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The Group Appeal Strategy: Beyond the Policy Perspective on Party Electoral Success 群体呼吁战略:超越政策视角看政党选举成功
IF 3.1 2区 社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.1177/00323217231220127
Mads Thau
Political parties use policy appeals to change their policy images and increase electoral support. Building on the idea that parties’ group images also matter to voters, this article shows that group appeals can benefit parties as well. Combining manifesto data on policy and group appeals covering 50 years, we revisit the shift from class to catch-all politics in Britain and present three findings. First, a vote share analysis shows that the Labour Party benefited from using not just policy but also group appeals to downplay its class image. Second, consistent with a catch-all strategy, survey evidence shows that this boost in Labour support was most prominent outside the traditional base. Third, while group appeals had independent effects, we show how group and policy appeals also interact and reinforce each other. This suggests that non-policy strategies matter to parties’ electoral success on their own but also in combination with policy strategies.
政党利用政策诉求来改变其政策形象并提高选举支持率。基于政党的群体形象对选民也很重要这一观点,本文表明群体诉求也能使政党受益。结合 50 年来有关政策和群体诉求的宣言数据,我们重新审视了英国从阶级政治到全面政治的转变,并提出了三项发现。首先,选票份额分析表明,工党不仅利用政策,还利用群体诉求来淡化其阶级形象,从而从中获益。其次,调查证据显示,工党支持率的提升在传统基础之外最为突出,这与 "一网打尽 "战略是一致的。第三,虽然群体诉求具有独立的效果,但我们也展示了群体诉求和政策诉求是如何相互作用、相互加强的。这表明,非政策性战略本身对政党的选举成功很重要,但同时也与政策性战略相结合。
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引用次数: 0
Citizen-Led Democratic Change: How Australia’s Community Independents Movement Is Reshaping Representative Democracy 公民主导的民主变革:澳大利亚社区独立人士运动如何重塑代议制民主
IF 3.1 2区 社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.1177/00323217231219393
Carolyn M Hendriks, Richard Reid
Many citizens are frustrated with their democracy, particularly with elected representatives and political parties. In some contexts, citizens have taken steps to disrupt the status quo and push forward their own novel democratic reforms. Research on these ‘citizen-led democratic innovations’ has focused primarily on how political crises mobilise citizens to form social movements that then go on to devise or co-produce novel participatory institutions. This article expands these existing understandings in two novel directions. First, it challenges the assumption that for citizens to lead democratic reform they first need to mobilise a large protest movement. Second, it expands procedural understandings of ‘democratic innovation’ by considering how citizens are innovating in and around the core institutions of representative democracy. The article draws empirical insights from extensive qualitative research into Australia’s Community Independents Movement, which reveals a place-based, locally led political movement pursuing democratic change to improve local representation in national politics.
许多公民对自己的民主感到失望,特别是对民选代表和政党。在某些情况下,公民会采取措施打破现状,推动他们自己的新型民主改革。对这些 "公民主导的民主创新 "的研究主要集中在政治危机如何动员公民形成社会运动,进而设计或共同创建新型参与性机构。本文从两个新的方向扩展了这些现有的理解。首先,文章挑战了公民领导民主改革首先需要动员大规模抗议运动的假设。其次,文章通过考虑公民如何在代议制民主的核心机构中及其周围进行创新,拓展了对 "民主创新 "的程序性理解。文章从对澳大利亚 "社区独立人士运动"(Community Independents Movement)的广泛定性研究中汲取了经验见解,揭示了一场以地方为基础、由地方领导的政治运动,该运动追求民主变革,以提高地方在国家政治中的代表性。
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引用次数: 0
The Voter Next Door: Stigma Effects on Advance Voting for Radical Right Parties 隔壁的选民成见对激进右翼政党提前投票的影响
IF 3.1 2区 社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-12-28 DOI: 10.1177/00323217231216305
Hilma Lindskog, Stefan Dahlberg, Richard Öhrvall, Henrik Oscarsson
Despite the influence of stigmatization on vote choices, little attention has been given to the impact of social stigma on voters’ selection of voting procedures. To bridge this gap, our study focuses on Sweden, where the open-display ballot system at polling stations potentially compromises vote secrecy. Using survey data from the Swedish National Election Studies in 2014 and 2018, we examine the relationship between citizens’ voting procedure choices and their support for a highly stigmatized radical right party, the Sweden Democrats. Our findings reveal that voters of the Sweden Democrats are more inclined to vote in advance, particularly in districts with low general party support, indicating a high level of stigma. We argue that advance voting can be seen as a strategy to safeguard vote secrecy when voting for stigmatized parties within an institutional context featuring public displays of ballots. In addition, our research sheds light on the importance of electoral integrity in maintaining the confidentiality of voters’ choices.
