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Absence of syntactic passive in creoles: Evidence from French-based Mauritian Creole 克里奥尔语中不存在句法被动:以法语为基础的毛里求斯克里奥尔语的证据
Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.1017/cnj.2024.13
Anand Syea
This article examines passive-type constructions in Mauritian Creole, arguing that they are topic, not passive constructions. I claim that their initial argument (the displaced object) occupies the specifier position of a Topic Phrase, not the structural subject position. This proposal is motivated by the fact that nothing at the surface identifies the displaced object as a grammatical subject, except its position relative to an auxiliary or verb. The topic analysis is supported by both semantic restrictions relating to specificity and animacy and syntactic restrictions relating to distribution (word order) and coordination. It is also supported by the fact that these same restrictions do not apply in unaccusatives, a structurally similar type of construction. The important contribution of this article is that passive-type constructions in Mauritian Creole are ‘apparent’ rather ‘real’ passives, with the wider implication being that creoles, like many languages, do not use canonical passives to express passive meaning.
本文研究了毛里求斯克里奥尔语中的被动型结构,认为它们是主题结构,而非被动结构。我认为,它们的初始论点(移位宾语)占据了主题句的指明位置,而不是结构主语位置。提出这一观点的原因是,除了相对于助词或动词的位置外,没有任何东西能在表面上把移位宾语确定为语法主语。与特定性和生动性有关的语义限制以及与分布(词序)和协调有关的句法限制都支持主题分析。支持这一分析的另一个事实是,这些限制并不适用于结构上类似的非指称结构。本文的重要贡献在于,毛里求斯克里奥尔语中的被动型结构是 "表面的 "而非 "真正的 "被动,其更广泛的含义是,克里奥尔语和许多语言一样,不使用规范的被动语态来表达被动意义。
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引用次数: 0
The relative clause resisting unification 抵制统一的相对句
Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1017/cnj.2024.12
Tong Wu, Haiping Long
Cinque (2020) presents a unified theory positing that various types of relative clauses (RCs) originate from a single, double-headed universal structure via raising or matching. The Frame Noun-Modifying Clause (FRC) as described and analyzed by Matsumoto et al. (2017a, 2017b) presents a significant challenge to Cinque's framework, as it does not conform to any of Cinque's identified RC types, which include amount RCs, kind(-defining) RCs, restrictive RCs and non-restrictive RCs. The FRC eludes derivation via the proposed matching or raising mechanisms. Determining the semantic link between the head noun and the FRC, as well as its external merger position, remains elusive. One might suggest that inserting additional material into the FRC, which incorporates a plausible internal head, could clarify their connection. This approach falls short of providing a systematic and coherent syntactic criterion, relying instead on semantic intuition that lacks operational reliability.
Cinque(2020)提出了一个统一的理论,认为各种类型的相对从句(RC)通过提升或匹配的方式源自一个单一的双头通用结构。松本等人(2017a,2017b)所描述和分析的框架名词修饰语(FRC)对 Cinque 的框架提出了重大挑战,因为它不符合 Cinque 所确定的任何 RC 类型,其中包括数量 RC、种类(定义)RC、限制性 RC 和非限制性 RC。FRC 无法通过建议的匹配或提升机制进行推导。确定头部名词和 FRC 之间的语义联系及其外部合并位置仍是一个难题。有人可能会认为,在 FRC 中插入额外的材料(其中包含一个似是而非的内部词头)可以澄清它们之间的联系。这种方法并不能提供一个系统而连贯的句法标准,而是依赖于缺乏操作可靠性的语义直觉。
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引用次数: 0
Partial Wh-Movement in Indonesian, Criterial Freezing, and Sub-Extraction 印度尼西亚语中的部分 Wh-Movement、Criterial Freezing 和 Sub-Extraction
Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1017/cnj.2024.8
Yosuke Sato
This paper develops a new analysis of partial wh-movement in Indonesian, a construction which raises seemingly challenging problems for criterial freezing. It is proposed that partially-moving wh-phrases in Indonesian are structured as focused expressions properly containing a wh-interrogative phrase. It is argued that the derivation of partial wh-movement in Indonesian involves sub-extraction, or movement out of a moved element, to evade a freezing violation that would otherwise ensue. More specifically, it involves focus movement of the focused XP to the intermediate non-interrogative C-system, followed by sub-extraction of the QP from the XP to the matrix interrogative C-system. The analysis receives independent empirical support from the amelioration of freezing effects observed in focused wh-questions in Japanese.
