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A Voice of Their Own: Youth-Centered Representation at EBCLC 他们自己的声音:在EBCLC以青年为中心的代表
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.15779/Z38SQ8QH7H
R. Bay, F. Gamal, Whitney Rubenstein, Kate Weisburd
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引用次数: 1
Transborder Data Privacy as Trade 跨境数据隐私交易
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2017-11-16 DOI: 10.15779/Z382V2C94C
Margaret Byrne Sedgewick
Data flows continuously across national boundaries. The current model of regulation for data privacy, an essential component for safe data flow, relies impractically on jurisdiction-specific rules. This practice impedes the benefits of data, which are increasingly a necessary and integral part of day-to-day life. A look at the history of data privacy reveals that this practice is rooted in an ill-fitting adoption of privacy standards set in the period after World War II. Europe was reeling from the Nazi regime and intent on keeping the government out of the home and personal communication. Analogies between these traditional protected areas and the contemporary transmissions and use of personal data are unsatisfying—and lead to unsatisfying policy. Traditional privacy jurisprudence must be better reconciled with rapidly advancing technology and globalization.
数据不断地跨越国界流动。数据隐私是安全数据流的重要组成部分,目前的数据隐私监管模式不切实际地依赖于特定管辖权的规则。这种做法阻碍了数据的好处,而数据正日益成为日常生活中必要和不可或缺的一部分。回顾一下数据隐私的历史就会发现,这种做法的根源在于二战后制定的隐私标准被不恰当地采用。当时的欧洲正受到纳粹政权的影响,并决心让政府远离家庭和个人通讯。将这些传统的保护区与当代个人数据的传输和使用进行类比是不令人满意的,并导致不令人满意的政策。传统的隐私法学必须与快速发展的技术和全球化更好地协调。
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引用次数: 4
A Crime at Any Age: Intimate Partner Abuse in Later Life 任何年龄的犯罪:晚年生活中的亲密伴侣虐待
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2017-11-16 DOI: 10.15779/Z38TB0XV4B
Taylor Altman
Intimate partner abuse (IPA) is a problem that affects millions of women across the United States every year. Traditionally, strategies designed to help victims and reduce IPA have tended to focus on women of childbearing age. However, older women who experience abuse at the hands of male partners are often left out of the conversation. Usually grouped with family violence (which may involve abuse by adult children or other caregivers), elder IPA has received short shrift in the social science and legal literature. This Note explores in depth the unique problem of IPA among older women, which is often a continuation of the cycle of abuse begun much earlier in the couples’ lives, and proposes solutions that include restorative justice, elder-ready domestic violence shelters, and expanded protection under California’s Welfare and Institutions Code.
亲密伴侣虐待(IPA)是一个每年影响数百万美国女性的问题。传统上,旨在帮助受害者和减少IPA的战略往往侧重于育龄妇女。然而,遭受男性伴侣虐待的老年妇女往往被排除在对话之外。老年IPA通常与家庭暴力(可能涉及成年子女或其他照顾者的虐待)归为一类,在社会科学和法律文献中受到冷遇。本说明深入探讨了老年妇女中IPA的独特问题,这往往是夫妇生活中更早开始的虐待循环的延续,并提出了解决办法,包括恢复性司法,为老年人提供家庭暴力庇护所,以及扩大加州《福利和机构法》的保护。
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引用次数: 5
Rethinking Political Power in Judicial Review 司法审查中的政治权力再思考
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2017-11-06 DOI: 10.15779/Z38SX6494W
A. Tang
For decades, scholars have argued that the proper judicial response when democratically enacted laws burden politically powerless minority groups is more aggressive judicial review. This political process approach, however, has fallen on deaf ears at the Supreme Court since the 1970s. Justice Scalia was thus accurate (if not politic) when he derided political process theory as an “old saw” of constitutional law. There is a different role that political power may yet play. The key to seeing it is to focus on the other side of the political power spectrum. Courts can be attentive to situations when the groups burdened by a law are politically powerful, not just when they are powerless. Political power’s presence, I want to suggest, can be a good reason for judges to defer to democratically enacted laws, even if one thinks its absence is a bad reason to strike laws down. This Article advances a positive and normative case for an approach to judicial review that is attuned to political power. As a positive matter, it turns out the Supreme Court has employed such an approach in a number of decisions, including in opinions joined by seven of the nine current Justices. And as a normative matter, treating political power as a reason for judicial deference may help unlock the democratic and institutional benefits of leaving contested constitutional questions to the political branches without sacrificing the role of courts in safeguarding individual rights. The Article concludes by applying these insights to five contemporary disputes in constitutional law: the rise of First Amendment Lochnerism, gun control and the Second Amendment, same sex marriage, due process limits on punitive damage awards, and the closely-regulated industries exception to the Fourth Amendment warrant requirement.
