Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.3368/le.98.3.082621-0099
H. Banzhaf, V. Smith
The U.S. National Park Service and other agencies argue that our recreation lands face a crisis of deferred maintenance. This article evaluates two proposals for funding public lands: increasing gate fees and taxing recreational gear. It analyzes the joint welfare effects of such taxes and the services supported by the revenue. It shows that when the taxed goods and the public service are weak complements, there is a simple, sufficient statistic determining whether the joint effect increases welfare for both consumers and sellers: the quantity demanded for the taxed good increases. We illustrate these results with data for recreational services.
{"title":"Bundling Private Complements to Finance Public Goods","authors":"H. Banzhaf, V. Smith","doi":"10.3368/le.98.3.082621-0099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/le.98.3.082621-0099","url":null,"abstract":"The U.S. National Park Service and other agencies argue that our recreation lands face a crisis of deferred maintenance. This article evaluates two proposals for funding public lands: increasing gate fees and taxing recreational gear. It analyzes the joint welfare effects of such taxes and the services supported by the revenue. It shows that when the taxed goods and the public service are weak complements, there is a simple, sufficient statistic determining whether the joint effect increases welfare for both consumers and sellers: the quantity demanded for the taxed good increases. We illustrate these results with data for recreational services.","PeriodicalId":51378,"journal":{"name":"Land Economics","volume":"98 1","pages":"440 - 460"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46393230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.3368/le.98.3.083121-0105
F. Lupi, Roger H. von Haefen, L. Cheng
We use a multisite general population demand model to assess welfare and distributional effects of entrance pricing and taxation to finance Great Lakes beach management. We compare revenue resulting from uniform entry (i.e., gate) fees across sites to additional state income tax generating equivalent revenues. We present empirical demand elasticities with respect to total prices, including entry fees and elasticities with respect only to fees. We find that demand is price elastic for total trips and individual sites, with individual sites being significantly more elastic. Over a broad range of entry fees, total trip and site demands are fee elastic.
{"title":"Distributional Effects of Entry Fees and Taxation for Financing Public Beaches","authors":"F. Lupi, Roger H. von Haefen, L. Cheng","doi":"10.3368/le.98.3.083121-0105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/le.98.3.083121-0105","url":null,"abstract":"We use a multisite general population demand model to assess welfare and distributional effects of entrance pricing and taxation to finance Great Lakes beach management. We compare revenue resulting from uniform entry (i.e., gate) fees across sites to additional state income tax generating equivalent revenues. We present empirical demand elasticities with respect to total prices, including entry fees and elasticities with respect only to fees. We find that demand is price elastic for total trips and individual sites, with individual sites being significantly more elastic. Over a broad range of entry fees, total trip and site demands are fee elastic.","PeriodicalId":51378,"journal":{"name":"Land Economics","volume":"98 1","pages":"509 - 519"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42958018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.3368/le.98.3.090821-0108
M. Walls, Matthew Ashenfarb
We analyze the efficiency and equity implications of a federal excise tax on outdoor recreation equipment for funding U.S. public lands. Using microdata on consumer expenditure, we estimate a two-stage quadratic almost ideal demand system for recreation equipment and simulate the effects of a 5% tax. The tax generates a modest welfare loss as a share of tax revenues raised: $0.04 for every $1 of revenue. It is approximately proportional to income across the entire income distribution, but households in the lowest-income quintile pay more as a share of income than do households in the other four income quintiles.
{"title":"Efficiency and Equity of an Outdoor Recreation Equipment Tax to Fund Public Lands","authors":"M. Walls, Matthew Ashenfarb","doi":"10.3368/le.98.3.090821-0108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/le.98.3.090821-0108","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze the efficiency and equity implications of a federal excise tax on outdoor recreation equipment for funding U.S. public lands. Using microdata on consumer expenditure, we estimate a two-stage quadratic almost ideal demand system for recreation equipment and simulate the effects of a 5% tax. The tax generates a modest welfare loss as a share of tax revenues raised: $0.04 for every $1 of revenue. It is approximately proportional to income across the entire income distribution, but households in the lowest-income quintile pay more as a share of income than do households in the other four income quintiles.","PeriodicalId":51378,"journal":{"name":"Land Economics","volume":"98 1","pages":"520 - 536"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43759290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.3368/le.98.4.081319-0118r2
David Boussios, M. Castillo, Brady E. Brewer
From 2011 to 2017, the U.S. government paid farmers $6 billion annually in decoupled subsidies. Around 60% of cropland is rented, so if landlords raise rents in response to subsidy payments, the subsidies may not benefit the farmers as much as intended by policy. The Agricultural Act of 2014 linked subsidy payments to county characteristics and idiosyncratic yields. Instead of payments tied to farm-level productivity, which challenged identification under earlier programs, the programs offer a new path for identifying subsidy incidences. We find rents increase by approximately $0.45–$0.65 for every dollar received, roughly double what prior research found.
