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Magnetic Seizure Therapy for Unipolar and Bipolar Depression: A Systematic Review. 磁发作治疗单极和双相抑郁症:系统综述。
IF 3.1 4区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2015-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-05-13 DOI: 10.1155/2015/521398
Eric Cretaz, André R Brunoni, Beny Lafer

Unlabelled: Objective. Magnetic seizure therapy (MST) is a novel, experimental therapeutic intervention, which combines therapeutic aspects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and transcranial magnetic stimulation, in order to achieve the efficacy of the former with the safety of the latter. MST might prove to be a valuable tool in the treatment of mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder. Our aim is to review current literature on MST. Methods. OVID and MEDLINE databases were used to systematically search for clinical studies on MST. The terms "magnetic seizure therapy," "depression," and "bipolar" were employed. Results. Out of 74 studies, 8 met eligibility criteria. There was considerable variability in the methods employed and samples sizes were small, limiting the generalization of the results. All studies focused on depressive episodes, but few included patients with bipolar disorder. The studies found reported significant antidepressant effects, with remission rates ranging from 30% to 40%. No significant cognitive side effects related to MST were found, with a better cognitive profile when compared to ECT.

Conclusion: MST was effective in reducing depressive symptoms in mood disorders, with generally less side effects than ECT. No study focused on comparing MST to ECT on bipolar depression specifically.

未标记的:目的。磁癫痫治疗(MST)是一种新型的实验性治疗干预手段,它将电痉挛治疗(ECT)和经颅磁刺激治疗结合起来,以达到电痉挛治疗的疗效和经颅磁刺激治疗的安全性。MST可能被证明是治疗情绪障碍的一个有价值的工具,如重度抑郁症(MDD)和双相情感障碍。我们的目的是回顾当前关于MST的文献。方法。使用OVID和MEDLINE数据库系统检索MST的临床研究。使用了“磁疗”、“抑郁症”和“躁郁症”等术语。结果。在74项研究中,有8项符合资格标准。所采用的方法存在相当大的可变性,样本量较小,限制了结果的推广。所有的研究都集中在抑郁发作,但很少包括双相情感障碍患者。这些研究发现了显著的抗抑郁效果,缓解率从30%到40%不等。没有发现与MST相关的显著认知副作用,与ECT相比,MST具有更好的认知特征。结论:MST能有效减轻情绪障碍患者的抑郁症状,且副作用一般小于ECT。目前还没有专门比较MST和ECT治疗双相抑郁症的研究。
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引用次数: 62
Social Experience-Dependent Myelination: An Implication for Psychiatric Disorders. 社会经验依赖髓鞘形成:对精神疾病的影响。
IF 3.1 4区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2015-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-05-19 DOI: 10.1155/2015/465345
Michihiro Toritsuka, Manabu Makinodan, Toshifumi Kishimoto

Myelination is one of the strategies to promote the conduction velocity of axons in order to adjust to evolving environment in vertebrates. It has been shown that myelin formation depends on genetic programing and experience, including multiple factors, intracellular and extracellular molecules, and neuronal activities. Recently, accumulating studies have shown that myelination in the central nervous system changes more dynamically in response to neuronal activities and experience than expected. Among experiences, social experience-dependent myelination draws attention as one of the critical pathobiologies of psychiatric disorders. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of neuronal activity-dependent and social experience-dependent myelination and discuss the contribution of social experience-dependent myelination to the pathology of psychiatric disorders.

髓鞘形成是脊椎动物促进轴突传导速度以适应进化环境的策略之一。研究表明,髓磷脂的形成取决于遗传程序和经验,包括多种因素,细胞内和细胞外分子,以及神经元活动。近年来,越来越多的研究表明,中枢神经系统的髓鞘形成对神经元活动和经验的反应比预期的更动态。在经验中,社会经验依赖型髓鞘形成是精神疾病的重要病理机制之一。本文综述了神经元活动依赖型和社会经验依赖型髓鞘形成的机制,并讨论了社会经验依赖型髓鞘形成在精神疾病病理中的作用。
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引用次数: 21
Cortical Excitability Measured with nTMS and MEG during Stroke Recovery. 脑卒中恢复期脑皮层兴奋性的nTMS和MEG测量。
IF 3.1 4区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2015-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-09-27 DOI: 10.1155/2015/309546
Jyrki P Mäkelä, Pantelis Lioumis, Kristina Laaksonen, Nina Forss, Turgut Tatlisumak, Markku Kaste, Satu Mustanoja