几十年来,学者们一直认为,当民主制定的法律给政治上无能为力的少数群体带来负担时,适当的司法反应是更积极的司法审查。然而,自20世纪70年代以来,最高法院对这种政治程序方法充耳不闻。因此,当斯卡利亚大法官嘲笑政治过程理论是宪法的“老一套”时,他是准确的(如果不是出于政治考虑的话)。政治权力可能还会扮演一个不同的角色。看到它的关键是关注政治权力范围的另一边。法院可以关注受法律影响的群体在政治上强大的情况,而不仅仅是在他们无能为力的情况下。我想说的是,政治权力的存在可以成为法官服从民主制定的法律的一个好理由,即使有人认为政治权力的缺失是推翻法律的一个坏理由。本文提出了一个积极和规范的案例,为司法审查的方法,是协调政治权力。作为一件积极的事情,事实证明,最高法院在许多决定中采用了这种方法,包括现任9名大法官中有7名法官的意见。作为一个规范问题,将政治权力作为司法服从的理由,可能有助于释放将有争议的宪法问题留给政治部门的民主和制度利益,而不会牺牲法院在维护个人权利方面的作用。文章最后将这些见解应用于当代宪法中的五个争议:第一修正案洛克纳主义的兴起,枪支管制和第二修正案,同性婚姻,惩罚性损害赔偿的正当程序限制,以及第四修正案授权要求的严格监管行业例外。
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引用次数: 1
Redefining the Legality of Undocumented Work 重新定义无证件工作的合法性
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2017-09-21 DOI: 10.15779/Z38TH8BN20
Jennifer J. Lee
Undocumented workers face a new harsh reality under the Trump administration. Federal law’s prohibition of undocumented work has facilitated exploitation because workers fear being brought to the attention of immigration authorities. The current administration’s aggressive stance towards worksite enforcement will only exacerbate abuses against undocumented workers, such as wage theft, dangerous working conditions, or human trafficking. Given the current climate, this article explores how states and localities can resist the federal prohibition by legalizing undocumented work. We live in times of resistance, with “sanctuary cities” that refuse to cooperate with federal immigration enforcement. Seizing on this moment, state and local resistance can offer more immediate accountability for addressing the plight of undocumented workers while disrupting the ways in which the federal immigration framework defines the illegality of undocumented work. To start, this article reviews how the incongruence between the lived experiences of undocumented workers and the federal immigration framework creates an underclass of workers. Next, it develops a typology of state and local resistance measures that recognize, protect, or promote undocumented work and considers whether these measures can succeed given concerns about federalism and governmental retaliation. This article concludes by discussing why state and local resistance is worthwhile. Beyond the palpable benefits of addressing exploitation, state and local resistance can help undocumented workers overcome exclusion by increasing their sense of belonging. Community members too benefit from the strengthening of workers’ rights and the contributions to the local economy. At the same time, such resistance changes social norms and provides a powerful critique of the federal prohibition on undocumented work. Ultimately, this article is the first to examine how state and local resistance focused on undocumented work can lend itself to building social movements that promote immigrant inclusion by redefining the legality of undocumented work.
在特朗普政府的领导下,无证工人面临着一个新的严峻现实。联邦法律禁止无证工作为剥削提供了便利,因为工人们担心会引起移民当局的注意。本届政府对工地执法的激进立场只会加剧对无证工人的虐待,如工资盗窃、危险的工作条件或人口贩运。鉴于当前的气候,本文探讨了各州和地方如何通过将无证工作合法化来抵制联邦禁令。我们生活在抵抗的时代,“庇护城市”拒绝与联邦移民执法部门合作。抓住这一时刻,州和地方的抵抗可以为解决无证工人的困境提供更直接的责任,同时破坏联邦移民框架定义无证工作非法性的方式。首先,本文回顾了无证工人的生活经历与联邦移民框架之间的不一致如何造成工人的下层阶级。接下来,它制定了一种州和地方抵抗措施的类型,承认、保护或促进无证工作,并考虑到对联邦制和政府报复的担忧,这些措施是否能够成功。本文最后讨论了为什么州和地方抵抗是值得的。除了解决剥削问题的明显好处外,州和地方的抵抗还可以通过增强无证工人的归属感来帮助他们克服排斥。社区成员也从加强工人权利和对当地经济的贡献中受益。与此同时,这种抵制改变了社会规范,并对联邦政府禁止无证工作提出了强有力的批评。最终,这篇文章首次探讨了州和地方对无证工作的抵制如何通过重新定义无证工作的合法性来促进移民包容的社会运动。
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引用次数: 3
'The Mellow Pot-Smoker': White Individualism in Marijuana Legalization Campaigns “成熟的瘾君子”:大麻合法化运动中的白人个人主义
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2017-08-29 DOI: 10.15779/Z38PZ51K8D
David Schlussel
This Note suggests that "white individualism" has characterized many campaigns for the legalization of recreational marijuana, including in Colorado, Washington, Oregon, and Alaska. "White individualism" implicitly suggests that white, hard-working, middle-class, marijuana consumers are deserving beneficiaries of legalized marijuana. The white-washed framing of legal marijuana omits and implicitly reinforces marijuana prohibition’s racist legacy. Marijuana criminalization was originally justified through racist propaganda; the war on drugs has been enacted through coded racial appeals; and marijuana enforcement has disproportionately fallen upon black and brown people. White individualism in marijuana legalization campaigns has tended to correlate with policies that favor white entrepreneurs rather than policies that redress past harms of prohibition, such as the expungement of criminal records.
