Coffee-washing units in the Sidama region pose a serious threat to surface water sources and coffee-growing soils. This study indicates that treating the effluent from the processing plants using a constructed wetland supported by a sedimentation pond, filtration and gravity aeration can reduce pollutant levels significantly. The treated wastewater can be safely disposed off to the natural river body. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was reduced by 90 and 96% in natural and constructed wetlands, respectively. TDS was reduced substantially, whereas nitrate was reduced by 63%. Soil quality parameters from the wetland are within the permissible limits of the Ethiopian Environmental Protection Agency. Metallic elements of coffee beans produced from the surrounding farms using the river water discharged with treated effluent from the processing units are within the permissible limits. Constructed wetland is a promising technique to treat the effluent water and is recommended to be adopted by all the processing units in the region.
{"title":"Constructed wetland-based wastewater treatment of a coffee-washing plant and its impacts: a case study of Kege processing plant, Ethiopia","authors":"Mihret Danato, Gonse Amalo Yutura, Lamisso Shura, Kannan Narayanan","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2024.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2024.008","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Coffee-washing units in the Sidama region pose a serious threat to surface water sources and coffee-growing soils. This study indicates that treating the effluent from the processing plants using a constructed wetland supported by a sedimentation pond, filtration and gravity aeration can reduce pollutant levels significantly. The treated wastewater can be safely disposed off to the natural river body. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was reduced by 90 and 96% in natural and constructed wetlands, respectively. TDS was reduced substantially, whereas nitrate was reduced by 63%. Soil quality parameters from the wetland are within the permissible limits of the Ethiopian Environmental Protection Agency. Metallic elements of coffee beans produced from the surrounding farms using the river water discharged with treated effluent from the processing units are within the permissible limits. Constructed wetland is a promising technique to treat the effluent water and is recommended to be adopted by all the processing units in the region.","PeriodicalId":513288,"journal":{"name":"AQUA — Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society","volume":" 832","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140382692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chotiwat Jantarakasem, L. Sioné, Michael R. Templeton
The lack of robust water quality data in drinking water services in many low-income settings can be attributed to inadequate funding for regular monitoring using analytical equipment. Turbidity is an indicator that is relatively quick and easy to measure; however, it still requires a turbidimeter and a trained operator. This study developed an entire smartphone camera-based application to measure turbidity in drinking water, removing both the need for external equipment and skilled labour. The application was created using a convolutional neural network, able to classify water samples into eight turbidity bins ranging from 0 to 40 NTU. The turbidity of the samples was created using formazine and kaolin clay suspensions. The in-built camera of a smartphone was used to capture images of water samples with known turbidity values. This algorithm was then embedded in a smartphone application, thereby providing an easy-to-use tool for users to estimate turbidity. Specifically, the protocol for using this application was developed with the intention that it will be used in low-resource settings by laypersons. Formazine samples achieved a turbidity classification accuracy of 98.7%, while kaolin clay samples achieved 90.9% accuracy using this method, which provides an encouraging proof of concept, as justification for further testing and improvements.
{"title":"Estimating drinking water turbidity using images collected by a smartphone camera","authors":"Chotiwat Jantarakasem, L. Sioné, Michael R. Templeton","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2024.085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2024.085","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The lack of robust water quality data in drinking water services in many low-income settings can be attributed to inadequate funding for regular monitoring using analytical equipment. Turbidity is an indicator that is relatively quick and easy to measure; however, it still requires a turbidimeter and a trained operator. This study developed an entire smartphone camera-based application to measure turbidity in drinking water, removing both the need for external equipment and skilled labour. The application was created using a convolutional neural network, able to classify water samples into eight turbidity bins ranging from 0 to 40 NTU. The turbidity of the samples was created using formazine and kaolin clay suspensions. The in-built camera of a smartphone was used to capture images of water samples with known turbidity values. This algorithm was then embedded in a smartphone application, thereby providing an easy-to-use tool for users to estimate turbidity. Specifically, the protocol for using this application was developed with the intention that it will be used in low-resource settings by laypersons. Formazine samples achieved a turbidity classification accuracy of 98.7%, while kaolin clay samples achieved 90.9% accuracy using this method, which provides an encouraging proof of concept, as justification for further testing and improvements.","PeriodicalId":513288,"journal":{"name":"AQUA — Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society","volume":" 855","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140382832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Mudgal, Philip Davies, Nirajan Dhakal, Lidia Roca, Dominic Standing
{"title":"Novel water treatment options for sustainable solutions to clean water scarcity","authors":"A. Mudgal, Philip Davies, Nirajan Dhakal, Lidia Roca, Dominic Standing","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2024.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2024.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":513288,"journal":{"name":"AQUA — Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140223668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban water distribution networks (UWDNs) are critical infrastructures that provide essential services in an urban setting. Such infrastructures are subject to frequent breakdowns, disrupting services to downstream users. Installation of isolation valves (IVs) at strategic locations can reduce such adverse impacts by isolating small segments of the network and expediting repairs, which in turn contribute to water conservation and leak control. However, determining the optimal number of IVs and their placement is a disturbing question for the researchers. This study proposes a methodology to assess the optimal number of IVs in a UWDN and identify their placement in the best of the worst possible scenarios. Based on the network topology and the associated IV costs, it identifies the optimal numbers and their places to minimize the maximum undeliverable demand. The methodology is illustrated with the help of a small water distribution network. Thereafter, the proposed methodology is applied to a real-type UWDN. The results indicate that the optimal number of IVs for the case study is 10, which should be placed at strategic locations to reduce the maximum undeliverable demand to 18% of the total demand.
