International Review of Psychiatry最新文献

By the mid-2020s, Elon Reeve Musk (1971-) became the world's wealthiest man despite a tumultuous upbringing at the hands of his father Errol Musk. The article utilized attachment theory and psychobiographical methods to tell the story of Musk's rise to become an archetypal Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) success story. The study concluded that Musk, whose childhood was dominated by a father whom he described as 'evil', may have developed an anxious-avoidant attachment style. On the positive side, this detached mode of interpersonal relating has allowed Musk to make business decisions relatively free from emotional bias. On the negative side, Musk's standoffishness has often caused friction in his familial and romantic relationships.

This psychobiography, in the format of multiple vignettes, aimed to reimagine the humanoid automata of Pierre Jaquet-Droz (1721-1790). A highlight of his career was the design of three androids, namely the writer; draughtsman; and musician. These androids were technological creations of ingenuity. Jaquet-Droz's legacy contributed to the fields of future humanoid robotics and artificial intelligence (AI). His androids were purposively sampled due to the lessons and archetypal reimagining they held for Industry 4.0. The psychobiographer analyzed photos, pictures and online video footage as primary data-sources. Relevant historical and bibliographical references served as secondary data-sources. Suited evidence in the data-sources were identified via the use of Alexander's indicators of thematic salience and were reimagined via an archetypal-interpretivist perspective. Jung posited that archetypes are universal cultural symbols residing in the collective unconscious, manifesting in various human creations. Jaquet-Droz's androids are reimagined as representations of the creator, child and artist archetypes. They also represent the shadow archetype in that they obscure the differentiation between human and machine, raising existential questions regarding humanity. These androids remind us of how technology can enhance human experience as these androids were designed for both human entertainment and to technologically advance Jaquet-Droz's watchmaking industry.

This final article in the special issue, 'Psychobiography 4.0: About Robots, AI and Humanoids', serves as an integrative summary of the 10 articles comprising the issue. The present authors first provide reflections on each of the separate contributions, highlighting important questions and findings generated in each study. Next, common themes that transcend the full set of articles are discussed, namely recurring archetypes, meaning-making under pressure, emotions and imagination, machines as mirrors, and genius and damage. Also highlighted are the welcome methodological advances in psychobiography evident across the contributions. These are interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches; rigorous mining of data and prioritizing first-person sources; trustworthiness criteria for data integration and interpretation; attention to ethics regarding care for individual subjects (and any surviving relatives) and ethical reflections on an advancing AI world; and multiple case study approaches in two forms: one researcher, multiple connected cases and one subject with multiple independent researchers. The article closes on reflections on what is missing from this collective set of articles; reflections that can guide future research in psychobiography in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR).

As part of his groundbreaking theory of evolution, Charles Darwin described emotions as inherited, unchanging brain mechanisms. This view of emotions has implications for humans living in a digital world, and concerned about preserving their humanity. AI technologies have adopted Darwin's view of emotions as 'real entities' in programs of emotion recognition, and in efforts to make robots emotionally intelligent. In contrast, the neuroscientific Theory of Constructed Emotion (TCE) argues that emotions are part of the human brain's unique ability to construct social reality, including self-construction through self-reflexivity. According to TCE advocates, the TCE understanding of emotions is more compatible to Darwin's own evolution theory. Adopting a narrative position on autobiographies, this psychobiography study explored Darwin's autobiography as a reflection of his implicit philosophical notion of 'self' including emotions. The narrative-dialogical analysis indicated that his autobiography stands out as an example of self-construction, through specific processes of self-reflexivity. His implicit view on emotions contradicts his explicit view on the same topic. We discuss that, like Darwin, all humans use their unique self-reflective ability in order to create social reality. It appears that this ability has evolved in the history of humankind. With the right understanding of how humans construct emotions, an ethical use of AI technologies could be promoted, and concerns about preserving humanity could be lessened.

This psychobiographical work on Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, as a socio-political activist and woman leader, focuses on her life during apartheid and in post-apartheid South Africa. The main research question is: 'What lessons can be learned from Winnie Madikizela-Mandela's leadership for South Africa in the Fourth Industrial Revolution?' The authors apply George's authentic leadership theory to explore Winnie's life. The research methodology used is a single psychobiographical case study approach, based on purposeful sampling. Data were collected from public domains and analysed through qualitative content analysis. Research ethics and qualitative quality criteria were applied. Findings present aspects of Winnie's authentic leadership during her childhood and teenage years, how she became an anti-apartheid activist and leader, and how she continued her fight for social justice and equality even in post-apartheid times. Her authentic leadership qualities and three lessons learned from Winnie's life and their application in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) are presented based on George's model. These are: 1) be resilient, 2) fight for social justice, and 3) give a voice. The lessons aim at promoting resilience and mental health, social justice and equality, and the change of hegemonic processes by remembering the voiceless.