Objective: Stroke alters cortical excitability both in the lesioned and in the nonlesioned hemisphere. Stroke recovery has been studied using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Spontaneous brain oscillations and somatosensory evoked fields (SEFs) measured by magnetoencephalography (MEG) are modified in stroke patients during recovery.

Methods: We recorded SEFs and spontaneous MEG activity and motor threshold (MT) short intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) with navigated TMS (nTMS) at one and three months after first-ever hemispheric ischemic strokes. Changes of MEG and nTMS parameters attributed to gamma-aminobutyrate and glutamate transmission were compared.

Results: ICF correlated with the strength and extent of SEF source areas depicted by MEG at three months. The nTMS MT and event-related desynchronization (ERD) of beta-band MEG activity and SICI and the beta-band MEG event-related synchronization (ERS) were correlated, but less strongly.

Conclusions: This first report using sequential nTMS and MEG in stroke recovery found intra- and interhemispheric correlations of nTMS and MEG estimates of cortical excitability. ICF and SEF parameters, MT and the ERD of the lesioned hemisphere, and SICI and ERS of the nonlesioned hemisphere were correlated. Covarying excitability in the lesioned and nonlesioned hemispheres emphasizes the importance of the hemispheric balance of the excitability of the sensorimotor system.

目的:卒中改变脑损伤半球和非损伤半球的皮质兴奋性。脑卒中恢复的研究采用经颅磁刺激(TMS)。脑磁图(MEG)测量的自发性脑振荡和体感诱发场(SEFs)在脑卒中患者恢复期间进行了修改。方法:在首次半球缺血性中风后1个月和3个月,我们使用导航TMS (nTMS)记录了sef和自发MEG活动以及运动阈值(MT)短时间皮质内抑制(SICI)和皮质内促进(ICF)。比较γ -氨基丁酸盐和谷氨酸盐传递引起的MEG和nTMS参数的变化。结果:ICF与3个月时MEG所描绘的SEF源区的强度和范围相关。nTMS MT与β带MEG活动的事件相关不同步(ERD)、SICI与β带MEG事件相关同步(ERS)相关,但相关性较弱。结论:这是首个使用连续nTMS和MEG进行卒中恢复的报告,发现nTMS和MEG对皮层兴奋性的估计在半球内和半球间存在相关性。病变半球的ICF和SEF参数、MT和ERD以及未病变半球的SICI和ERS具有相关性。病变半球和非病变半球的共变兴奋性强调了感觉运动系统兴奋性半球平衡的重要性。
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引用次数: 15
Correlation between Peripheral Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Hippocampal Volume in Children and Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder. 儿童和青少年双相情感障碍患者外周脑源性神经营养因子水平与海马体积的相关性
IF 3.1 4区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2015-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-05-13 DOI: 10.1155/2015/324825
Tatiana Lauxen Peruzzolo, Mauricio Anes, Andre de Moura Kohmann, Ana Claudia Mércio Loredo Souza, Ramiro Borges Rodrigues, Juliana Basso Brun, Roberta Peters, Bianca Wollenhaupt de Aguiar, Flavio Kapczinski, Silzá Tramontina, Luis Augusto Paim Rohde, Cristian Patrick Zeni

Pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) is a serious mental disorder that affects the development and emotional growth of affected patients. The brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is recognized as one of the possible markers of the framework and its evolution. Abnormalities in BDNF signaling in the hippocampus could explain the cognitive decline seen in patients with TB. Our aim with this study was to evaluate possible changes in hippocampal volume in children and adolescents with BD and associate them to serum BDNF. Subjects included 30 patients aged seven to seventeen years from the ProCAB (Program for Children and Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder). We observed mean right and left hippocampal volumes of 41910.55 and 41747.96 mm(3), respectively. No statistically significant correlations between peripheral BDNF levels and hippocampal volumes were found. We believe that the lack of correlation observed in this study is due to the short time of evolution of BD in children and adolescents. Besides studies with larger sample sizes to confirm the present findings and longitudinal assessments, addressing brain development versus a control group and including drug-naive patients in different mood states may help clarify the role of BDNF in the brain changes consequent upon BD.

