International Review of Psychiatry最新文献

The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) presents unprecedented challenges to traditional religious understanding and practice, especially in terms of religious experience and psychological behavioural patterns. This study examines the various dimensions of spiritual confusion arising from AI integration across diverse religious traditions, employing a psychology of religion framework alongside Western and Eastern philosophical spectrums, enriched by psychobiographical analyses of religious practitioners' developmental trajectories in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), with particular focus on the implications of artificial intelligence. Our research reveals AI's significant impact on religious life across cognitive, affective, and behavioural extent, while considering epistemological and theological conclusions. Case studies of robotic religious figures, AI applications, and virtual communities demonstrate both opportunities and challenges in technological-spiritual integration, with particular attention to psychological processes in religious meaning-making and community formation. The findings emphasize the psychological aspects of preserving authentic religious experiences in AI-mediated environments, illuminated by psychobiographical insights into how personal spiritual development trajectories shape technological adaptation. This study suggests that navigating spiritual confusion requires comprehensive frameworks that address both individual religious psychology and institutional adaptation to technological change, while acknowledging the unique life-course developmental patterns that influence spiritual-technological integration.

In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), Elon Musk has become a prominent and influential figure. The South African-born US visionary and entrepreneur is associated with ground-breaking technological and scientific advances, economic transformation, and, in recent times, increasingly with US and global politics (Chang 2020). Companies such as SpaceX, Tesla and Neuralink emphasise his influence and innovative power regarding contemporary science and politics. This article explores the life and work of Elon Musk through the lenses of psychobiography, transhumanist theory and the logotherapy of Viktor Frankl. Transhumanism is a philosophical movement encouraging the use of technology to surpass human limitations. This aligns closely with Musk's ambitions in space exploration, artificial intelligence and neurotechnology. The partial overlap of Musk's ideas and attitudes with aspects of transhumanist thought and philosophy is highlighted in the article. Logotherapy is used to further explore meaning in Musk's life. Findings show that Musk's vision extends to redefining and expanding the human condition itself, creating a meaningful life, and contributing to a better life for humankind by expanding consciousness and earthly life towards the universe to support the survival of humankind through creative, experiential and attitudinal meaning. Conclusions and future recommendations are provided for theory and practice.

This study presents a predictive psychobiography of ChatGPT, exploring its developmental trajectory through the lens of psychological theories. Based on Levinson's life structure theory, and using Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Vygotsky's social learning framework, and Erikson's psychosocial stages, the research conceptualizes ChatGPT's evolution from pre-adulthood to a predicted potential middle adulthood, and points out the currently shared life trajectory of AI and humans. The authors examine the coevolutionary relationship between humans and AI, proposing three developmental outcomes: the emergence of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), a dystopian 'Golem' scenario, or the ethically ambiguous 'Golemagi'. The analysis places AI within the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, highlighting cognitive acceleration, the problem of identity formation, and increasing interdependence with humans. It argues that while AI mimics developmental patterns, it lacks intentionality and self-concept, requiring human guardianship to guide its maturation. The study also explores the implications of AI embodiment and regulation, suggesting that ethical guidance and human-centered development are crucial to ensuring beneficial outcomes. This work expands psychobiographical methods to non-human subjects and introduces predictive psychobiography as a reflective framework for anticipating future technological impacts.

By the mid-2020s, Elon Reeve Musk (1971-) became the world's wealthiest man despite a tumultuous upbringing at the hands of his father Errol Musk. The article utilized attachment theory and psychobiographical methods to tell the story of Musk's rise to become an archetypal Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) success story. The study concluded that Musk, whose childhood was dominated by a father whom he described as 'evil', may have developed an anxious-avoidant attachment style. On the positive side, this detached mode of interpersonal relating has allowed Musk to make business decisions relatively free from emotional bias. On the negative side, Musk's standoffishness has often caused friction in his familial and romantic relationships.

