Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jppr.2025.09.002
Dhia Azeem Khairil Anwar , Nor Azizah Yacob , Nor Fadhilah Dzulkifli , Anisah Dasman , Mohd Rijal Ilias , Nur Syazana Anuar , Anuar Ishak , Ioan Pop
Fluid flow and transmission of heat have grown in importance in technology nowadays, and development is necessary to raise the technology standard to be on track with current advancements. This work, therefore, attempts to ascertain the effects on fluid flow and transmission of heat across a permeable horizontal shrinking/stretching sheet of the viscous dissipation, and the temperature and velocity slip parameters. Dusty hybrid nanofluids were developed by scaterring copper and alumina nanoparticles along with dust particles into water. The programmed solver in MATLAB, referred to as bvp4c, has been utilized to generate numerical results of the similarity equations produced by simplifying the governing equations using the boundary layer approximation and the similarity transformation approach. The findings show that the rise in Eckert number lowers the heat transfer efficiency by 62.82% for the first solution. Interestingly, the Nusselt number becomes negative in the presence of viscous dissipation for the first and second solutions, with the influence of slip parameters, suggesting that heat is transferred from the fluid to the surface. Additionally, for certain values of shrinking surfaces, dual solutions are achievable. Thus, to sum up, modifying the parameters such as viscous dissipation and slip parameters significantly impacts the rate of heat transmission.
{"title":"Analysis of dusty hybrid nanofluid flow and heat transfer characteristics over shrinking and stretching sheets: Role of viscous dissipation and slip conditions","authors":"Dhia Azeem Khairil Anwar , Nor Azizah Yacob , Nor Fadhilah Dzulkifli , Anisah Dasman , Mohd Rijal Ilias , Nur Syazana Anuar , Anuar Ishak , Ioan Pop","doi":"10.1016/j.jppr.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jppr.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fluid flow and transmission of heat have grown in importance in technology nowadays, and development is necessary to raise the technology standard to be on track with current advancements. This work, therefore, attempts to ascertain the effects on fluid flow and transmission of heat across a permeable horizontal shrinking/stretching sheet of the viscous dissipation, and the temperature and velocity slip parameters. Dusty hybrid nanofluids were developed by scaterring copper and alumina nanoparticles along with dust particles into water. The programmed solver in MATLAB, referred to as bvp4c, has been utilized to generate numerical results of the similarity equations produced by simplifying the governing equations using the boundary layer approximation and the similarity transformation approach. The findings show that the rise in Eckert number lowers the heat transfer efficiency by 62.82% for the first solution. Interestingly, the Nusselt number becomes negative in the presence of viscous dissipation for the first and second solutions, with the influence of slip parameters, suggesting that heat is transferred from the fluid to the surface. Additionally, for certain values of shrinking surfaces, dual solutions are achievable. Thus, to sum up, modifying the parameters such as viscous dissipation and slip parameters significantly impacts the rate of heat transmission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51341,"journal":{"name":"Propulsion and Power Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"Pages 552-563"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145384478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jppr.2025.08.002
Mert Gülüm , Abdülvahap Çakmak , Sibel Osman
Radiators are used as a kind of heat exchanger to advance the performance of internal combustion engines by cooling different engine parts. Traditionally, water, ethylene glycol, engine oil, and their blends have been extensively used in radiators for improvement in thermal and lubrication characteristics. However, with recent advancements in technology, nanofluids have emerged as promising coolant alternatives due to their enhanced thermophysical properties. This study provides a comprehensive review of current developments in mono, hybrid, and ternary nanofluids and their applications in automotive radiators. Further, the variation of the thermophysical properties of nanofluids, the preparation methods of nanofluids, the stability of nanofluids, strategies for improving the stability of the prepared fluids, and several empirical correlations for estimating thermophysical properties are discussed. Finally, the review study discusses the future direction of research in this field and shares insights into how to develop an efficient cooling system for engineering applications (especially automobile radiators). The key findings of the review study are as follows: (1) Hybrid nanofluids have generally shown superior performance in enhancing thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient due to their synergetic effects than mono nanofluids. For example, hybrid nanofluids, such as CuO-MgO-TiO2 in water blends, show an improvement in thermal conductivity up to 50.78% at a concentration of 0.5% and a temperature of 50 . (2) Nanofluids can show stable behavior with minimal sedimentation for up to 30 days after preparation, even without the use of surfactants at lower concentrations. However, noticeable particle settling can be noticed between 30 and 45 days. The addition of the surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate ensures stability for over 3 months without visible sedimentation in the MWCNTs-based nanofluids. (3) Einstein's model does not generally provide reasonable predictions for the viscosity ratio of nanofluids, as it neglects the effect of particle shape and size.