城市配水管网（UWDN）是在城市环境中提供基本服务的重要基础设施。这些基础设施经常会发生故障，中断对下游用户的服务。在战略要地安装隔离阀（IV）可以隔离管网的小部分区域并加快维修速度，从而减少这种不利影响，进而促进节水和渗漏控制。然而，确定 IV 的最佳数量及其位置是一个困扰研究人员的问题。本研究提出了一种方法来评估 UWDN 中 IV 的最佳数量，并确定其在最佳和最差情况下的位置。根据网络拓扑结构和相关的 IV 成本，它确定了最佳数量及其位置，以最大限度地减少无法投递的需求。该方法借助一个小型配水管网进行了说明。随后，将提出的方法应用于实际类型的 UWDN。结果表明，案例研究中 IV 的最佳数量为 10 个，应放置在战略要地，以将最大无法交付需求量降至总需求量的 18%。
{"title":"Identification of optimal number and location of isolation valves in an urban water distribution network","authors":"Yomif Dereje Sime, M. Kansal","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2024.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2024.012","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Urban water distribution networks (UWDNs) are critical infrastructures that provide essential services in an urban setting. Such infrastructures are subject to frequent breakdowns, disrupting services to downstream users. Installation of isolation valves (IVs) at strategic locations can reduce such adverse impacts by isolating small segments of the network and expediting repairs, which in turn contribute to water conservation and leak control. However, determining the optimal number of IVs and their placement is a disturbing question for the researchers. This study proposes a methodology to assess the optimal number of IVs in a UWDN and identify their placement in the best of the worst possible scenarios. Based on the network topology and the associated IV costs, it identifies the optimal numbers and their places to minimize the maximum undeliverable demand. The methodology is illustrated with the help of a small water distribution network. Thereafter, the proposed methodology is applied to a real-type UWDN. The results indicate that the optimal number of IVs for the case study is 10, which should be placed at strategic locations to reduce the maximum undeliverable demand to 18% of the total demand.","PeriodicalId":513288,"journal":{"name":"AQUA — Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society","volume":"138 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140235730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abelkassim Aminu Beshir, Daniel Reddythota, Essays Alemayehu
Adama City grew rapidly due to its proximity to Addis Ababa, resulting in increased industrial, urban activities, and population growth. However, this expansion has resulted in drinking water shortages, which is a critical community's concern. The aim of this study was to determine households’ willingness to pay (WTP) for improved water supply services in Adama, with factors influencing WTP. To quantify households’ WTP, a contingent valuation (CV) technique was used and data from 435 respondents was gathered through field surveys, KII, and HHs interviews. A binary logistic model was utilized in the study to examine variables that have a significant impact on households’ WTP. The analysis revealed several independent variables, such as gender, age, marital status, education level, and monthly income, additionally, water quantity, quality, availability, and affordability. The study found that 39.77 and 26.21% of residents of the city were dissatisfied with the quality and quantity of available water supply, respectively. The study discovered that 92% of households were willing to pay an additional $7.26 USD above their average monthly water cost of $3.58 USD to improve water delivery services. Factors that influence households’ WTP for improved water supply services should be considered. Study's findings can help legislators and water supply companies to design sustainable projects that meet community needs.