儿童双相情感障碍(PBD)是一种严重的精神障碍,影响患者的发育和情感成长。脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)被认为是该框架及其进化的可能标志之一。海马体中BDNF信号的异常可以解释结核病患者的认知能力下降。我们这项研究的目的是评估儿童和青少年双相障碍患者海马体积的可能变化,并将其与血清BDNF联系起来。研究对象包括30名来自ProCAB(儿童和青少年双相情感障碍项目)的7至17岁的患者。我们观察到左右海马平均体积分别为41910.55和41747.96 mm(3)。外周BDNF水平与海马体积之间无统计学意义的相关性。我们认为,本研究中观察到的相关性不足是由于儿童和青少年双相障碍的进化时间较短。除了更大样本量的研究来证实目前的发现和纵向评估之外,研究大脑发育与对照组的对比,包括不同情绪状态的未用药患者,可能有助于阐明BDNF在双相障碍后大脑变化中的作用。
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引用次数: 7
The Use of Cannabis as a Predictor of Early Onset of Bipolar Disorder and Suicide Attempts. 使用大麻作为早发双相情感障碍和自杀企图的预测因子。
IF 3.1 4区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2015-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-05-13 DOI: 10.1155/2015/434127
Rafaela Torres Portugal Leite, Sarah de Oliveira Nogueira, João Paulo Rodrigues do Nascimento, Laisa Soares de Lima, Taís Bastos da Nóbrega, Mariana da Silva Virgínio, Lucas Monte da Costa Moreno, Bruno Henrique Barbosa Sampaio, Fábio Gomes de Matos E Souza

Introduction. Bipolar disorder (BD) implies risk of suicide. The age at onset (AAO) of BD carries prognostic significance. Substance abuse may precede the onset of BD and cannabis is the most common illicit drug used. The main goal of this study is to review the association of cannabis use as a risk factor for early onset of BD and for suicide attempts. Materials and Methods. PubMed database was searched for articles using key words "bipolar disorder," "suicide attempts," "cannabis," "marijuana," "early age at onset," and "early onset." Results. The following percentages in bipolar patients were found: suicide attempts 3.6-42%; suicide attempts and substance use 5-60%; suicide attempts and cannabis use 15-42%. An early AAO was associated with cannabis misuse. The mean age of the first manic episode in individuals with and without BD and cannabis use disorder (CUD) was 19.5 and 25.1 years, respectively. The first depressive episode was at 18.5 and 24.4 years, respectively. Individuals misusing cannabis showed increased risk of suicide. Discussion. Cannabis use is associated with increased risk of suicide attempts and with early AAO. However, the effect of cannabis at the AAO and suicide attempts is not clear.

介绍。双相情感障碍(BD)意味着自杀的风险。发病年龄(AAO)对BD的预后具有重要意义。药物滥用可能先于双相障碍发作,大麻是最常用的非法药物。本研究的主要目的是回顾大麻使用作为早发性双相障碍和自杀企图的危险因素之间的关系。材料与方法。在PubMed数据库中搜索关键词为“双相情感障碍”、“自杀未遂”、“大麻”、“早期发病”和“早期发病”的文章。结果。双相情感障碍患者的自杀企图比例为:3.6-42%;自杀企图和药物使用5-60%;自杀未遂和吸食大麻15-42%。早期的AAO与大麻滥用有关。有和没有BD和大麻使用障碍(CUD)的个体首次躁狂发作的平均年龄分别为19.5岁和25.1岁。第一次抑郁发作分别在18.5岁和24.4岁。滥用大麻的人自杀的风险增加。讨论。大麻的使用与自杀企图和早期AAO的风险增加有关。然而,大麻对AAO和自杀企图的影响尚不清楚。
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引用次数: 34
Plasticity of GABAA Receptors during Pregnancy and Postpartum Period: From Gene to Function. GABAA受体在孕期和产后的可塑性:从基因到功能。
IF 3.1 4区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2015-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-08-30 DOI: 10.1155/2015/170435
Valentina Licheri, Giuseppe Talani, Ashish A Gorule, Maria Cristina Mostallino, Giovanni Biggio, Enrico Sanna