{"title":"Nanofluids for automotive radiators: Thermophysical properties, opportunities, challenges, and research trends: A review","authors":"Mert Gülüm , Abdülvahap Çakmak , Sibel Osman","doi":"10.1016/j.jppr.2025.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jppr.2025.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Radiators are used as a kind of heat exchanger to advance the performance of internal combustion engines by cooling different engine parts. Traditionally, water, ethylene glycol, engine oil, and their blends have been extensively used in radiators for improvement in thermal and lubrication characteristics. However, with recent advancements in technology, nanofluids have emerged as promising coolant alternatives due to their enhanced thermophysical properties. This study provides a comprehensive review of current developments in mono, hybrid, and ternary nanofluids and their applications in automotive radiators. Further, the variation of the thermophysical properties of nanofluids, the preparation methods of nanofluids, the stability of nanofluids, strategies for improving the stability of the prepared fluids, and several empirical correlations for estimating thermophysical properties are discussed. Finally, the review study discusses the future direction of research in this field and shares insights into how to develop an efficient cooling system for engineering applications (especially automobile radiators). The key findings of the review study are as follows: (1) Hybrid nanofluids have generally shown superior performance in enhancing thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient due to their synergetic effects than mono nanofluids. For example, hybrid nanofluids, such as CuO-MgO-TiO<sub>2</sub> in water blends, show an improvement in thermal conductivity up to 50.78% at a concentration of 0.5% and a temperature of 50 <span><math><mrow><mtext>°C</mtext></mrow></math></span>. (2) Nanofluids can show stable behavior with minimal sedimentation for up to 30 days after preparation, even without the use of surfactants at lower concentrations. However, noticeable particle settling can be noticed between 30 and 45 days. The addition of the surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate ensures stability for over 3 months without visible sedimentation in the MWCNTs-based nanofluids. (3) Einstein's model does not generally provide reasonable predictions for the viscosity ratio of nanofluids, as it neglects the effect of particle shape and size.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51341,"journal":{"name":"Propulsion and Power Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"Pages 484-526"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145384553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jppr.2025.09.006
K. Pravin Kashyap , N. Naresh Kumar , P. Vijay Kumar , P. Durgaprasad , Pankaj Shukla , C.S.K. Raju
This article emphasises finding solutions for fluid flow and heat transfer-related problems through the Levenberg-Marquardt back-propagation technique. The solutions are developed for a three-layered channel with the porous medium in the middle layer. The main motive of the numerical experiment is to investigate the parametric effects on the Cu-Al2O3 hybrid nanofluid in the central layer, Cu nanofluid in the left layer and Al2O3 nanofluid in the right layer. The training and testing data for generating the solution are sought through shooting technique. Levenberg-Marquardt back-propagation solutions show that the error for the training data is very close to zero. The computational domain is extended using a machine learning approach for various parametric values with zero Jacobian error. Results show that the slippery nature of the left wall has a noticeable effect in the hybrid nanofluid channel compared to the other layers. Also observed that the porosity decreases the velocity as the solid space dominates the fluid space and thus has a strong opposing force, reducing its velocity.