{"title":"Assessment of household's willingness to pay for improved water supply services in emerging nations: a case study of Adama City, Ethiopia","authors":"Abelkassim Aminu Beshir, Daniel Reddythota, Essays Alemayehu","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2024.194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2024.194","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Adama City grew rapidly due to its proximity to Addis Ababa, resulting in increased industrial, urban activities, and population growth. However, this expansion has resulted in drinking water shortages, which is a critical community's concern. The aim of this study was to determine households’ willingness to pay (WTP) for improved water supply services in Adama, with factors influencing WTP. To quantify households’ WTP, a contingent valuation (CV) technique was used and data from 435 respondents was gathered through field surveys, KII, and HHs interviews. A binary logistic model was utilized in the study to examine variables that have a significant impact on households’ WTP. The analysis revealed several independent variables, such as gender, age, marital status, education level, and monthly income, additionally, water quantity, quality, availability, and affordability. The study found that 39.77 and 26.21% of residents of the city were dissatisfied with the quality and quantity of available water supply, respectively. The study discovered that 92% of households were willing to pay an additional $7.26 USD above their average monthly water cost of $3.58 USD to improve water delivery services. Factors that influence households’ WTP for improved water supply services should be considered. Study's findings can help legislators and water supply companies to design sustainable projects that meet community needs.","PeriodicalId":513288,"journal":{"name":"AQUA — Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society","volume":"27 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140247680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xinmei Wang, Wenye Qi, Yaxian Li, Lanzhen Wu, Yucai Wang
{"title":"Withdrawn: Study on the clogging pattern of multi-graded microparticles in porous asphalt concrete","authors":"Xinmei Wang, Wenye Qi, Yaxian Li, Lanzhen Wu, Yucai Wang","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2024.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2024.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":513288,"journal":{"name":"AQUA — Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society","volume":"38 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140250881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. K. Chakraborty, Md Sozibur Rahman, Khandakar Rashedul Islam, Md. Simoon Nice, Baytune Nahar Netema, S. Zaman, Gopal Chandra Ghosh, Md Abu Rayhan, Md. Jahed Hassan Khan, Asadullah Munna, M. A. Haque, Himel Bosu, Nazmul Hossain, Monishanker Halder, Abu Shamim Khan
This study focuses on the probable use of graphene prepared from discarded polyethylene terephthalate plastic bottles for heavy metal (HM) adsorption. The prepared graphene is characterized by FE-SEM, EDX, and FTIR. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted with the influence of different operational conditions, namely, the time of contact (1–180 min), adsorbate concentration (25–300 mg/L), adsorbent dose (0.5–6 g/L), pH (3–7), and temperature (25–60 °C). High coefficient values (Cd (R2 = 0.99), Pb (R2 = 0.97), Cu (R2 = 0.94), and Zn (R2 = 0.98)) of the process optimization model suggested that this model was significant, where pH and adsorbent dose expressively showed stimulus removal efficiency of 86.68, 73.66, 67.10, and 57.04% for Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn at pH (7). Furthermore, the machine learning approaches (artificial neural networks and BB-response surface methodology) revealed a good association between the tested and projected value. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn was 263.157, 78.740, 196.078, and 84.745 mg/g, respectively. Pseudo-second-order was the well-suited kinetics, where Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms could explain better the equilibrium adsorption data. A thermodynamic study shows that HM adsorption is favorable, exothermic, and spontaneous. Finally, this study indicates that graphene could be a potential candidate for the adsorption of HMs from wastewater.