{"title":"The Unintended Beneficiaries of Farm Subsidies","authors":"David Boussios, M. Castillo, Brady E. Brewer","doi":"10.3368/le.98.4.081319-0118r2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/le.98.4.081319-0118r2","url":null,"abstract":"From 2011 to 2017, the U.S. government paid farmers $6 billion annually in decoupled subsidies. Around 60% of cropland is rented, so if landlords raise rents in response to subsidy payments, the subsidies may not benefit the farmers as much as intended by policy. The Agricultural Act of 2014 linked subsidy payments to county characteristics and idiosyncratic yields. Instead of payments tied to farm-level productivity, which challenged identification under earlier programs, the programs offer a new path for identifying subsidy incidences. We find rents increase by approximately $0.45–$0.65 for every dollar received, roughly double what prior research found.","PeriodicalId":51378,"journal":{"name":"Land Economics","volume":"98 1","pages":"658 - 673"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46098487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.3368/le.98.3.082721-0100
D. Lueck, Dominic P. Parker
Federal aid programs subsidize local governments in sectors ranging from health care to transportation, but there is little empirical study of their effects on local provision. We examine the effects of the 1937 Pittman-Robertson Wildlife Restoration Act, which directed federal excise taxes on guns and hunting equipment to wildlife agencies on the condition that receiving states stop diverting license funds to purposes unrelated to wildlife conservation. Using panel data from 1925 to 1937, we find that states with larger administrative sectors were more apt to divert wildlife revenues, and these diversions correlate with fewer licenses sold, suggesting adverse effects of diversions on wildlife conservation. Data from 1938–2018 suggest the Pittman-Robertson Act increased license sales and revenue, leading to positive effects on long-run conservation.
{"title":"Federal Funding and State Wildlife Conservation","authors":"D. Lueck, Dominic P. Parker","doi":"10.3368/le.98.3.082721-0100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/le.98.3.082721-0100","url":null,"abstract":"Federal aid programs subsidize local governments in sectors ranging from health care to transportation, but there is little empirical study of their effects on local provision. We examine the effects of the 1937 Pittman-Robertson Wildlife Restoration Act, which directed federal excise taxes on guns and hunting equipment to wildlife agencies on the condition that receiving states stop diverting license funds to purposes unrelated to wildlife conservation. Using panel data from 1925 to 1937, we find that states with larger administrative sectors were more apt to divert wildlife revenues, and these diversions correlate with fewer licenses sold, suggesting adverse effects of diversions on wildlife conservation. Data from 1938–2018 suggest the Pittman-Robertson Act increased license sales and revenue, leading to positive effects on long-run conservation.","PeriodicalId":51378,"journal":{"name":"Land Economics","volume":"98 1","pages":"461 - 477"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49627049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.3368/le.98.3.090721-0107
Yongjie Ji, David A Keiser, C. Kling, D. Phaneuf
This article uses a system of Poisson demand equations to examine the revenue potential associated with uniform, site-differentiated, and income-differentiated recreational access fees for more than 130 lakes in the state of Iowa. We also consider optimal fees in the spirit of Ramsey (1927) and demonstrate how the new insights from Banzhaf and Smith (2022) can empirically inform discussions of user fees. We find that user fees could be used to raise revenue for the maintenance of recreation infrastructure, but that they are generally regressive. Fees differentiated by income groups can attenuate (but not eliminate) this regressivity.
{"title":"Revenue and Distributional Consequences of Alternative Outdoor Recreation Pricing Mechanisms: Evidence from a Micropanel Data Set","authors":"Yongjie Ji, David A Keiser, C. Kling, D. Phaneuf","doi":"10.3368/le.98.3.090721-0107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/le.98.3.090721-0107","url":null,"abstract":"This article uses a system of Poisson demand equations to examine the revenue potential associated with uniform, site-differentiated, and income-differentiated recreational access fees for more than 130 lakes in the state of Iowa. We also consider optimal fees in the spirit of Ramsey (1927) and demonstrate how the new insights from Banzhaf and Smith (2022) can empirically inform discussions of user fees. We find that user fees could be used to raise revenue for the maintenance of recreation infrastructure, but that they are generally regressive. Fees differentiated by income groups can attenuate (but not eliminate) this regressivity.","PeriodicalId":51378,"journal":{"name":"Land Economics","volume":"98 1","pages":"478 - 494"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48579944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.3368/le.98.4.012521-0008r1
J. Parkins, S. Anders, J. Meyerhoff, Monique Holowach
This study uses data from a vignette experiment (n = 401) of large-scale agricultural landowners in western Canada to quantify attributes that enhance acceptance of wind farms on their land or in their municipality. The analysis addresses the role of community relationships and procedural fairness in the development of wind power. Random effects models indicate that landowners are more accepting of wind power if such projects include local or cooperative ownership, compensation payments to neighboring landowners, and community involvement in the development process. Results suggest that perceived injustices could be lessened if fairness considerations extended beyond monetary gain.
