Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000514
Melanie Kowalczyk, M. Kornacka, K. Wisiecka, Agnieszka Młyniec, Anna Redeł, Maria Szwykowska-Ziemniak, Izabela Krejtz
Abstract: Previous research suggests a link between oral contraceptives and cognitive functioning in women, yet the results are contradictory and limited by methodological inconsistencies. This is the first meta-analysis of studies comparing naturally cycling women with women taking oral contraceptives on measures testing three executive functions: inhibition, updating, and shifting. We conducted a systematic literature search. Sixteen articles were included which were either cross-sectional or experimental and compared executive functions between women taking oral contraceptives ( n = 588) or cycling naturally ( n = 594). The average sample size was n = 32.33 for oral contraceptives users and n = 31.34 for naturally cycling women with ranges going from 8 to 144 participants per study. The age range of participants in all the studies taken together was between 18 for the youngest participant and 50 years old for the oldest participant with a mean age of M = 21.97, SD = 2.28. The studies presented a mixture of androgenic and anti-androgenic oral contraceptives which were rarely analyzed as separate groups. We ran a multivariate meta-analysis model to estimate the effect size of 66 comparisons in executive functioning between the groups taking oral contraceptives and the groups of naturally cycling women. Overall, the effect size of differences in executive functioning between groups was not significant: d = 0.044, SE = 0.0713, 95% CI [−0.0959, 0.1839], z = 0.62; p = 0.54. The analysis of the cycle phases and types of executive functions as moderators was not significant, however, the studies assessed as having a lower quality increased the overall effect. Our analysis indicates no difference between oral contraceptive users and naturally cycling women on core executive functions but the high amount of heterogeneity might reflect a high level of methodological diversity. Implications for research design and methodology are discussed.
摘要：以往的研究表明，口服避孕药与女性的认知功能之间存在联系，但研究结果相互矛盾，且因方法不一致而受到限制。这是首次对自然周期女性与口服避孕药女性在抑制、更新和转移三种执行功能测试方面的比较研究进行荟萃分析。我们进行了系统的文献检索。共收录了 16 篇文章，这些文章或为横断面研究，或为实验研究，比较了服用口服避孕药（n = 588）或自然循环（n = 594）的女性的执行功能。口服避孕药妇女的平均样本量为 n = 32.33，自然骑自行车妇女的平均样本量为 n = 31.34，每项研究的参与者人数从 8 人到 144 人不等。所有研究的参与者年龄范围加在一起，最小的 18 岁，最大的 50 岁，平均年龄为 M = 21.97，SD = 2.28。这些研究混合使用了雄激素和抗雄激素口服避孕药，很少将其作为单独的组别进行分析。我们运行了一个多变量荟萃分析模型，以估计服用口服避孕药组和自然周期妇女组之间在执行功能方面的 66 项比较的效应大小。总体而言，组间执行功能差异的效应大小不显著：d = 0.044，SE = 0.0713，95% CI [-0.0959，0.1839]，z = 0.62；p = 0.54。作为调节因子的周期阶段和执行功能类型的分析结果并不显著，但是，被评估为质量较低的研究增加了总体效应。我们的分析表明，口服避孕药使用者和自然周期妇女在核心执行功能方面没有差异，但高度异质性可能反映了方法的高度多样性。本文讨论了研究设计和方法的意义。
{"title":"The Relationship Between the Menstrual Cycle, Oral Contraceptives, and Executive Function – Inhibition, Updating, and Shifting","authors":"Melanie Kowalczyk, M. Kornacka, K. Wisiecka, Agnieszka Młyniec, Anna Redeł, Maria Szwykowska-Ziemniak, Izabela Krejtz","doi":"10.1027/1016-9040/a000514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000514","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Previous research suggests a link between oral contraceptives and cognitive functioning in women, yet the results are contradictory and limited by methodological inconsistencies. This is the first meta-analysis of studies comparing naturally cycling women with women taking oral contraceptives on measures testing three executive functions: inhibition, updating, and shifting. We conducted a systematic literature search. Sixteen articles were included which were either cross-sectional or experimental and compared executive functions between women taking oral contraceptives ( n = 588) or cycling naturally ( n = 594). The average sample size was n = 32.33 for oral contraceptives users and n = 31.34 for naturally cycling women with ranges going from 8 to 144 participants per study. The age range of participants in all the studies taken together was between 18 for the youngest participant and 50 years old for the oldest participant with a mean age of M = 21.97, SD = 2.28. The studies presented a mixture of androgenic and anti-androgenic oral contraceptives which were rarely analyzed as separate groups. We ran a multivariate meta-analysis model to estimate the effect size of 66 comparisons in executive functioning between the groups taking oral contraceptives and the groups of naturally cycling women. Overall, the effect size of differences in executive functioning between groups was not significant: d = 0.044, SE = 0.0713, 95% CI [−0.0959, 0.1839], z = 0.62; p = 0.54. The analysis of the cycle phases and types of executive functions as moderators was not significant, however, the studies assessed as having a lower quality increased the overall effect. Our analysis indicates no difference between oral contraceptive users and naturally cycling women on core executive functions but the high amount of heterogeneity might reflect a high level of methodological diversity. Implications for research design and methodology are discussed.","PeriodicalId":51443,"journal":{"name":"European Psychologist","volume":"4 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138994138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000507