Pregnancy needs complex pathways that together play a role in proper growth and protection of the fetus preventing its premature loss. Changes during pregnancy and postpartum period include the manifold machinery of neuroactive steroids that plays a crucial role in neuronal excitability by local modulation of specific inhibitory receptors: the GABAA receptors. Marked fluctuations in both blood and brain concentration of neuroactive steroids strongly contribute to GABAA receptor function and plasticity. In this review, we listed several interesting results regarding the regulation and plasticity of GABAA receptor function during pregnancy and postpartum period in rats. The increase in brain levels of neuroactive steroids during pregnancy and their sudden decrease immediately before delivery are causally related to changes in the expression/function of specific GABAA receptor subunits in the hippocampus. These data suggest that alterations in GABAA receptor expression and function may be related to neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with crucial periods in women. These findings could help to provide potential new treatments for these women's disabling syndromes.

怀孕需要复杂的途径,共同发挥作用的正常生长和胎儿的保护,防止其过早丢失。妊娠和产后期间的变化包括神经活性类固醇的多种机制,这些机制通过局部调节特异性抑制性受体(GABAA受体)在神经元兴奋性中起关键作用。血液和大脑中神经活性类固醇浓度的显著波动对GABAA受体的功能和可塑性有重要影响。本文就GABAA受体在妊娠和产后的调节和可塑性方面的研究进展进行综述。怀孕期间脑内神经活性类固醇水平的升高和分娩前的突然下降与海马中特异性GABAA受体亚基的表达/功能变化有因果关系。这些数据表明,GABAA受体表达和功能的改变可能与女性关键时期相关的神经和精神疾病有关。这些发现可能有助于为这些女性的致残综合征提供潜在的新治疗方法。
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引用次数: 21
PKA Inhibitor H89 (N-[2-p-bromocinnamylamino-ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide) Attenuates Synaptic Dysfunction and Neuronal Cell Death following Ischemic Injury. PKA抑制剂H89 (N-[2-对溴肉桂胺-乙基]-5-异喹啉磺酰胺)减轻缺血性损伤后突触功能障碍和神经元细胞死亡。
IF 3.1 4区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2015-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-09-13 DOI: 10.1155/2015/374520
Juhyun Song, So Yeong Cheon, Won Taek Lee, Kyung Ah Park, Jong Eun Lee

The cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), which activates prosurvival signaling proteins, has been implicated in the expression of long-term potentiation and hippocampal long-term memory. It has come to light that H89 commonly known as the PKA inhibitor have diverse roles in the nervous system that are unrelated to its role as a PKA inhibitor. We have investigated the role of H89 in ischemic and reperfusion injury. First, we examined the expression of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), and synaptophysin in mouse brain after middle cerebral artery occlusion injury. Next, we examined the role of H89 pretreatment on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), PSD95, MAP2, and the apoptosis regulators Bcl2 and cleaved caspase-3 in cultured neuroblastoma cells exposed to hypoxia and reperfusion injury. In addition, we investigated the alteration of AKT activation in H89 pretreated neuroblastoma cells under hypoxia and reperfusion injury. The data suggest that H89 may contribute to brain recovery after ischemic stroke by regulating neuronal death and proteins related to synaptic plasticity.