{"title":"Application of machine learning and statistical approaches for optimization of heavy metals (Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) adsorption onto carbonized char prepared from PET plastic bottle waste","authors":"T. K. Chakraborty, Md Sozibur Rahman, Khandakar Rashedul Islam, Md. Simoon Nice, Baytune Nahar Netema, S. Zaman, Gopal Chandra Ghosh, Md Abu Rayhan, Md. Jahed Hassan Khan, Asadullah Munna, M. A. Haque, Himel Bosu, Nazmul Hossain, Monishanker Halder, Abu Shamim Khan","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2024.222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2024.222","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study focuses on the probable use of graphene prepared from discarded polyethylene terephthalate plastic bottles for heavy metal (HM) adsorption. The prepared graphene is characterized by FE-SEM, EDX, and FTIR. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted with the influence of different operational conditions, namely, the time of contact (1–180 min), adsorbate concentration (25–300 mg/L), adsorbent dose (0.5–6 g/L), pH (3–7), and temperature (25–60 °C). High coefficient values (Cd (R2 = 0.99), Pb (R2 = 0.97), Cu (R2 = 0.94), and Zn (R2 = 0.98)) of the process optimization model suggested that this model was significant, where pH and adsorbent dose expressively showed stimulus removal efficiency of 86.68, 73.66, 67.10, and 57.04% for Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn at pH (7). Furthermore, the machine learning approaches (artificial neural networks and BB-response surface methodology) revealed a good association between the tested and projected value. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn was 263.157, 78.740, 196.078, and 84.745 mg/g, respectively. Pseudo-second-order was the well-suited kinetics, where Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms could explain better the equilibrium adsorption data. A thermodynamic study shows that HM adsorption is favorable, exothermic, and spontaneous. Finally, this study indicates that graphene could be a potential candidate for the adsorption of HMs from wastewater.","PeriodicalId":513288,"journal":{"name":"AQUA — Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140254409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Mompremier, Jersain Gómez-Núñez, R. Guadarrama-Pérez, J. Ramírez-Muñoz
This study investigates the solute (chlorine residual) mixing phenomena downstream of a cross junction, considering its critical role in household connections. Experiments were conducted under turbulent flow conditions in a cross junction with two inlets at 90°, varying flow and chlorine concentration ratios at the inlets, i.e., simulating conditions commonly found in real water distribution systems. Results show that outlet chlorine concentrations primarily depend on the flow ratio at the inlets as well as on the inlet chlorine concentrations. Three-dimensional simulations were conducted to predict chlorine concentrations downstream of the cross junction. To evaluate the degree of downstream mixing, the percent coefficient of variation of tracer concentration (%CV) as a function of the axial position at different chlorine and flow ratios was computed from simulations. It was found that the flow ratio strongly affects it at downstream distances less than 50 pipe diameters, whereas the inlet chlorine concentration ratio has a weak effect. A novel correlation was derived as a function of flow ratio to ascertain the minimal distance for achieving the intended mixing level of %CV = 5 downstream of cross junctions. This correlation holds potential as a criterion for household connection location within water distribution networks for high-quality water delivery.
{"title":"Assessment of the minimal distance for placing household connections downstream of water distribution cross junctions","authors":"R. Mompremier, Jersain Gómez-Núñez, R. Guadarrama-Pérez, J. Ramírez-Muñoz","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2024.296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2024.296","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 This study investigates the solute (chlorine residual) mixing phenomena downstream of a cross junction, considering its critical role in household connections. Experiments were conducted under turbulent flow conditions in a cross junction with two inlets at 90°, varying flow and chlorine concentration ratios at the inlets, i.e., simulating conditions commonly found in real water distribution systems. Results show that outlet chlorine concentrations primarily depend on the flow ratio at the inlets as well as on the inlet chlorine concentrations. Three-dimensional simulations were conducted to predict chlorine concentrations downstream of the cross junction. To evaluate the degree of downstream mixing, the percent coefficient of variation of tracer concentration (%CV) as a function of the axial position at different chlorine and flow ratios was computed from simulations. It was found that the flow ratio strongly affects it at downstream distances less than 50 pipe diameters, whereas the inlet chlorine concentration ratio has a weak effect. A novel correlation was derived as a function of flow ratio to ascertain the minimal distance for achieving the intended mixing level of %CV = 5 downstream of cross junctions. This correlation holds potential as a criterion for household connection location within water distribution networks for high-quality water delivery.","PeriodicalId":513288,"journal":{"name":"AQUA — Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society","volume":"2 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140265152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexis Bazambanza, Jean Pierre Bavumiragira, Theoneste Kananira, Jean de Dieu Ndayisenga
The study was conducted to assess subsurface water quality on a seasonal basis in dry (January–February and June–August) and rainy (March and October–December) seasons. Samples were collected in the rainy and dry seasons of the year 2022. The results of this study were compared with global drinking water guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) to understand its status in terms of threshold levels of pollution and protect public health. Total hardness (TH), pH, alkalinity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrate, sulfate, heavy metals (Zn, Mn, and Fe), fecal, and total coliforms were examined, and the water quality index (WQI) was calculated to assess the level of water contamination. The results indicated that during the rainy season, all physiochemical parameters gradually increased and the values were well within the permissible limit as prescribed by the WHO. The bacteriological test showed that there were no fecal coliform (FC) and total coliform (TC) in all trials performed, and the calculated WQI showed excellent water quality characteristics and thus proving fit for human consumption.