尽管污名化对投票选择有影响,但很少有人关注社会污名对选民选择投票程序的影响。为了弥补这一差距,我们的研究聚焦于瑞典,因为瑞典投票站的开放式选票系统可能会损害投票的保密性。利用 2014 年和 2018 年瑞典全国选举研究的调查数据,我们研究了公民的投票程序选择与他们对极具污名化的激进右翼政党瑞典民主党的支持之间的关系。我们的研究结果表明,瑞典民主党的选民更倾向于提前投票,尤其是在政党总体支持率较低的选区,这表明他们的污名化程度很高。我们认为,在公开展示选票的制度背景下,提前投票可以被视为在投票给被污名化的政党时保障投票保密性的一种策略。此外,我们的研究还揭示了选举诚信在维护选民选择保密性方面的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the Causes of Technocratic Minister Appointments in Europe 探索欧洲技术官僚任命部长的原因
IF 3.1 2区 社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-11-21 DOI: 10.1177/00323217231210129
J. Pilet, Leonardo Puleo, Davide Vittori
In the last decade, the appointment of technocratic ministers has become more common than ever before in Europe. Yet, scholarly attention has mostly focused on the economic determinants that lead to the appointment of such political outsiders in governments. In contrast, political determinants have not been fully examined. This article aims to investigate the role of economic determinants, as well as institutional factors (e.g. electoral system), party-system characteristics (e.g. volatility, polarization) and cabinet-related factors (e.g. intra-cabinet heterogeneity, the strength of populist parties within the government). Using a novel data set comprising data for more than 7000 ministers, including around 900 technocrats, our analysis shows that the share of populist parties within the cabinets has the strongest effect on the likelihood of appointing technocrats in national government. However, institutional-level variables appear to have no effect on the levels of technocratic appointments.
在过去十年中,技术官僚部长的任命在欧洲比以往任何时候都更为常见。然而,学术界的注意力大多集中在导致政府任命这类政治外行的经济决定因素上。相比之下,政治决定因素尚未得到充分研究。本文旨在研究经济决定因素的作用,以及制度因素(如选举制度)、政党制度特征(如波动性、两极分化)和内阁相关因素(如内阁内部异质性、民粹主义政党在政府中的力量)的作用。我们的分析使用了一个包含 7000 多名部长(其中包括约 900 名技术官僚)数据的新数据集,结果表明,内阁中民粹主义政党的比例对国家政府任命技术官僚的可能性影响最大。然而,制度层面的变量似乎对技术专家的任命水平没有影响。
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引用次数: 0
Keeping Up With the Joneses? Neighbourhood Effects on the Vote 攀比?邻里对投票的影响
2区 社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.1177/00323217231204849
Eelco Harteveld, Wouter van der Brug
Voters are affected by cues from their immediate social environment. One of these cues consists of the political opinions available and accepted in people’s neighbourhoods, which are theoretically expected to affect vote choices through direct or indirect forms of communication. We test this assertion by employing a longitudinal design combining fine-grained geo-coded panel data with election results on a uniquely local level in the Netherlands. We assess the effect of the level of support for parties in a neighbourhood (consisting of just 624 households on average) on the vote choices of individuals 5 years later, while controlling for their previous vote choice. We find that the political preferences of neighbours indeed affect respondents’ subsequent vote choice, but only for those voters who feel strongly embedded in the local community. We conclude that, even in the highly fragmented Dutch context, the political choices of citizens can be influenced by neighbourhood effects.
选民会受到直接社会环境的影响。其中一个线索包括人们在社区中可以获得和接受的政治观点,理论上,这些政治观点预计会通过直接或间接的交流形式影响投票选择。我们通过采用纵向设计将细粒度地理编码面板数据与荷兰独特地方层面的选举结果相结合来测试这一断言。我们评估了一个社区(平均仅由624户家庭组成)对个人5年后投票选择的支持水平的影响,同时控制了他们之前的投票选择。我们发现,邻居的政治偏好确实会影响受访者随后的投票选择,但只对那些对当地社区有强烈归属感的选民有效。我们的结论是,即使在高度分散的荷兰背景下,公民的政治选择也会受到邻里效应的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Party–Interest Group Ties and Patterns of Political Influence 政党利益集团关系和政治影响模式
2区 社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-10-12 DOI: 10.1177/00323217231202596
Maiken Røed, Elin Haugsgjerd Allern, Vibeke Wøien Hansen
Organizational ties between political parties and interest groups are common in contemporary democracies, but little is known about the political effects of such ties. This article examines whether the strength of organizational ties between parties and interest groups affects the probability of (1) interest group influence on parties, (2) party influence on interest groups, and (3) mutual party–interest group influence in decision-making. Using novel interest group survey data from six democracies, we are the first to systematically examine the relationship between organizational ties and perceived and attributed influence across multiple policy areas. The findings indicate that one-sided influence is more likely when the actors have stronger ties but that such ties also increase the likelihood of influence going both ways. Close party–interest group relationships hence likely involve give-and-take across policy issues. These findings shed important new light on the role of parties and interest groups as intermediaries in democracies.