环amp依赖性蛋白激酶(PKA)激活促生存信号蛋白,与海马长期增强和长期记忆的表达有关。人们发现,通常被称为PKA抑制剂的H89在神经系统中具有多种与PKA抑制剂无关的作用。我们研究了H89在缺血和再灌注损伤中的作用。首先,我们检测了小鼠大脑中动脉闭塞损伤后突触后密度蛋白95 (PSD95)、微管相关蛋白2 (MAP2)和突触素的表达。接下来,我们在缺氧和再灌注损伤的培养神经母细胞瘤细胞中检测了H89预处理对脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、PSD95、MAP2以及凋亡调节因子Bcl2和cleaved caspase-3表达的作用。此外,我们还研究了缺氧和再灌注损伤下H89预处理神经母细胞瘤细胞中AKT活化的变化。这些数据表明,H89可能通过调节神经元死亡和突触可塑性相关蛋白来促进缺血性脑卒中后的脑恢复。
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引用次数: 24
Neural Plasticity in Multiple Sclerosis: The Functional and Molecular Background. 多发性硬化症的神经可塑性:功能和分子背景。
IF 3.1 4区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2015-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-07-02 DOI: 10.1155/2015/307175
Dominika Justyna Ksiazek-Winiarek, Piotr Szpakowski, Andrzej Glabinski

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disorder resulting in motor dysfunction and cognitive decline. The inflammatory and neurodegenerative changes seen in the brains of MS patients lead to progressive disability and increasing brain atrophy. The most common type of MS is characterized by episodes of clinical exacerbations and remissions. This suggests the presence of compensating mechanisms for accumulating damage. Apart from the widely known repair mechanisms like remyelination, another important phenomenon is neuronal plasticity. Initially, neuroplasticity was connected with the developmental stages of life; however, there is now growing evidence confirming that structural and functional reorganization occurs throughout our lifetime. Several functional studies, utilizing such techniques as fMRI, TBS, or MRS, have provided valuable data about the presence of neuronal plasticity in MS patients. CNS ability to compensate for neuronal damage is most evident in RR-MS; however it has been shown that brain plasticity is also preserved in patients with substantial brain damage. Regardless of the numerous studies, the molecular background of neuronal plasticity in MS is still not well understood. Several factors, like IL-1β, BDNF, PDGF, or CB1Rs, have been implicated in functional recovery from the acute phase of MS and are thus considered as potential therapeutic targets.

多发性硬化症是一种自身免疫性神经退行性疾病,导致运动功能障碍和认知能力下降。多发性硬化症患者大脑中的炎症和神经退行性变化导致进行性残疾和脑萎缩加剧。最常见的多发性硬化症类型的特点是发作的临床恶化和缓解。这表明存在累积损害的补偿机制。除了众所周知的修复机制,如髓鞘再生,另一个重要的现象是神经元可塑性。最初,神经可塑性与生命的发育阶段有关;然而,现在有越来越多的证据证实,结构和功能重组发生在我们的一生中。一些功能研究,利用诸如fMRI、TBS或MRS等技术,已经提供了关于多发性硬化症患者神经元可塑性存在的有价值的数据。中枢神经系统对神经元损伤的补偿能力在RR-MS中最为明显;然而,研究表明,在脑损伤严重的患者中,大脑的可塑性也得到了保留。尽管有大量的研究,但MS中神经元可塑性的分子背景仍未得到很好的理解。一些因子,如IL-1β、BDNF、PDGF或CB1Rs,与MS急性期的功能恢复有关,因此被认为是潜在的治疗靶点。
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引用次数: 59
Neural Plasticity of Mild Tinnitus: An fMRI Investigation Comparing Those Recently Diagnosed with Tinnitus to Those That Had Tinnitus for a Long Period of Time. 轻度耳鸣的神经可塑性:比较新近诊断为耳鸣与长期耳鸣患者的fMRI研究。
IF 3.1 4区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2015-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-07-13 DOI: 10.1155/2015/161478
Jake R Carpenter-Thompson, Sara A Schmidt, Fatima T Husain