本文对印尼语中的部分wh-movement进行了新的分析,这种结构给标准冻结带来了看似具有挑战性的问题。本文提出,印尼语中的部分移动wh短语是作为包含一个wh疑问短语的集中表达而构成的。研究认为,印尼语中部分移动wh短语的派生涉及子提取,或移动出被移动的语素,以规避可能出现的违反冻结的情况。更具体地说,它涉及焦点 XP 向中间非祈使 C 系统的焦点移动,然后是 QP 从 XP 向矩阵祈使 C 系统的子提取。在日语的重点 wh-questions 中观察到的冻结效应的改善为这一分析提供了独立的实证支持。
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引用次数: 0
The -eci Syncretism in Korean: Implications for the Theory of v and Voice 韩语中的-eci 同义词:对 v 和 Voice 理论的影响
Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.1017/cnj.2024.9
Hyun Kyoung Jung
This paper investigates the syncretism exhibited by the Korean verbal suffix -eci. In addition to its widely known appearance in the passive construction, -eci can also be used to derive verbs expressing potentiality. In this paper, I show that two independently motivated theoretical tools — (i) the articulated verbal structure with root, verbalizer, and Voice; and (ii) the assumption that morphological identity signifies the morpheme's realization of an identical syntactic head — accurately explain the passive-potential syncretism in Korean. Specifically, I argue that -eci realizes a syntactic head that the passive and potential structures have in common: vGO, the verbalizer marking the eventuality of ‘change’. I attribute the systematic morpho-syntactic and semantic contrasts between passives and potentials to the (non)existence of VoicePASS, the projection introducing an implicit external argument. The analysis successfully captures the properties of the other constructions formed upon -eci — namely, derived change-of-state and lexical inchoative predicates.
本文研究了韩语动词后缀-eci 所表现出的同义性。除了广为人知的被动结构外,-eci 还可用于派生表示潜在性的动词。在本文中,我证明了两个独立的理论工具--(i) 由词根、动词和语音组成的衔接动词结构;(ii) 假设形态同一性意味着词素实现了相同的句法头--可以准确地解释韩语中被动与潜在的同步性。具体来说,我认为-eci 实现了被动结构和潜在结构共同的句法头:vGO,即标记 "变化 "可能性的动词。我将被动语态和潜在语态之间的系统形态-句法和语义对比归因于 VoicePASS 的(非)存在,即引入隐含外部论据的投射。该分析成功地捕捉到了由-eci构成的其他结构的特性,即派生的状态变化和词性不完整谓词。
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引用次数: 0
A Snapshot of Academic Job Placements in Linguistics in the US and Canada 美国和加拿大语言学领域的学术工作岗位概况
Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.1017/cnj.2024.7
Jason D. Haugen, Amy V. Margaris, Sarah E. Calvo
Most people working in the field of linguistics in the US and Canada have an intuitive sense of who the “major players” are among PhD-granting linguistics departments. Our analysis demonstrates that the frequently-perceived hierarchy of linguistics programs is indeed correct. Drawing on publicly available information from Winter/Spring, 2019 on faculty at all PhD-granting linguistics programs across the US and Canada, we use social network and heat map visualizations to demonstrate the existence of an extraordinarily strong and relatively stable hierarchy of programs whose graduates dominate the linguistics academic job market. A secondary finding is that many of the top programs are characterized by gender imbalances. We argue that the top programs’ tremendous influence on the job market as a whole affords these programs the ability – indeed, the responsibility – to take the lead in effecting positive change in the field's hiring patterns more broadly.