Sandra Hupka-Brunner, Thomas Meyer
Abstract: TREE (Transitions from Education to Employment) is a prospective interdisciplinary multi-cohort panel survey following up on the (post-compulsory) education and employment trajectories of two large samples of Swiss compulsory school leavers. The first TREE cohort (TREE1) was launched in 2000, drawing on the sample tested on the occasion of Switzerland’s first-time participation in PISA ( N t0 = 6,343, N t10 in 2020 ≈ 3,900). Since then, the sample has been followed up by means of 10-panel waves, the most recent one conducted in 2019/20. Further panel waves are planned at 5 years intervals. To date, TREE1 respondents have reached an average age approaching 40 and have been surveyed for a period of over 20 years, spanning from early adolescence up to early middle age. Under a replication design allowing for cohort comparison, the second TREE cohort (TREE2) covers a comparable population of school leavers who left compulsory education in 2016. As its baseline survey, it draws on a national large-scale assessment of mathematics skills. Since then, the TREE2 sample ( N t0 = 8,429, N t6 in 2022 ≈ 4,500) has been re-surveyed six times at yearly intervals, up to the average age of 21. Further panel waves at 2–5 years intervals are planned. The present contribution includes a detailed description of TREE’s study and survey design as well as a synoptic summary of salient results from some of the several hundred publications that draw on the TREE data.
{"title":"Life Course in the Making","authors":"Sandra Hupka-Brunner, Thomas Meyer","doi":"10.1027/1016-9040/a000507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000507","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: TREE (Transitions from Education to Employment) is a prospective interdisciplinary multi-cohort panel survey following up on the (post-compulsory) education and employment trajectories of two large samples of Swiss compulsory school leavers. The first TREE cohort (TREE1) was launched in 2000, drawing on the sample tested on the occasion of Switzerland’s first-time participation in PISA ( N t0 = 6,343, N t10 in 2020 ≈ 3,900). Since then, the sample has been followed up by means of 10-panel waves, the most recent one conducted in 2019/20. Further panel waves are planned at 5 years intervals. To date, TREE1 respondents have reached an average age approaching 40 and have been surveyed for a period of over 20 years, spanning from early adolescence up to early middle age. Under a replication design allowing for cohort comparison, the second TREE cohort (TREE2) covers a comparable population of school leavers who left compulsory education in 2016. As its baseline survey, it draws on a national large-scale assessment of mathematics skills. Since then, the TREE2 sample ( N t0 = 8,429, N t6 in 2022 ≈ 4,500) has been re-surveyed six times at yearly intervals, up to the average age of 21. Further panel waves at 2–5 years intervals are planned. The present contribution includes a detailed description of TREE’s study and survey design as well as a synoptic summary of salient results from some of the several hundred publications that draw on the TREE data.","PeriodicalId":51443,"journal":{"name":"European Psychologist","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136105507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000510
María Dolores de la Rosa Gámiz, Jesús González-Moreno, María Cantero-García
Abstract: Spaced retrieval (SR) improves the learning capacity of patients with memory deficits, while evidence on its long-term and generalization to other untrained measures is quite inconsistent. This systematic review was to analyze evidence on the SR effectiveness on recall performance, follow-up, and generalization measures in patients with cognitive impairment. A systematic search on PUBMED, MEDLINE, Web of Science, PubPsych, and ProQuest was performed between November 2020 and January 2021. The benefit effect of SR on direct, generalization, and long-term measures did not significantly differ from other learning techniques and the effect sizes even increased when SR was combined with another method. Effects on generalization depended on the similarity between the trained and untrained material. Existing evidence on SR remains quite scarce, mainly based on studies with moderate methodological quality giving rise to very heterogeneous results. Further investigation is still needed to overcome previous methodological limits and extend evidence to the immediate and long-term effects of the simultaneous application of different learning methods.