Objectives. The aim of the study was to compare differences in neural correlates of tinnitus in adults with recent onset and others who had the disorder for longer than a year. Design. A total of 25 individuals with tinnitus were divided into groups based on the amount of time for which they had experienced tinnitus: <1 year (RTIN) or >1 year (LTIN). Subjects underwent an fMRI scan while listening to affective sounds from the International Affective Digital Sounds database. Resting state functional connectivity data were also collected. Results. The RTIN group recruited the posterior cingulate and insula to a greater extent than the LTIN group when processing affective sounds. In addition, we found that the LTIN group engaged more frontal regions when listening to the stimuli compared to the RTIN group. Lastly, we found increased correlations between the default mode network and the precuneus in RTIN patients compared to LTIN at rest. Conclusion. Our results suggest that the posterior cingulate and insula may be associated with an early emotional reaction to tinnitus in both task and resting states. Over time, tinnitus patients may recruit more frontal regions to better control their emotional response and exhibit altered connectivity in the default mode network.

目标。这项研究的目的是比较新近发病的成年人和患有耳鸣一年以上的人耳鸣神经相关因素的差异。设计。共有25名耳鸣患者根据他们经历耳鸣的时间长短分为几组:1年(LTIN)。受试者在听国际情感数字声音数据库中的情感声音时进行了功能磁共振成像扫描。静息状态功能连接数据也被收集。结果。在处理情感声音时,RTIN组比LTIN组更大程度地调动了后扣带和脑岛。此外,我们发现与RTIN组相比,LTIN组在听刺激时参与更多的额叶区域。最后,我们发现与休息时的LTIN相比,RTIN患者的默认模式网络和楔前叶之间的相关性增加。结论。我们的研究结果表明,在任务和休息状态下,后扣带和脑岛可能与耳鸣的早期情绪反应有关。随着时间的推移,耳鸣患者可能需要更多的额叶区域来更好地控制他们的情绪反应,并在默认模式网络中表现出改变的连通性。
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引用次数: 38
Poststroke Cell Therapy of the Aged Brain. 老年脑卒中后细胞治疗。
IF 3.1 4区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2015-01-01 Epub Date: 2015-08-11 DOI: 10.1155/2015/839638
Aurel Popa-Wagner, Madalina Filfan, Adriana Uzoni, Pouya Pourgolafshan, Ana-Maria Buga

During aging, many neurodegenerative disorders are associated with reduced neurogenesis and a decline in the proliferation of stem/progenitor cells. The development of the stem cell (SC), the regenerative therapy field, gained tremendous expectations in the diseases that suffer from the lack of treatment options. Stem cell based therapy is a promising approach to promote neuroregeneration after brain injury and can be potentiated when combined with supportive pharmacological drug treatment, especially in the aged. However, the mechanism of action for a particular grafted cell type, the optimal delivery route, doses, or time window of administration after lesion is still under debate. Today, it is proved that these protections are most likely due to modulatory mechanisms rather than the expected cell replacement. Our group proved that important differences appear in the aged brain compared with young one, that is, the accelerated progression of ischemic area, or the delayed initiation of neurological recovery. In this light, these age-related aspects should be carefully evaluated in the clinical translation of neurorestorative therapies. This review is focused on the current perspectives and suitable sources of stem cells (SCs), mechanisms of action, and the most efficient delivery routes in neurorestoration therapies in the poststroke aged environment.

在衰老过程中,许多神经退行性疾病与神经发生减少和干细胞/祖细胞增殖下降有关。干细胞(SC)作为再生治疗领域的发展,为缺乏治疗选择的疾病带来了巨大的希望。干细胞治疗是促进脑损伤后神经再生的一种很有前途的方法,当与支持性药物治疗相结合时,可以增强,特别是在老年人中。然而,对于特定移植细胞类型的作用机制、最佳递送途径、剂量或病变后给药时间窗仍存在争议。今天,事实证明,这些保护最有可能是由于调节机制,而不是预期的细胞替换。我们小组证明,老年大脑与年轻大脑相比出现了重要的差异,即缺血区域的加速进展,或者神经系统恢复的开始延迟。在这种情况下,这些与年龄相关的方面应该在神经修复疗法的临床翻译中仔细评估。本文综述了目前的观点和干细胞的合适来源,作用机制,以及在脑卒中后老年环境中神经修复治疗的最有效的递送途径。
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引用次数: 17
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