政党和利益集团之间的组织联系在当代民主国家很常见,但人们对这种联系的政治影响知之甚少。本文考察了政党和利益集团之间的组织联系强度是否会影响(1)利益集团对政党的影响,(2)政党对利益集团的影响,以及(3)政党和利益集团在决策中的相互影响的概率。利用来自六个民主国家的新型利益集团调查数据,我们首次系统地研究了组织联系与多个政策领域的感知和归因影响之间的关系。研究结果表明,当参与者的关系更紧密时,单方面的影响更有可能发生,但这种关系也增加了双向影响的可能性。因此,密切的政党-利益集团关系可能涉及在政策问题上的相互让步。这些发现对政党和利益集团在民主制度中作为中间人的作用提供了重要的新认识。
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引用次数: 0
Children or Migrants as Public Goods? 儿童或移民是公共产品?
2区 社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.1177/00323217231199556
Paul Bou-Habib, Serena Olsaretti
Why, and to what extent, must taxpayers share the costs of raising children with parents? The most influential argument over this question has been the public goods argument: Taxpayers must share costs with parents because and to the extent that child-rearing contributes toward public goods by helping to develop valuable human capital. However, political theorists have not examined the public goods argument in a context in which replacement migration is available: If replacement migration can provide valuable human capital more efficiently than child-rearing, can the public goods argument still justify a taxpayer obligation to share the costs of child-rearing? This article argues that there are importantly different versions of the public goods argument, and that on a plausible version of that argument, it can withstand the replacement migration challenge under most circumstances.
为什么纳税人必须与父母分担抚养孩子的成本,以及在多大程度上分担?关于这个问题最具影响力的观点是关于公共产品的观点:纳税人必须与父母分担成本,因为在某种程度上,抚养孩子有助于开发宝贵的人力资本,从而为公共产品做出贡献。然而,政治理论家并没有在可替代移民的背景下检验公共产品论点:如果替代移民能比抚养孩子更有效地提供宝贵的人力资本,那么公共产品论点还能证明纳税人有义务分担抚养孩子的成本是合理的吗?本文认为,公共产品论证存在重要的不同版本,并且在该论证的合理版本上,它可以在大多数情况下承受替代移民的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
The Elusive Effect of Political Trust on Participation: Participatory Resource or (Dis)incentive? 政治信任对参与的影响:参与性资源还是(非)激励?
2区 社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.1177/00323217231194820
Ebe Ouattara, Eefje Steenvoorden
Although political trust has long been linked to political participation, its effects remain elusive. Trust in political institutions may enhance levels of participation, diminish political engagement, or yield distinct effects depending on the activity. This article examines these diverging effects through a rational choice framework, with which we theorize and test whether political trust functions as a resource or a (dis)incentive to participate. Specifically, we assess the direct effects of political trust on intended participation and its moderating effects on outcome-related motivations and activity type. To this end, we use a factorial survey experiment in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom to isolate the effects of outcome-related motivations and to disentangle participation from the effectiveness of action and the effect of activity type, factors that remain confounded in existing survey measures of participation. Overall, our findings suggest that political trust operates as a (dis)incentive, rather than a resource spurring participation.