摘要:间隔检索(SR)提高了记忆缺陷患者的学习能力，但其长期性和推广到其他非训练措施的证据并不一致。本系统综述旨在分析SR对认知障碍患者回忆表现、随访和泛化措施的有效性证据。在2020年11月至2021年1月期间，对PUBMED、MEDLINE、Web of Science、PubPsych和ProQuest进行了系统搜索。SR在直接、概括和长期测量上的效益效应与其他学习方法没有显著差异，当SR与另一种学习方法联合使用时，效应量甚至增加。对泛化的影响取决于训练材料和未训练材料之间的相似性。关于SR的现有证据仍然相当少，主要是基于方法学质量中等的研究，导致结果非常不一致。还需要进一步的研究来克服以前的方法限制，并将证据扩展到同时应用不同学习方法的即时和长期影响。
{"title":"Spaced Retrieval Effects on Learning Capacity in Patients With Mild-to-Moderate Cognitive Impairment","authors":"María Dolores de la Rosa Gámiz, Jesús González-Moreno, María Cantero-García","doi":"10.1027/1016-9040/a000510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000510","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Spaced retrieval (SR) improves the learning capacity of patients with memory deficits, while evidence on its long-term and generalization to other untrained measures is quite inconsistent. This systematic review was to analyze evidence on the SR effectiveness on recall performance, follow-up, and generalization measures in patients with cognitive impairment. A systematic search on PUBMED, MEDLINE, Web of Science, PubPsych, and ProQuest was performed between November 2020 and January 2021. The benefit effect of SR on direct, generalization, and long-term measures did not significantly differ from other learning techniques and the effect sizes even increased when SR was combined with another method. Effects on generalization depended on the similarity between the trained and untrained material. Existing evidence on SR remains quite scarce, mainly based on studies with moderate methodological quality giving rise to very heterogeneous results. Further investigation is still needed to overcome previous methodological limits and extend evidence to the immediate and long-term effects of the simultaneous application of different learning methods.","PeriodicalId":51443,"journal":{"name":"European Psychologist","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135321871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-10eCollection Date: 2023-01-01DOI: 10.48130/FR-2023-0019
Jinkai Lu, Peixi Tong, Yuan Xu, Sian Liu, Biao Jin, Fuliang Cao, Li Wang
Flavonoids are abundant secondary metabolites in Ginkgo biloba and have a wide range of medicinal values. Salicylic acid (SA) can induce flavonoid accumulation in plants, but the detailed regulatory mechanism remains unclear. Here, we established the optimal media for ginkgo callus induction and subculture, and found that exogenous SA greatly increased the content of flavonol, including quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin. Transcriptome changes in SA-treated calli showed that most structural genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were upregulated. Particularly, overexpression of GbF3'H in ginkgo calli significantly increased the content of flavonol, suggesting the vital role of GbF3'H in flavonoid biosynthesis. We further identified that a R2R3-MYB, GbMYB36, were significantly upregulated in SA treated calli. Transient overexpression and a LUC assay indicate that GbMYB36 act as an activator, and improve flavonoid biosynthesis through regulating the expression of GbF3'H. Our findings provide insight into the molecular basis of SA-induced flavonoid biosynthesis in ginkgo.