在美国和加拿大,大多数语言学领域的从业人员都能直观地感觉到,在授予博士学位的语言学系中,谁是 "主要参与者"。我们的分析表明,人们通常认为的语言学项目的等级制度确实是正确的。根据 2019 年冬/春期间美国和加拿大所有授予博士学位的语言学专业教师的公开信息,我们利用社交网络和热图可视化技术,证明了存在一个异常强大且相对稳定的专业等级体系,其毕业生主导着语言学学术就业市场。另一个发现是,许多顶尖项目都存在性别失衡的问题。我们认为,顶尖项目对整个就业市场的巨大影响力使这些项目有能力--实际上是有责任--在更广泛的领域内率先对招聘模式进行积极改革。
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引用次数: 0
Regular exposure facilitates dual-mapping of Cantonese pronunciation variants 经常接触有助于粤语发音变体的双重映射
Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1017/cnj.2024.3
Rachel Soo, Molly Babel
The multilingual landscape of Canada creates opportunities for many heterogeneous bilingual communities to experience systematic phonetic variation within and across languages and dialects, and exposes listeners to different pronunciation variants. This paper examines phonetic variation through the lens of an ongoing sound change in Cantonese involving word-initial [n] and [l] across two primed lexical decision tasks (Experiment 1: Immediate repetition priming task, Experiment 2: Long-distance repetition priming task). Our main question is: How are sound change pronunciation variants recognized and represented in a Cantonese-English bilingual lexicon? The results of both experiments suggest that [n]- and [l]-initial variants facilitate processing in both short and long-term spoken word recognition. Thus, regular exposure to Cantonese endows bilingual listeners with the perceptual flexibility to dually and gradiently map pronunciation variants to a single lexical representation.
加拿大的多语言环境为许多异质双语社区创造了机会,使他们有机会体验语言和方言内部和之间的系统语音变异,并使听者接触到不同的发音变体。本文从粤语中正在发生的音变(涉及词首[n]和[l])入手,通过两个引物词汇决策任务(实验一:即时重复引物任务;实验二:远距离重复引物任务)研究语音变异。我们的主要问题是:在粤英双语词典中如何识别和表征音变发音变体?这两项实验的结果表明,[n]和[l]开头的变音有助于短期和长期的口语词汇识别。因此,经常接触粤语使双语听者具有知觉灵活性,可以将发音变体双向和渐进地映射到单个词汇表征中。
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引用次数: 0
Classification of English vowels in terms of Cypriot Greek categories: The role of acoustic similarity between L1 and L2 sounds 根据塞浦路斯希腊语类别对英语元音进行分类:L1 和 L2 声音相似性的作用
Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1017/cnj.2024.1
Georgios P. Georgiou
Previous evidence has suggested that acoustic similarity between first language (L1) and second language (L2) sounds is an accurate indicator of the speakers’ L2 classification patterns. This study investigates this assumption by examining how speakers of an under-researched language, namely Cypriot Greek, classify L2 English vowels in terms of their L1 categories. The experimental protocol relied on a perception and a production study. For the purpose of the production study, two linear discriminant analysis (LDA) models, one with both formants and duration (FD) and one with only formants (F) as input, were used to predict this classification; the models included data from both English and Cypriot Greek speakers. The perception study consisted of a classification task performed by adult Cypriot Greek advanced speakers of English who permanently resided in Cyprus. The results demonstrated that acoustic similarity was a relatively good predictor of speakers’ classification patterns as the majority of L2 vowels classified with the highest proportion were predicted with success by the LDA models. In addition, the F model was better than the FD model in predicting the full range of responses. This shows that duration features were less important than formant features for the prediction of L2 vowel classification.
以往的证据表明,第一语言(L1)和第二语言(L2)声音之间的声学相似性是说话者 L2 分类模式的准确指标。本研究通过考察一种研究不足的语言(即塞浦路斯希腊语)的说话者如何根据其第一语言类别对第二语言英语元音进行分类,对这一假设进行了研究。实验方案依赖于感知和发音研究。在发音研究中,使用了两个线性判别分析(LDA)模型来预测这种分类,一个模型的输入包括元音和持续时间(FD),另一个模型的输入只有元音(F)。感知研究包括一项分类任务,由长期居住在塞浦路斯的成年塞浦路斯希腊语高级英语使用者完成。研究结果表明,声学相似性能较好地预测说话者的分类模式,因为 LDA 模型能成功预测出大部分分类比例最高的 L2元音。此外,在预测全部反应方面,F 模型优于 FD 模型。这表明,在预测 L2元音分类时,时长特征的重要性低于声旁特征。
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引用次数: 3
An experimental approach to the reconstruction of the head quantifier phrase in Chinese relative clauses 汉语相对从句中头量词短语重构的实验方法
Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1017/cnj.2024.6
Yunchuan Chen
Aoun and Li (2003) argued that whether the head of Chinese relative clauses can reconstruct at Logical Form is determined by its phrasal category. When the head is a noun phrase, it can reconstruct; but when it is a quantifier phrase, it cannot. This paper uses a sentence-picture matching experiment to investigate this claim. The results showed that a quantifier phrase can reconstruct. Thus, we do not need to stipulate a noun phrase/quantifier phrase distinction for the reconstruction of heads in Chinese relative clauses. Both types of phrases can reconstruct, predicted by the head-raising analysis of relative clauses.
