响。
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引用次数: 1
The Russian Backdrop to Dobzhansky's Genetics and the Origin of Species. 多布赞斯基遗传学和物种起源的俄罗斯背景。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10739-023-09709-9
Mikhail B Konashev

Theodosius Dobzhansky was one of the principal 'founding fathers' of the modern 'synthetic theory of evolution' and the 'biological species' concept, first set forth in his classic book, Genetics and the Origin of Species (1937). Much of the discussion of Dobzhansky's work by historians has focused on English-accessible sources, and has emphasized the roles of the Morgan School, and figures such as Sewall Wright, and Leslie C. Dunn. This article uses Dobzhansky's Russian articles that are unknown to English-speaking readers, and his late 1920s to early 1930s correspondence with colleagues and friends in the Soviet Union, to clarify some of the Russian influences on Dobzhansky's evolving evolutionary views, particularly the development of his views on species and speciation. For Dobzhansky, as for Darwin, the problem of species and speciation was crucial for his theoretical explanation of evolution.

Theodosius Dobzhansky是现代“进化综合理论”和“生物物种”概念的主要“创始人”之一,该概念首次在他的经典著作《遗传学与物种起源》(1937)中提出。历史学家对多布赞斯基作品的大部分讨论都集中在英语可获取的来源上,并强调了摩根学派以及塞沃尔·赖特和莱斯利·邓恩等人物的作用。本文利用英语读者不知道的多布赞斯基的俄语文章,以及他在20世纪20年代末至30年代初与苏联同事和朋友的通信,阐明了俄罗斯对多布赞夫斯基进化观的一些影响,特别是他对物种和物种形成观的发展。对于多布赞斯基和达尔文来说,物种和物种形成问题对于他对进化的理论解释至关重要。
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Journal of the History of Biology
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