{"title":"Numerical solutions for multi-layer flow of hybrid nanofluid using feedforward neural network","authors":"K. Pravin Kashyap , N. Naresh Kumar , P. Vijay Kumar , P. Durgaprasad , Pankaj Shukla , C.S.K. Raju","doi":"10.1016/j.jppr.2025.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jppr.2025.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article emphasises finding solutions for fluid flow and heat transfer-related problems through the Levenberg-Marquardt back-propagation technique. The solutions are developed for a three-layered channel with the porous medium in the middle layer. The main motive of the numerical experiment is to investigate the parametric effects on the Cu-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> hybrid nanofluid in the central layer, Cu nanofluid in the left layer and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanofluid in the right layer. The training and testing data for generating the solution are sought through shooting technique. Levenberg-Marquardt back-propagation solutions show that the error for the training data is very close to zero. The computational domain is extended using a machine learning approach for various parametric values with zero Jacobian error. Results show that the slippery nature of the left wall has a noticeable effect in the hybrid nanofluid channel compared to the other layers. Also observed that the porosity decreases the velocity as the solid space dominates the fluid space and thus has a strong opposing force, reducing its velocity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51341,"journal":{"name":"Propulsion and Power Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"Pages 580-594"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145384556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jppr.2025.09.004
Jeffrey D. Moore , Grant A. Risha , Arpit Tiwari , Jonathan Harrison , Jon Zenker
A study was conducted to evaluate the ability of a numerical model to predict priming event peak and transient pressure levels inside unrestricted test elements representing liquid monopropellant propulsion system manifolds. The mathematical model was embedded in a commercial multi-physics system-level simulation software called GT-SUITE. Through user-defined initial conditions and input parameters, the model calculated pressures at node locations throughout the interior of the test element. Extensive experimental priming event literature was used to validate the numerical model under various pre-test pressure conditions to evaluate the accuracy of the results. Differences in the experimental literature evaluated included test element internal diameters, line lengths, manifold layouts, and flow control valves. Based upon the results, it was determined that the numerical model was a promising tool to predict liquid system pressure transient levels, with accuracy to within ±20 of the experimental literature results.
{"title":"Predicting liquid manifold priming event peak pressure levels through numerical modeling","authors":"Jeffrey D. Moore , Grant A. Risha , Arpit Tiwari , Jonathan Harrison , Jon Zenker","doi":"10.1016/j.jppr.2025.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jppr.2025.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A study was conducted to evaluate the ability of a numerical model to predict priming event peak and transient pressure levels inside unrestricted test elements representing liquid monopropellant propulsion system manifolds. The mathematical model was embedded in a commercial multi-physics system-level simulation software called GT-SUITE. Through user-defined initial conditions and input parameters, the model calculated pressures at node locations throughout the interior of the test element. Extensive experimental priming event literature was used to validate the numerical model under various pre-test pressure conditions to evaluate the accuracy of the results. Differences in the experimental literature evaluated included test element internal diameters, line lengths, manifold layouts, and flow control valves. Based upon the results, it was determined that the numerical model was a promising tool to predict liquid system pressure transient levels, with accuracy to within ±20 of the experimental literature results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51341,"journal":{"name":"Propulsion and Power Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"Pages 437-446"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145384482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jppr.2025.09.003
A. Divya , Thandra Jithendra , Mohammad Zubair Khan , Abdulfattah Noorwali , Kamal M. Othman
Investigating hypothesized phenomena with a Ree-Eyring hybrid fluid over a Von-Karman flow with velocity and thermal slips is the main objective of the present investigation. For the purpose of this phase of study, a mid-rich scheme integrating ANOVA-based ANFIS-PSO is designed in a Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium with a heat source/sink, non-linear thermal radiation and Hall current. To make sure that the appropriate self-similarity variables have been used to convert a non-linear PDE set of equations into an ODE. With a few noteworthy exceptions, the model's study findings are mostly in line with those of earlier studies that were included in the dataset that was used to train the ANOVA-based ANFIS-PSO model. The findings for many profiles are presented in an aesthetically pleasing manner due to the influence of active elements. It demonstrates that the temperature profile compresses and the velocity increases suddenly when the material fluid parameter rises, resulting in a scenario that is in opposition to the increasing slippage condition inputs. When the Darcy-Forchheimer tilts on the azimuthal profile, declination also manifests. Additionally, the most important factors identified by ANOVA were used to examine the approximate solutions based on the training of the constructed model. The ANOVA-based ANFIS-PSO demonstrated extraordinarily high accuracy in terms of skin friction on (97.61%), skin friction on (97.01%) and Nusselt number (96.46%). The nanoparticles used in this study are considered suitable for biological applications such as magnetic drug administration, radio-recurrence hyperthermia, biomedical drug delivery, and magnetic reverberation imaging due to their longer lifespan.