黄酮类化合物是银杏叶中丰富的次级代谢产物，具有广泛的药用价值。水杨酸（SA）能诱导植物黄酮类化合物的积累，但具体的调控机制尚不清楚。在此，我们建立了银杏胼胝体诱导和亚培养的最佳培养基，并发现外源水杨酸可大大增加包括槲皮素、山柰醇、异鼠李素在内的黄酮醇含量。SA处理的胼胝体转录组变化表明，大多数参与黄酮生物合成的结构基因上调。特别是银杏胼胝体中GbF3'H的过表达显著增加了黄酮醇的含量，表明GbF3'H在黄酮类化合物的生物合成中起着重要作用。我们进一步发现，在 SA 处理的胼胝体中，R2R3-MYB（GbMYB36）明显上调。瞬时过表达和 LUC 检测表明，GbMYB36 是一种活化剂，通过调节 GbF3'H 的表达来提高类黄酮的生物合成。我们的研究结果有助于深入了解SA诱导银杏类黄酮生物合成的分子基础。
{"title":"SA-responsive transcription factor GbMYB36 promotes flavonol accumulation in <i>Ginkgo biloba</i>.","authors":"Jinkai Lu, Peixi Tong, Yuan Xu, Sian Liu, Biao Jin, Fuliang Cao, Li Wang","doi":"10.48130/FR-2023-0019","DOIUrl":"10.48130/FR-2023-0019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flavonoids are abundant secondary metabolites in <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> and have a wide range of medicinal values. Salicylic acid (SA) can induce flavonoid accumulation in plants, but the detailed regulatory mechanism remains unclear. Here, we established the optimal media for ginkgo callus induction and subculture, and found that exogenous SA greatly increased the content of flavonol, including quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin. Transcriptome changes in SA-treated calli showed that most structural genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were upregulated. Particularly, overexpression of <i>GbF3'H</i> in ginkgo calli significantly increased the content of flavonol, suggesting the vital role of <i>GbF3'H</i> in flavonoid biosynthesis. We further identified that a R2R3-MYB, GbMYB36, were significantly upregulated in SA treated calli. Transient overexpression and a LUC assay indicate that <i>GbMYB36</i> act as an activator, and improve flavonoid biosynthesis through regulating the expression of <i>GbF3'H</i>. Our findings provide insight into the molecular basis of SA-induced flavonoid biosynthesis in ginkgo.</p>","PeriodicalId":51443,"journal":{"name":"European Psychologist","volume":"1 1","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11524253/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79267942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000492
J. Roozenbeek, Eileen Culloty, Jane Suiter
Abstract: Developing effective interventions to counter misinformation is an urgent goal, but it also presents conceptual, empirical, and practical difficulties, compounded by the fact that misinformation research is in its infancy. This paper provides researchers and policymakers with an overview of which individual-level interventions are likely to influence the spread of, susceptibility to, or impact of misinformation. We review the evidence for the effectiveness of four categories of interventions: boosting (psychological inoculation, critical thinking, and media and information literacy); nudging (accuracy primes and social norms nudges); debunking (fact-checking); and automated content labeling. In each area, we assess the empirical evidence, key gaps in knowledge, and practical considerations. We conclude with a series of recommendations for policymakers and tech companies to ensure a comprehensive approach to tackling misinformation.
{"title":"Countering Misinformation","authors":"J. Roozenbeek, Eileen Culloty, Jane Suiter","doi":"10.1027/1016-9040/a000492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000492","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Developing effective interventions to counter misinformation is an urgent goal, but it also presents conceptual, empirical, and practical difficulties, compounded by the fact that misinformation research is in its infancy. This paper provides researchers and policymakers with an overview of which individual-level interventions are likely to influence the spread of, susceptibility to, or impact of misinformation. We review the evidence for the effectiveness of four categories of interventions: boosting (psychological inoculation, critical thinking, and media and information literacy); nudging (accuracy primes and social norms nudges); debunking (fact-checking); and automated content labeling. In each area, we assess the empirical evidence, key gaps in knowledge, and practical considerations. We conclude with a series of recommendations for policymakers and tech companies to ensure a comprehensive approach to tackling misinformation.","PeriodicalId":51443,"journal":{"name":"European Psychologist","volume":"188 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41259046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000499
Ullrich K. H. Ecker
{"title":"Psychological Research on Misinformation","authors":"Ullrich K. H. Ecker","doi":"10.1027/1016-9040/a000499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000499","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51443,"journal":{"name":"European Psychologist","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45729073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000494
P. Schmid, Sacha Altay, Laura D. Scherer
Abstract: What does health misinformation look like, and what is its impact? We conducted a systematic review of 45 articles containing 64 randomized controlled trials (RCTs; N = 37,552) on the impact of health misinformation on behaviors and their psychological antecedents. We applied a planetary health perspective by framing environmental issues as human health issues and focusing on misinformation about diseases, vaccination, medication, nutrition, tobacco consumption, and climate change. We found that in 49% of the cases exposure to health misinformation damaged the psychological antecedents of behaviors such as knowledge, attitudes, or behavioral intentions. No RCTs evaluated the impact of exposure to misinformation on direct measures of health or pro-environmental behaviors (e.g., vaccination), and few studies explored the impact of misinformation on feelings, social norms, and trust. Most misinformation was based on logical fallacies, conspiracy theories, or fake experts. RCTs evaluating the impact of impossible expectations and cherry-picking are scarce. Most research focused on healthy adult US populations and used online samples. Future RCTs can build on our analysis and address the knowledge gaps we identified.