{"title":"Landowner Acceptance of Wind Turbines on Their Land: Insights from a Factorial Survey Experiment","authors":"J. Parkins, S. Anders, J. Meyerhoff, Monique Holowach","doi":"10.3368/le.98.4.012521-0008r1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/le.98.4.012521-0008r1","url":null,"abstract":"This study uses data from a vignette experiment (n = 401) of large-scale agricultural landowners in western Canada to quantify attributes that enhance acceptance of wind farms on their land or in their municipality. The analysis addresses the role of community relationships and procedural fairness in the development of wind power. Random effects models indicate that landowners are more accepting of wind power if such projects include local or cooperative ownership, compensation payments to neighboring landowners, and community involvement in the development process. Results suggest that perceived injustices could be lessened if fairness considerations extended beyond monetary gain.","PeriodicalId":51378,"journal":{"name":"Land Economics","volume":"98 1","pages":"674 - 689"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46652315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The increased use of our public lands raises the question of how to finance them. General revenues, gate fees, and gear taxes are leading candidates, and each has characteristic strengths and weakness. Addressing these issues requires combining public finance and environmental economics as well as historical and institutional knowledge of how public lands are actually managed. The articles in this special issue of Land Economics creatively combine these forms of expertise to address the financing of public lands.
{"title":"Financing Outdoor Recreation: An Introduction","authors":"H. Banzhaf","doi":"10.3368/le.98.3.intro","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/le.98.3.intro","url":null,"abstract":"The increased use of our public lands raises the question of how to finance them. General revenues, gate fees, and gear taxes are leading candidates, and each has characteristic strengths and weakness. Addressing these issues requires combining public finance and environmental economics as well as historical and institutional knowledge of how public lands are actually managed. The articles in this special issue of Land Economics creatively combine these forms of expertise to address the financing of public lands.","PeriodicalId":51378,"journal":{"name":"Land Economics","volume":"98 1","pages":"421 - 427"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46419004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-11DOI: 10.3368/le.98.2.040920-0052r
H. Feng, Tong Wang, D. Hennessy, G. Arora
Perception biases documented in the literature often pertain to subject matters that are difficult to observe or measure, such as one’s ability. We study perception biases with respect to a concrete indicator that can be objectively measured: land use changes in a local area. We examine four hypotheses about land use change perceptions and test them with farm survey data complemented by satellite data. We discover systematic biases in farmers’ perceptions about local land use changes that are consistent with motivated beliefs and evidence that links perceptions with intended future land conversions. Alternative explanations and policy implications are discussed.
{"title":"Over-Perception about Land Use Changes: Assessing Empirical Evidence and Linkage with Decisions and Motivated Beliefs","authors":"H. Feng, Tong Wang, D. Hennessy, G. Arora","doi":"10.3368/le.98.2.040920-0052r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/le.98.2.040920-0052r","url":null,"abstract":"Perception biases documented in the literature often pertain to subject matters that are difficult to observe or measure, such as one’s ability. We study perception biases with respect to a concrete indicator that can be objectively measured: land use changes in a local area. We examine four hypotheses about land use change perceptions and test them with farm survey data complemented by satellite data. We discover systematic biases in farmers’ perceptions about local land use changes that are consistent with motivated beliefs and evidence that links perceptions with intended future land conversions. Alternative explanations and policy implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":51378,"journal":{"name":"Land Economics","volume":"98 1","pages":"254 - 273"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44042071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-11DOI: 10.3368/le.98.2.061520-0087r1
Sara A. Sutherland, E. Edwards
Remote communities that rely on natural resource production may be differentially affected by changes in property rights to the resource. We examine the effect on remote fishing ports of the 1995 introduction of individual fishing quotas in the Alaskan halibut and sablefish fisheries, two of the first and largest adoptions. Using a two-way fixed effect difference-in-difference model, we find that affected remote communities see a 5%–13% decrease in population and declines in taxable sales revenue of 15%–19%. Quota allocation and market transfer rules, designed to address social objectives, generally failed to reduce these community effects.
{"title":"The Impact of Property Rights to Fish on Remote Communities in Alaska","authors":"Sara A. Sutherland, E. Edwards","doi":"10.3368/le.98.2.061520-0087r1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/le.98.2.061520-0087r1","url":null,"abstract":"Remote communities that rely on natural resource production may be differentially affected by changes in property rights to the resource. We examine the effect on remote fishing ports of the 1995 introduction of individual fishing quotas in the Alaskan halibut and sablefish fisheries, two of the first and largest adoptions. Using a two-way fixed effect difference-in-difference model, we find that affected remote communities see a 5%–13% decrease in population and declines in taxable sales revenue of 15%–19%. Quota allocation and market transfer rules, designed to address social objectives, generally failed to reduce these community effects.","PeriodicalId":51378,"journal":{"name":"Land Economics","volume":"98 1","pages":"239 - 253"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45865936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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