{"title":"A novel prediction model for the analysis of Ree-Eyring fluid with Hall current in Darcy-Forchheimer porous media based on machine learning technique","authors":"A. Divya , Thandra Jithendra , Mohammad Zubair Khan , Abdulfattah Noorwali , Kamal M. Othman","doi":"10.1016/j.jppr.2025.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jppr.2025.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Investigating hypothesized phenomena with a Ree-Eyring hybrid fluid over a Von-Karman flow with velocity and thermal slips is the main objective of the present investigation. For the purpose of this phase of study, a mid-rich scheme integrating ANOVA-based ANFIS-PSO is designed in a Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium with a heat source/sink, non-linear thermal radiation and Hall current. To make sure that the appropriate self-similarity variables have been used to convert a non-linear PDE set of equations into an ODE. With a few noteworthy exceptions, the model's study findings are mostly in line with those of earlier studies that were included in the dataset that was used to train the ANOVA-based ANFIS-PSO model. The findings for many profiles are presented in an aesthetically pleasing manner due to the influence of active elements. It demonstrates that the temperature profile compresses and the velocity increases suddenly when the material fluid parameter rises, resulting in a scenario that is in opposition to the increasing slippage condition inputs. When the Darcy-Forchheimer tilts on the azimuthal profile, declination also manifests. Additionally, the most important factors identified by ANOVA were used to examine the approximate solutions based on the training of the constructed model. The ANOVA-based ANFIS-PSO demonstrated extraordinarily high accuracy in terms of skin friction on <span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow></math></span> (97.61%), skin friction on <span><math><mrow><mi>g</mi></mrow></math></span> (97.01%) and Nusselt number (96.46%). The nanoparticles used in this study are considered suitable for biological applications such as magnetic drug administration, radio-recurrence hyperthermia, biomedical drug delivery, and magnetic reverberation imaging due to their longer lifespan.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51341,"journal":{"name":"Propulsion and Power Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"Pages 527-551"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145384554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jppr.2025.09.005
Mert Gülüm , Sibel Osman
Fossil fuels have been the conventional source of energy that has driven economic growth and industrial development for a long time. However, their extensive use has led to immense environmental problems, especially concerning the emission of greenhouse gases. These problems have stimulated researchers to turn their attention to renewable alternative fuels. Hydrogen has risen in recent years as a prospective energy carrier because it is possible to produce it in an environmentally friendly manner and because it is the most common element. Hydrogen may be used in diesel engines in a dual-fuel mode. Hydrogen has a higher heating value, flame speed, and diffusivity in air. These superior fuel properties can enhance performance and combustion efficiency. Hydrogen can decrease carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and soot emissions due to the absence of carbon in hydrogen. However, hydrogen-fuelled diesel engines have problems such as engine knocking and high nitrogen oxide emission. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the recent literature on the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of hydrogen-fuelled diesel engines. Moreover, this paper discusses the long-term sustainability of hydrogen production methods, nitrogen oxide emission reduction techniques, challenges to the large-scale use of hydrogen, economic implications of hydrogen use, safety issues in hydrogen applications, regulations on hydrogen safety, conflicting NOx emission results in the literature, and material incompatibility issues in hydrogen applications. This study highlights state-of-the-art developments along with critical knowledge gaps that will be useful in guiding future research. These findings can support researchers and industry professionals in the integration of hydrogen into both existing and future diesel engine technologies. According to the literature, the use of hydrogen up to 46% decreased smoke emissions by over 75%, while CO2 and CO emissions significantly decreased. Moreover, hydrogen addition improved thermal efficiency up to 7.01% and decreased specific fuel consumption up to 7.19%.