{"title":"The Psychological Impacts and Message Features of Health Misinformation","authors":"P. Schmid, Sacha Altay, Laura D. Scherer","doi":"10.1027/1016-9040/a000494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000494","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: What does health misinformation look like, and what is its impact? We conducted a systematic review of 45 articles containing 64 randomized controlled trials (RCTs; N = 37,552) on the impact of health misinformation on behaviors and their psychological antecedents. We applied a planetary health perspective by framing environmental issues as human health issues and focusing on misinformation about diseases, vaccination, medication, nutrition, tobacco consumption, and climate change. We found that in 49% of the cases exposure to health misinformation damaged the psychological antecedents of behaviors such as knowledge, attitudes, or behavioral intentions. No RCTs evaluated the impact of exposure to misinformation on direct measures of health or pro-environmental behaviors (e.g., vaccination), and few studies explored the impact of misinformation on feelings, social norms, and trust. Most misinformation was based on logical fallacies, conspiracy theories, or fake experts. RCTs evaluating the impact of impossible expectations and cherry-picking are scarce. Most research focused on healthy adult US populations and used online samples. Future RCTs can build on our analysis and address the knowledge gaps we identified.","PeriodicalId":51443,"journal":{"name":"European Psychologist","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41415769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000498
Leor Zmigrod, Ryan Burnell, M. Hameleers
Abstract: Evaluating the truthfulness of new information is a difficult and complex task. Notably, there is currently no unified theoretical framework that addresses the questions of (1) how individuals discern whether political information is true or (deliberately) false, (2) under what conditions individuals are most susceptible to believing misinformation, and (3) how the structure of political and communicative environments skews cognitive processes of truth, discernment, and interpretation generation. To move forward, we propose the Misinformation Receptivity Framework (MRF). Building on Bayesian and probabilistic models of cognition, the MRF suggests that we can conceptualize misinformation receptivity as a cognitive inference problem in which the reliability of incoming misinformation is weighed against the reliability of prior beliefs. This “reliability-weighting” process can model when individuals adopt or reject misinformation, as well as the ways in which they creatively generate interpretations rather than passively discern truth versus falsehood. Moreover, certain communication contexts can lead people to rely excessively on incoming (mis)information or conversely to rely excessively on prior beliefs. The MRF postulates how such environmental properties can heighten the persuasiveness of different kinds of misinformation. For instance, the MRF predicts that noisy communication contexts, in which the reliability of inputs is ambiguous, make people susceptible to highly partisan and ideological misinformation or disinformation that amplifies their existing belief systems. By contrast, the MRF predicts that contextual instability renders people susceptible to misinformation that would be considered extreme or worldview-incongruent in conditions of stability. The MRF formally delineates the interactions between cognitive and communicative mechanisms, offering insights and testable hypotheses on when, how, and why different kinds of misinformation proliferate.
{"title":"The Misinformation Receptivity Framework","authors":"Leor Zmigrod, Ryan Burnell, M. Hameleers","doi":"10.1027/1016-9040/a000498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000498","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Evaluating the truthfulness of new information is a difficult and complex task. Notably, there is currently no unified theoretical framework that addresses the questions of (1) how individuals discern whether political information is true or (deliberately) false, (2) under what conditions individuals are most susceptible to believing misinformation, and (3) how the structure of political and communicative environments skews cognitive processes of truth, discernment, and interpretation generation. To move forward, we propose the Misinformation Receptivity Framework (MRF). Building on Bayesian and probabilistic models of cognition, the MRF suggests that we can conceptualize misinformation receptivity as a cognitive inference problem in which the reliability of incoming misinformation is weighed against the reliability of prior beliefs. This “reliability-weighting” process can model when individuals adopt or reject misinformation, as well as the ways in which they creatively generate interpretations rather than passively discern truth versus falsehood. Moreover, certain