Mental health care in Switzerland is at a relatively high level worldwide. Nevertheless, as in many other countries, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the entire healthcare system and psychiatry in particular. In addition, the care of people with mental disorders in Switzerland is characterised by numerous special features that distinguish the country from most Western systems. The article provides an overview of the following aspects of mental health care: Epidemiology, pandemic-related developments, health policy and funding, as well as the structure and specific aspects of outpatient, intermediate and inpatient care. Finally, it analyses numerous challenges facing mental health care in Switzerland.

This position paper describes the structural elements of the Polish mental healthcare system, with consideration of both historical and contemporary contexts. The historical context has had a significant impact on the evolution of mental healthcare and treatment of alcohol and substance use disorders (AUD and SUD) in Poland, resulting in notable distinctions between the two systems. Those are evident in the distinct legal foundations, therapeutic traditions (medical vs. psychosocial), dominant professional groups (psychiatrists vs. specialised AUD/SUD psychotherapists), roles of non-governmental organisations and self-help groups (more prominent in AUD/SUD services), as well as the range of services offered. It is not merely an organisational issue; the separation of the two systems has a more profound effect on the actual services available to patients, including those with dual diagnoses (i.e. mental disorders comorbid with AUD/SUD). It is therefore imperative that mental healthcare and AUD/SUD services collaborate and work together as part of a wider network comprising a well-coordinated variety of different services. Possible advantages and disadvantages of dual systems are discussed, along with recommendations for policy and research.

In Japan, mental health legislation and policies have evolved, and mental health services have progressively developed in the post-World War II era. This review introduces two essential laws: the Act on Mental Health and Welfare for Persons with Mental Disorders or Disabilities and the Act on Providing Comprehensive Support for the Daily Life and Life in Society of Persons with Disabilities. It also outlines the changes in mental health policy over the past decades, beginning with the Vision for the Reform of Mental Health and Medical Welfare of 2004, which advocated for a 'transition from hospital-centered care to community-centered care'. The article further presents current practices in mental health-related areas under the community-based integrated care system that also addresses mental disorders-the latest approach to the care of individuals with mental disorders. The changes in the past few decades aimed at promoting community-based care. As a result, while outpatient and home-based services have flourished, the number of psychiatric beds remains high, which is a persisting challenge. Finally, the article discusses the impact of COVID-19 on mental health and mental health services, a policy shift and the necessity of considering mental health in related policies raised by the pandemic in Japan.

Evidence from South Africa shows a high burden of mental health conditions and a large treatment gap for uninsured people with common mental disorders. For young people seeking mental healthcare, the primary care and community settings are potentially more accessible and appropriate, but public sector mental health services in the country are mostly hospital-based. We undertook a scoping review of needs and preferences for primary care-based and community youth mental health services as well as evaluations of mental health interventions for youth in South Africa. A PubMed search using relevant search terms was conducted, and articles were evaluated based on a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of the 405 publications from the search, 29 articles met criteria for inclusion. Two additional papers were included from searching reference lists. Youth emphasized stigma as a barrier to seeking mental healthcare and highlighted the importance of considering local context when developing mental health interventions. The evaluations of community-based and digital interventions identified in the review demonstrated feasibility and acceptability as well as efficacy. This review provides a foundation on which to base future implementation research and to advocate for youth mental health polices and services.

This paper examines the evolution and current challenges of the Brazilian Psychosocial Care Centers for Alcohol and other Drugs (CAPS-ADs), central to Brazil's mental health reform. Established within the broader Psychosocial Care Network (RAPS) in 2002, CAPS-AD represents a shift from hospital-centric to community-based care for mental health and substance dependency. Synthesizing 39 peer-reviewed articles, the study explores CAPS-AD's operational characteristics, effectiveness and limitations. The model is distinguished by its interdisciplinary approach, open-door policy, and focus on social reintegration, providing continuous access to specialized care. Key features include singular therapeutic plans, harm reduction strategies and integration with primary care. The CAPS-AD III modality, offering 24-hour care, highlights the model's adaptability. Despite its strengths, the CAPS-ADs face challenges such as user dissatisfaction with rigid therapeutic activities, limited autonomy and inadequate participation in care planning. Structural deficiencies, particularly in resource-limited regions and the persistence of traditional biomedical approaches further hinder quality care. Additional barriers include insufficient attention to gender-specific needs, age-appropriate care and the stigmatization of substance users and professionals. Addressing these challenges through structural reforms, enhanced training, and a more integrated, personalized, and stigma-free approach is essential to fully realize the potential of CAPS-AD and advance equitable mental health care in Brazil.