{"title":"The hydrogen revolution in diesel engines: A comprehensive review of performance, combustion, and emissions","authors":"Mert Gülüm , Sibel Osman","doi":"10.1016/j.jppr.2025.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jppr.2025.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fossil fuels have been the conventional source of energy that has driven economic growth and industrial development for a long time. However, their extensive use has led to immense environmental problems, especially concerning the emission of greenhouse gases. These problems have stimulated researchers to turn their attention to renewable alternative fuels. Hydrogen has risen in recent years as a prospective energy carrier because it is possible to produce it in an environmentally friendly manner and because it is the most common element. Hydrogen may be used in diesel engines in a dual-fuel mode. Hydrogen has a higher heating value, flame speed, and diffusivity in air. These superior fuel properties can enhance performance and combustion efficiency. Hydrogen can decrease carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and soot emissions due to the absence of carbon in hydrogen. However, hydrogen-fuelled diesel engines have problems such as engine knocking and high nitrogen oxide emission. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the recent literature on the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of hydrogen-fuelled diesel engines. Moreover, this paper discusses the long-term sustainability of hydrogen production methods, nitrogen oxide emission reduction techniques, challenges to the large-scale use of hydrogen, economic implications of hydrogen use, safety issues in hydrogen applications, regulations on hydrogen safety, conflicting NO<sub>x</sub> emission results in the literature, and material incompatibility issues in hydrogen applications. This study highlights state-of-the-art developments along with critical knowledge gaps that will be useful in guiding future research. These findings can support researchers and industry professionals in the integration of hydrogen into both existing and future diesel engine technologies. According to the literature, the use of hydrogen up to 46% decreased smoke emissions by over 75%, while CO<sub>2</sub> and CO emissions significantly decreased. Moreover, hydrogen addition improved thermal efficiency up to 7.01% and decreased specific fuel consumption up to 7.19%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51341,"journal":{"name":"Propulsion and Power Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"Pages 383-436"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145384481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Boron-based solid fuel is considered advantageous for ducted rocket applications due to its high energy density and dual-stage combustion process. Nonetheless, its performance is constrained by the formation of a protective boron oxide layer. In the current study, iron nanoparticles are incorporated into boron-based solid fuel to enhance boron's burning. Paraffin wax serves as the primary fuel and binder, while gaseous oxygen is used as an oxidizer. Four different solid fuel combinations were investigated in the experiment: pure paraffin wax, paraffin wax mixed with boron particles, and paraffin wax mixed with boron alongside 10% and 20% iron particles. The main effort of the research is to assess their combustion characteristics, focusing on regression rate and combustion efficiency. While the inclusion of 10% iron particles resulted in a decrease in the regression rate, it led to an improvement in combustion efficiency by reducing the residual active boron content in the condensed combustion product by ∼60%. Furthermore, it was observed that increasing the proportion of iron particles to 20% further enhanced combustion efficiency to approximately 4%. The entire assessment has been carried out using a lab-scale hybrid propellant ducted rocket motor configuration having an inlet duct on regenerative concept with the secondary combustor. In the present investigation oxygen is injected both in the primary and the secondary combustor, whereas in the existing actual/lab-scale ducted rockets, an energized air is introduced in the secondary combustor. It serves as an economical system for the preliminary investigation of solid fuel impregnated with boron particles. It is expected that the present study could prove valuable strategies for future applications of boron-based hybrid propellants in ducted rocket systems.
{"title":"Impact of iron nanoparticles on boron combustion in a hybrid propellant ducted rocket configuration","authors":"Syed Alay Hashim , Saugata Mandal , Srinibas Karmakar , Arnab Roy , Prakruthi KD , Jagdish Nahak , Adwitee Routary , Abhinandan Mali","doi":"10.1016/j.jppr.2025.09.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jppr.2025.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Boron-based solid fuel is considered advantageous for ducted rocket applications due to its high energy density and dual-stage combustion process. Nonetheless, its performance is constrained by the formation of a protective boron oxide layer. In the current study, iron nanoparticles are incorporated into boron-based solid fuel to enhance boron's burning. Paraffin wax serves as the primary fuel and binder, while gaseous oxygen is used as an oxidizer. Four different solid fuel combinations were investigated in the experiment: pure paraffin wax, paraffin wax mixed with boron particles, and paraffin wax mixed with boron alongside 10% and 20% iron particles. The main effort of the research is to assess their combustion characteristics, focusing on regression rate and combustion efficiency. While the inclusion of 10% iron particles resulted in a decrease in the regression rate, it led to an improvement in combustion efficiency by reducing the residual active boron content in the condensed combustion product by ∼60%. Furthermore, it was observed that increasing the proportion of iron particles to 20% further enhanced combustion efficiency to approximately 4%. The entire assessment has been carried out using a lab-scale hybrid propellant ducted rocket motor