{"title":"Seasonal subsurface water quality variation of physiochemical and bacteriological characteristics in Kamutwa-Kigali, Rwanda","authors":"Alexis Bazambanza, Jean Pierre Bavumiragira, Theoneste Kananira, Jean de Dieu Ndayisenga","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2024.240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2024.240","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The study was conducted to assess subsurface water quality on a seasonal basis in dry (January–February and June–August) and rainy (March and October–December) seasons. Samples were collected in the rainy and dry seasons of the year 2022. The results of this study were compared with global drinking water guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) to understand its status in terms of threshold levels of pollution and protect public health. Total hardness (TH), pH, alkalinity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrate, sulfate, heavy metals (Zn, Mn, and Fe), fecal, and total coliforms were examined, and the water quality index (WQI) was calculated to assess the level of water contamination. The results indicated that during the rainy season, all physiochemical parameters gradually increased and the values were well within the permissible limit as prescribed by the WHO. The bacteriological test showed that there were no fecal coliform (FC) and total coliform (TC) in all trials performed, and the calculated WQI showed excellent water quality characteristics and thus proving fit for human consumption.","PeriodicalId":513288,"journal":{"name":"AQUA — Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society","volume":"48 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140264569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jinglong Hu, Rong Xiao, Ruihua Zhang, Zhengdi Wu, Fangyuan Jiang, Cheng Ye, Ruixin Qu, Wenhai Chu
Disinfection by-products (DBPs), generated from the reaction of disinfectants with DBP precursors, have been found to pose unintentional risks to human health. Considering that the concentration and speciation of DBPs formed during disinfection will be affected by the content and composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM), widespread concern about the characteristics of DBP precursors in water sources have been prompted. Three-dimensional excitation–emission matrix (EEM) can quickly and efficiently determine the properties and composition of DOM in water, and thus is generally used to investigate the origin of DBP precursors in water sources. This study overviews the fluorescent properties of different DBP precursors, summarizes the application of different EEM interpretation methods in DBP precursors and analyses the key factors affecting the correlation between the fluorescent components and DBP precursors (e.g., natural organic matter, algal organic matter, effluent organic matter and organic matter derived from other sources). A series of factors, including composition of fluorophores, bromide concentration, spatio-temporal characteristics and disinfectant types, could impact the correlation between DBP formation potential and fluorescent components. As for future research needs, it is of significance to select suitable fluorescence analysis methods and investigate the combination of EEM with other characterization technologies based on different situations.
{"title":"Application of EEM fluorescence spectroscopy for characterizing organic DBP precursors in different water sources: a review","authors":"Jinglong Hu, Rong Xiao, Ruihua Zhang, Zhengdi Wu, Fangyuan Jiang, Cheng Ye, Ruixin Qu, Wenhai Chu","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2024.255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2024.255","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Disinfection by-products (DBPs), generated from the reaction of disinfectants with DBP precursors, have been found to pose unintentional risks to human health. Considering that the concentration and speciation of DBPs formed during disinfection will be affected by the content and composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM), widespread concern about the characteristics of DBP precursors in water sources have been prompted. Three-dimensional excitation–emission matrix (EEM) can quickly and efficiently determine the properties and composition of DOM in water, and thus is generally used to investigate the origin of DBP precursors in water sources. This study overviews the fluorescent properties of different DBP precursors, summarizes the application of different EEM interpretation methods in DBP precursors and analyses the key factors affecting the correlation between the fluorescent components and DBP precursors (e.g., natural organic matter, algal organic matter, effluent organic matter and organic matter derived from other sources). A series of factors, including composition of fluorophores, bromide concentration, spatio-temporal characteristics and disinfectant types, could impact the correlation between DBP formation potential and fluorescent components. As for future research needs, it is of significance to select suitable fluorescence analysis methods and investigate the combination of EEM with other characterization technologies based on different situations.","PeriodicalId":513288,"journal":{"name":"AQUA — Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society","volume":"46 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140080620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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