Aoun 和 Li(2003)认为,汉语关系从句的句头能否在逻辑形式上重构是由其词性决定的。当句首是名词性短语时,它可以重构;但当句首是量词性短语时,它就不能重构。本文使用句子-图片匹配实验来研究这一说法。结果表明,量词短语可以重构。因此,在汉语相对从句中重构词头时,我们不需要区分名词短语和量词短语。两种类型的短语都可以重构,这是相对从句的举头分析所预测的。
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引用次数: 0
Danish rundt ‘around’ as a postposition? 丹麦语 rundt "周围 "是后置词?
Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.1017/cnj.2024.2
Michael Nguyen
In this squib, I provide arguments in favour of the view that Danish rundt is a postposition. The functional, semantic, and syntactic properties of adpositions are discussed, and I show that competing analyses of rundt are falsifiable while the postposition analysis itself is not falsified.
在这篇短文中,我提供了支持丹麦语 rundt 是后置词这一观点的论据。我讨论了副词的功能、语义和句法属性,并证明了对 rundt 的竞争分析是可证伪的,而后置词分析本身并没有被证伪。
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引用次数: 0
On the history of NPIs and Negative Concord 关于 NPI 和负协和的历史
Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1017/cnj.2023.29
Elena Herburger
This article aims to better understand how Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) come into existence and how they change over time. It argues that an expression can become an NPI if its semantics makes it pragmatically useful in negative or downward entailing contexts, often because the meaning leads to pragmatic strength, but sometimes because its semantics leads to pragmatic attenuation. Special attention is given to two patterns involving pragmatic strength that can emerge historically: Negative Concord (NC) and what I call NPI Dualization. Both patterns, I argue, involve a pairing between an NPI that has an existential-like or low scalar semantics with a homophonous but semantically different expression with a freer distribution; the homophone is semantically negative in Negative Concord but semantically universal in NPI Dualization. The article argues that pragmatic strength plays an important role in the history of NPIs, both in their origin and in NPI Dualization, but is not directly relevant for their licensing synchronically. Instead, it argues for a return to the view that NPIs are lexically marked by a semantically meaningless distributional feature that needs to be valued syntactically. On a conceptual level, the article argues that historical shifts may be matters of likelihood.
本文旨在更好地理解负极性项目(NPI)是如何产生的,以及它们是如何随着时间的推移而变化的。文章认为,如果一个表达式的语义使其在消极或向下引申的语境中具有实用性,那么它就可能成为一个 NPI,这通常是因为其意义导致了实用性的增强,但有时也是因为其语义导致了实用性的减弱。本文特别关注历史上可能出现的涉及语用强度的两种模式:负协和(Negative Concord,NC)和我所说的 NPI 二元化(NPI Dualization)。我认为,这两种模式都涉及到具有类存在语义或低标度语义的 NPI 与同音但语义不同、分布更自由的表达之间的配对;在 Negative Concord 中,同音词在语义上是否定的,而在 NPI Dualization 中,同音词在语义上是普遍的。文章认为,语用强度在 NPI 的起源和 NPI 二元化的历史中发挥着重要作用,但与它们的同步许可并不直接相关。相反,文章主张回到这样一种观点,即 NPI 在词法上是以语义上无意义的分布特征为标志的,需要在句法上加以重视。在概念层面上,文章认为历史转变可能是可能性问题。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique
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