configuration having an inlet duct on regenerative concept with the secondary combustor. In the present investigation oxygen is injected both in the primary and the secondary combustor, whereas in the existing actual/lab-scale ducted rockets, an energized air is introduced in the secondary combustor. It serves as an economical system for the preliminary investigation of solid fuel impregnated with boron particles. It is expected that the present study could prove valuable strategies for future applications of boron-based hybrid propellants in ducted rocket systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51341,"journal":{"name":"Propulsion and Power Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"Pages 465-483"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145384545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the demand for wide-speed-range and long-endurance aircraft continues to grow, variable cycle engines have become a research hotspot due to their excellent multi-task adaptability. However, traditional overall performance simulation techniques face challenges when dealing with complex engine configurations, as they require solving larger-scale and higher-dimensional computational problems. This results in decreased simulation efficiency and poorer convergence, making it difficult to meet the demands for rapid performance evaluation and optimization. Although existing overall performance surrogate models for engines offer notable computational advantages, they still suffer from high training costs, low prediction accuracy, and limited application scenarios. To address these issues, this paper proposes an engine overall performance surrogate model driven by both knowledge and data. This model innovatively incorporates fundamental physical laws and domain knowledge of the engine during training and application, transforming the traditional black-box surrogate model into a gray-box model with certain interpretability. This significantly enhances prediction accuracy and application flexibility. Numerical verification results using the adaptive cycle engine (one of the most complex variable cycle configurations) as the application object show that the proposed surrogate model not only effectively predicts engine performance with prediction errors controlled within 0.5%, but also significantly improves the convergence and computational efficiency of engine performance simulation models. When applied to engine performance optimization, it achieves a nearly 60-fold increase in computational speed compared to traditional optimization methods, with an optimization error of only 0.15%. This approach can be widely applied to various types of engines and supports more complex and diverse engineering needs, offering broad application prospects.
{"title":"Knowledge and data dual-driven surrogate model for the overall performance of variable cycle engine","authors":"Guohe Jiang , Min Chen , Hailong Tang , Jiyuan Zhang , Ziyu Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.jppr.2025.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jppr.2025.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the demand for wide-speed-range and long-endurance aircraft continues to grow, variable cycle engines have become a research hotspot due to their excellent multi-task adaptability. However, traditional overall performance simulation techniques face challenges when dealing with complex engine configurations, as they require solving larger-scale and higher-dimensional computational problems. This results in decreased simulation efficiency and poorer convergence, making it difficult to meet the demands for rapid performance evaluation and optimization. Although existing overall performance surrogate models for engines offer notable computational advantages, they still suffer from high training costs, low prediction accuracy, and limited application scenarios. To address these issues, this paper proposes an engine overall performance surrogate model driven by both knowledge and data. This model innovatively incorporates fundamental physical laws and domain knowledge of the engine during training and application, transforming the traditional black-box surrogate model into a gray-box model with certain interpretability. This significantly enhances prediction accuracy and application flexibility. Numerical verification results using the adaptive cycle engine (one of the most complex variable cycle configurations) as the application object show that the proposed surrogate model not only effectively predicts engine performance with prediction errors controlled within 0.5%, but also significantly improves the convergence and computational efficiency of engine performance simulation models. When applied to engine performance optimization, it achieves a nearly 60-fold increase in computational speed compared to traditional optimization methods, with an optimization error of only 0.15%. This approach can be widely applied to various types of engines and supports more complex and diverse engineering needs, offering broad application prospects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51341,"journal":{"name":"Propulsion and Power Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"Pages 447-464"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145384544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jppr.2025.09.007
Noreen Sher Akbar , Tayyab Zamir , Tayyaba Noor , Taseer Muhammad
Purpose
In this study, the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm combined with a backpropagated artificial neural network (LMS-BANN) is employed to investigate the steady, incompressible flow of a Boger nanofluid between two closely spaced symmetrical cylinders (BFCC). The research compares the effects of single and hybrid nanoparticles on velocity, pressure, and thermal distribution.
Methodology
To implement LMS-BANN, the system of partial differential equations (PDEs) governing fluid dynamics is converted into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using suitable transformations. The reference dataset for LMS-BANN is generated by numerically solving these ODEs with the BVP4C method i.e Boundary Value Problem, 4th-order, collocation method.