communication contexts can lead people to rely excessively on incoming (mis)information or conversely to rely excessively on prior beliefs. The MRF postulates how such environmental properties can heighten the persuasiveness of different kinds of misinformation. For instance, the MRF predicts that noisy communication contexts, in which the reliability of inputs is ambiguous, make people susceptible to highly partisan and ideological misinformation or disinformation that amplifies their existing belief systems. By contrast, the MRF predicts that contextual instability renders people susceptible to misinformation that would be considered extreme or worldview-incongruent in conditions of stability. The MRF formally delineates the interactions between cognitive and communicative mechanisms, offering insights and testable hypotheses on when, how, and why different kinds of misinformation proliferate.","PeriodicalId":51443,"journal":{"name":"European Psychologist","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44843975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-02DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000504
C. Oliveira, E. Araújo, D. Moreira, M. Pacheco, Cláudia Calaboiça, Anita Santos
Abstract: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a public health issue. Digital interventions are emerging as a promise to overcome known-barriers to accessing usual IPV services, which have been supporting and treating IPV victims or their survivors, offering safer, more interactive, and real time access to help. Hence, a systematic review was carried out to identify and characterize current digital interventions to respond to IPV, including associated mental health conditions, and related outcomes among victims and survivors. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched in three databases: EBSCOhost, PubMed, and Web of Science. Last search was performed in December 2022. Of the 1,816 electronic articles retrieved, and six added after a manual search, 16 studies were selected. Published between 2010 and 2021, the studies were experimental or quasi-experimental, with quantitative methodologies. Publication data, objectives, sample, design, instruments, intervention characteristics, results and conclusions were extracted from each study. Regarding results, safety decision aid or a variant was the most reported digital intervention. Significant improvements were identified for IPV exposure, related outcomes such as decisional conflict and safety strategies, and mental health conditions. In short, digital interventions hold promise, however there is a clear need for research focused on hard-to-reach victims or women who have left the abuser. Digital interventions have to be adapted to their needs, and security and privacy issues must be better ensured. The risk of publication bias and the exclusion of some specific keywords in the search were limitations of the study.
亲密伴侣暴力(IPV)是一个公共卫生问题。数字干预措施有望克服获取常规IPV服务的已知障碍，这些服务一直在支持和治疗IPV受害者或其幸存者，提供更安全、更具互动性和实时的帮助。因此，进行了系统审查，以确定和描述当前应对IPV的数字干预措施，包括相关的精神健康状况以及受害者和幸存者之间的相关结果。使用系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目(PRISMA)指南，我们在三个数据库中进行了搜索:EBSCOhost、PubMed和Web of Science。最后一次搜索是在2022年12月。在检索到的1816篇电子文章和人工检索后添加的6篇文章中，选择了16篇研究。这些研究发表于2010年至2021年之间，是实验性或准实验性的，采用了定量方法。从每项研究中提取发表资料、目的、样本、设计、工具、干预特征、结果和结论。关于结果，安全决策辅助或变体是报告最多的数字干预。在IPV暴露、决策冲突和安全策略等相关结果以及心理健康状况方面发现了显著改善。简而言之，数字干预措施带来了希望，但显然需要对难以接触的受害者或离开施虐者的妇女进行研究。数字干预措施必须适应他们的需求，并且必须更好地确保安全和隐私问题。发表偏倚的风险和在检索中排除某些特定关键词是本研究的局限性。
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Pub Date : 2023-05-19DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000501
Lena Rupp, Katja Seidel, S. Penger, J. Haberstroh
Abstract: This review assessed the existing dementia grief interventions for caregivers of persons with dementia (PwD) prior to physical death from September 2016 to September 2021. Electronic databases Web of Science (SSCI), PsycArticles, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycINFO, PSYNDEX Literature with PSYNDEX Tests, and MEDLINE were searched. Fifty-five publications meeting predetermined criteria were screened of which 12 were included in this review. Included interventions were multifaceted and the intervention format was heterogeneous. There has been a vast increase in dementia grief interventions in the last 5 years implying that the concept has been recognized as a valid and important construct to describe the caregiver experience. Implementation research should be undertaken to explore how well the concept of dementia grief is known and recognized and how elements of the interventions are used in everyday mental health care.
摘要:本综述评估了2016年9月至2021年9月期间痴呆症患者(PwD)物理死亡前护理人员的现有痴呆症悲伤干预措施。检索电子数据库Web of Science (SSCI)、PsycArticles、Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection、PsycINFO、PSYNDEX Literature with PSYNDEX Tests和MEDLINE。筛选了55篇符合预定标准的出版物，其中12篇纳入本综述。纳入的干预措施是多方面的，干预形式是异构的。在过去的5年里，痴呆悲伤干预有了很大的增加，这意味着这个概念已经被认为是描述照顾者经历的一个有效和重要的结构。应开展实施研究，以探索人们对痴呆症悲伤概念的了解和认识程度，以及如何在日常精神卫生保健中使用干预措施的要素。
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