This psychobiography, in the format of multiple vignettes, aimed to reimagine the humanoid automata of Pierre Jaquet-Droz (1721-1790). A highlight of his career was the design of three androids, namely the writer; draughtsman; and musician. These androids were technological creations of ingenuity. Jaquet-Droz's legacy contributed to the fields of future humanoid robotics and artificial intelligence (AI). His androids were purposively sampled due to the lessons and archetypal reimagining they held for Industry 4.0. The psychobiographer analyzed photos, pictures and online video footage as primary data-sources. Relevant historical and bibliographical references served as secondary data-sources. Suited evidence in the data-sources were identified via the use of Alexander's indicators of thematic salience and were reimagined via an archetypal-interpretivist perspective. Jung posited that archetypes are universal cultural symbols residing in the collective unconscious, manifesting in various human creations. Jaquet-Droz's androids are reimagined as representations of the creator, child and artist archetypes. They also represent the shadow archetype in that they obscure the differentiation between human and machine, raising existential questions regarding humanity. These androids remind us of how technology can enhance human experience as these androids were designed for both human entertainment and to technologically advance Jaquet-Droz's watchmaking industry.

This final article in the special issue, 'Psychobiography 4.0: About Robots, AI and Humanoids', serves as an integrative summary of the 10 articles comprising the issue. The present authors first provide reflections on each of the separate contributions, highlighting important questions and findings generated in each study. Next, common themes that transcend the full set of articles are discussed, namely recurring archetypes, meaning-making under pressure, emotions and imagination, machines as mirrors, and genius and damage. Also highlighted are the welcome methodological advances in psychobiography evident across the contributions. These are interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches; rigorous mining of data and prioritizing first-person sources; trustworthiness criteria for data integration and interpretation; attention to ethics regarding care for individual subjects (and any surviving relatives) and ethical reflections on an advancing AI world; and multiple case study approaches in two forms: one researcher, multiple connected cases and one subject with multiple independent researchers. The article closes on reflections on what is missing from this collective set of articles; reflections that can guide future research in psychobiography in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR).

As part of his groundbreaking theory of evolution, Charles Darwin described emotions as inherited, unchanging brain mechanisms. This view of emotions has implications for humans living in a digital world, and concerned about preserving their humanity. AI technologies have adopted Darwin's view of emotions as 'real entities' in programs of emotion recognition, and in efforts to make robots emotionally intelligent. In contrast, the neuroscientific Theory of Constructed Emotion (TCE) argues that emotions are part of the human brain's unique ability to construct social reality, including self-construction through self-reflexivity. According to TCE advocates, the TCE understanding of emotions is more compatible to Darwin's own evolution theory. Adopting a narrative position on autobiographies, this psychobiography study explored Darwin's autobiography as a reflection of his implicit philosophical notion of 'self' including emotions. The narrative-dialogical analysis indicated that his autobiography stands out as an example of self-construction, through specific processes of self-reflexivity. His implicit view on emotions contradicts his explicit view on the same topic. We discuss that, like Darwin, all humans use their unique self-reflective ability in order to create social reality. It appears that this ability has evolved in the history of humankind. With the right understanding of how humans construct emotions, an ethical use of AI technologies could be promoted, and concerns about preserving humanity could be lessened.

This psychobiographical work on Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, as a socio-political activist and woman leader, focuses on her life during apartheid and in post-apartheid South Africa. The main research question is: 'What lessons can be learned from Winnie Madikizela-Mandela's leadership for South Africa in the Fourth Industrial Revolution?' The authors apply George's authentic leadership theory to explore Winnie's life. The research methodology used is a single psychobiographical case study approach, based on purposeful sampling. Data were collected from public domains and analysed through qualitative content analysis. Research ethics and qualitative quality criteria were applied. Findings present aspects of Winnie's authentic leadership during her childhood and teenage years, how she became an anti-apartheid activist and leader, and how she continued her fight for social justice and equality even in post-apartheid times. Her authentic leadership qualities and three lessons learned from Winnie's life and their application in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) are presented based on George's model. These are: 1) be resilient, 2) fight for social justice, and 3) give a voice. The lessons aim at promoting resilience and mental health, social justice and equality, and the change of hegemonic processes by remembering the voiceless.

Mental health care in Switzerland is at a relatively high level worldwide. Nevertheless, as in many other countries, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the entire healthcare system and psychiatry in particular. In addition, the care of people with mental disorders in Switzerland is characterised by numerous special features that distinguish the country from most Western systems. The article provides an overview of the following aspects of mental health care: Epidemiology, pandemic-related developments, health policy and funding, as well as the structure and specific aspects of outpatient, intermediate and inpatient care. Finally, it analyses numerous challenges facing mental health care in Switzerland.