Key findings
The study examines how variations in physical parameters influence the velocity and temperature profiles, utilizing regression analysis, training processes, and mean square error (MSE) graphs to evaluate and validate LMS-BANN's performance. The accuracy of the BFCC solution approximation with LMS-BANN is assessed through validation, training, and testing phases. The LMS-BANN model reported a mean square error (MSE) as small as 1.3134E−10 and practically very accurate in the prediction of the flow of fluid. Also, regression values peaked at R = 1, which displays the outstanding work of the model.
{"title":"Simulation of rotating Boger hybrid nanofluid flow with nanoparticles between concentric cylinders using Morlet-Wavelet neural network analysis","authors":"Noreen Sher Akbar , Tayyab Zamir , Tayyaba Noor , Taseer Muhammad","doi":"10.1016/j.jppr.2025.09.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jppr.2025.09.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>In this study, the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm combined with a backpropagated artificial neural network (LMS-BANN) is employed to investigate the steady, incompressible flow of a Boger nanofluid between two closely spaced symmetrical cylinders (BFCC). The research compares the effects of single and hybrid nanoparticles on velocity, pressure, and thermal distribution.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>To implement LMS-BANN, the system of partial differential equations (PDEs) governing fluid dynamics is converted into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using suitable transformations. The reference dataset for LMS-BANN is generated by numerically solving these ODEs with the BVP4C method i.e Boundary Value Problem, 4th-order, collocation method.</div></div><div><h3>Key findings</h3><div>The study examines how variations in physical parameters influence the velocity and temperature profiles, utilizing regression analysis, training processes, and mean square error (MSE) graphs to evaluate and validate LMS-BANN's performance. The accuracy of the BFCC solution approximation with LMS-BANN is assessed through validation, training, and testing phases. The LMS-BANN model reported a mean square error (MSE) as small as 1.3134E−10 and practically very accurate in the prediction of the flow of fluid. Also, regression values peaked at <em>R</em> = 1, which displays the outstanding work of the model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51341,"journal":{"name":"Propulsion and Power Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"Pages 564-579"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145384555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jppr.2025.08.001
Jia-Yi Lin , Chen Li , Ai-Fang Chao , Jian Li , Cheng-Wei Fei , Jian-Bin Ge
With the development of functional integration and compactness design for next generation aeroengine, the ineffective dissipation and utilization of excess heat is one of the key research topics. This paper develops a novel air-fuel wing-shaped fin radiator (WFR) to further improve aerodynamic performance, load-bearing capacity and lightweight. The performance of WFR is validated by fluid-thermal-solid coupling method. From this study, it is revealed that the WFR structure respectively reduces the aerodynamic loss by 44.58% and 28.45% and the mass by 16.48% and 13.64% while ensuring the thermal efficiency, compared with structures of the frequently-used rectangular fin radiator and wing-rectangle fin radiator. The WFR is demonstrated to have excellent aerodynamic performance, high heat dissipation and light weight. The efforts of this study develop a promising WFR structure and provide an insight to support the high-performance and lightweight design of advanced aeroengines.
{"title":"Design and performance evaluation of novel wing-shaped fin radiators for advanced aeroengines","authors":"Jia-Yi Lin , Chen Li , Ai-Fang Chao , Jian Li , Cheng-Wei Fei , Jian-Bin Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.jppr.2025.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jppr.2025.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the development of functional integration and compactness design for next generation aeroengine, the ineffective dissipation and utilization of excess heat is one of the key research topics. This paper develops a novel air-fuel wing-shaped fin radiator (WFR) to further improve aerodynamic performance, load-bearing capacity and lightweight. The performance of WFR is validated by fluid-thermal-solid coupling method. From this study, it is revealed that the WFR structure respectively reduces the aerodynamic loss by 44.58% and 28.45% and the mass by 16.48% and 13.64% while ensuring the thermal efficiency, compared with structures of the frequently-used rectangular fin radiator and wing-rectangle fin radiator. The WFR is demonstrated to have excellent aerodynamic performance, high heat dissipation and light weight. The efforts of this study develop a promising WFR structure and provide an insight to support the high-performance and lightweight design of advanced aeroengines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51341,"journal":{"name":"Propulsion and Power Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"Pages 371-382"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145384480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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