尽管政治信任长期以来一直与政治参与联系在一起,但其影响仍然难以捉摸。对政治机构的信任可以提高参与水平,减少政治参与,或根据不同的活动产生不同的影响。本文通过一个理性选择框架来检验这些分歧效应,并以此来理论化和检验政治信任是作为一种资源还是一种(非)参与激励。具体而言,我们评估了政治信任对预期参与的直接影响及其对结果相关动机和活动类型的调节作用。为此,我们在荷兰和英国进行了一项析因调查实验,以分离出与结果相关的动机的影响,并将参与与行动的有效性和活动类型的影响分开,这些因素在现有的参与调查措施中仍然是混淆的。总体而言,我们的研究结果表明,政治信任是一种(非)激励,而不是刺激参与的资源。
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引用次数: 0
Post-Truth is Misplaced Distrust in Testimony, Not Indifference to Facts: Implications for Deliberative Remedies 后真相是对证词的错位不信任,而不是对事实的冷漠:对审慎救济的启示
2区 社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.1177/00323217231194822
Diana Popescu-Sarry
How should we deliberate with citizens who entertain post-truth beliefs in democratic societies? This is a central question for those interested in wielding the epistemic potential of democratic deliberation against post-truth. Yet, the strength of proposed deliberative solutions depends on the accuracy with which post-truth is diagnosed. Taking seriously the connection between epistemic diagnosis and deliberative remedy, this paper looks at the motivations provided by non-vaccinating parents for their beliefs and argues for an understanding of post-truth as misplaced distrust in testimony, as against a standard view of post-truth as indifference to fact. Second, the paper argues this new diagnosis of post-truth renders ineffective deliberative strategies aiming to harness the power of impersonal reason and accuracy, of the kind recently defended by Simone Chambers. Instead, combating post-truth as the paper defines it is effectively accomplished through employing bridging rhetoric.
在民主社会中,我们应该如何与持有后真相信念的公民进行协商?对于那些有兴趣利用民主审议的认知潜力来对抗后真相的人来说,这是一个核心问题。然而,提议的协商解决方案的强度取决于诊断后真相的准确性。认真对待认知诊断和协商补救措施之间的联系,本文着眼于non-vaccinating父母提供的动机对他们的信仰和主张的理解后真相作为证词错位的不信任,对标准后真相对事实的看法。其次,本文认为,这种对后真相的新诊断使得旨在利用客观理性和准确性的力量的审议策略无效,这是西蒙·钱伯斯最近为之辩护的那种策略。相反,正如本文所定义的那样,打击后真相是通过使用桥接修辞有效地完成的。
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引用次数: 0
No Virtue Like Resilience: Machiavelli’s Realistic Justification of Democracy 韧性是美德:马基雅维利对民主的现实辩护
IF 3.1 2区 社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-08-22 DOI: 10.1177/00323217231191396
C. Burelli
Is democracy a realistic political ideal? This article historically recovers and normatively assesses Machiavelli’s intuition that democratic institutions are realistically desirable in virtue of their resilience. The article takes inspiration from Machiavelli’s work in two ways. Methodologically, it argues that there is a distinctive realist normativity based on political virtues, that is, those skills that are instrumentally required to thrive in politics. Substantively, it probes Machiavelli’s idea that the most important political virtue, for both individuals and institutions, is resilience: the ability to continuously adapt to new circumstances. Machiavelli observes that democratic regimes are very resilient because, while individuals cannot change their character to adapt to new circumstances, democracies can just change the individual in charge. The article then refines Machiavelli’s intuition by building on the contemporary distinction between stability and resilience. It claims that authoritarian regimes are more stable, and yet less resilient. Democracies are instead characterised by a continuous flux of political outputs, which makes them seemingly wavering, and yet better equipped to experiment with unconventional adaptations. The two different literatures thus complement each other. The debate on resilience usefully clarifies and systematises Machiavelli’s intuition. Conversely, Machiavelli’s work reveals the salience of resilience in politics, and shows why it counts as a realist political value.
民主是现实的政治理想吗?本文历史性地恢复并规范地评估了马基雅维利的直觉,即民主制度凭借其弹性在现实中是可取的。这篇文章从马基雅维利的著作中获得了两方面的灵感。从方法论上讲,它认为存在一种基于政治美德的独特的现实主义规范,也就是说,那些在政治中茁壮成长所必需的技能。实质上,它探讨了马基雅维利的观点,即对于个人和机构来说,最重要的政治美德是弹性:不断适应新环境的能力。马基雅维利观察到,民主政体具有很强的弹性,因为尽管个人无法改变自己的性格以适应新环境,但民主政体可以改变掌权的个人。然后,文章通过建立在稳定和弹性之间的当代区别之上,完善了马基雅维利的直觉。它声称独裁政权更稳定,但更缺乏弹性。相反,民主国家的特点是政治产出的不断变化,这使得它们看起来摇摆不定,但却更有能力尝试非常规的适应措施。因此,这两种不同的文献相辅相成。关于恢复力的辩论有效地澄清和系统化了马基雅维利的直觉。相反,马基雅维利的著作揭示了弹性在政治中的突出地位,并说明了为什么它被视为现实主义的政治价值。
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