这篇文章表明,“白人个人主义”已经成为许多娱乐用大麻合法化运动的特征,包括在科罗拉多州、华盛顿州、俄勒冈州和阿拉斯加州。“白人个人主义”含蓄地暗示,辛勤工作的中产阶级白人大麻消费者理应成为大麻合法化的受益者。对合法大麻粉饰的框架忽略并含蓄地强化了大麻禁令的种族主义遗产。大麻的犯罪化最初是通过种族主义宣传来证明的;禁毒战争是通过隐晦的种族诉求来实施的;而且大麻执法不成比例地落在了黑人和棕色人种身上。大麻合法化运动中的白人个人主义倾向于与有利于白人企业家的政策相关联,而不是与纠正过去禁令危害的政策相关联,比如删除犯罪记录。
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引用次数: 9
Presidential Obstruction of Justice 总统妨碍司法公正
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2017-07-18 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.3004876
Daniel Hemel, E. Posner
Federal obstruction of justice statutes bar anyone from interfering with law enforcement based on a “corrupt” motive. But what about the president of the United States? The president is vested with “executive power,” which includes the power to control federal law enforcement. A possible view is that the statutes do not apply to the president because if they did they would violate the president’s constitutional power. However, we argue that the obstruction of justice statutes are best interpreted to apply to the president, and that the president obstructs justice when his motive for intervening in an investigation is to further personal or narrowly partisan interests, rather than to advance the public good.
联邦妨碍司法法规禁止任何人基于“腐败”动机干涉执法。但是美国总统呢?总统被赋予“行政权”,其中包括控制联邦执法的权力。一种可能的观点是,这些法规不适用于总统,因为如果它们适用于总统,就会侵犯总统的宪法权力。然而,我们认为,妨碍司法公正的法规最好被解释为适用于总统,当总统干预调查的动机是为了促进个人或狭隘的党派利益,而不是为了促进公共利益时,总统就会妨碍司法公正。
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引用次数: 7
LGBT Identity and Crime LGBT身份与犯罪
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2017-07-17 DOI: 10.15779/Z389W08Z24
J. Woods
Recent studies report that LGBT adults and youth disproportionately face hardships that scholars have long-viewed as risk factors for criminal offending and victimization. Some of these factors include higher rates of poverty, overrepresentation in the youth homeless population, and overrepresentation in the foster care system. In spite of these risk factors, there is a lack of study and available data on LGBT people who come into contact with the criminal justice system as offenders or as victims.Through an original intellectual history of the treatment of LGBT identity and crime, this Article provides insight into how this problem in LGBT criminal justice developed and examines directions to move beyond it. The history shows that until the mid-1970s, the criminalization of homosexuality left little room to think of LGBT people in the criminal justice system other than as deviant sexual offenders. The trend to decriminalize sodomy in the mid-1970s opened a narrow space for scholars, advocates, and policymakers to use anti-discrimination principles to redefine LGBT people in the criminal justice system as innocent and non-deviant hate crime victims, as opposed to deviant sexual offenders. Although this paradigm shift has contributed to some important gains for LGBT people, this Article argues that it cannot be celebrated as an unequivocal triumph. This shift has left us with flat understandings of LGBT offenders as sexual offenders and flat understandings of LGBT victims as hate crime victims. These one-dimensional narratives miss many criminal justice problems that especially fall on LGBT people who bear the brunt of inequality in the criminal justice system — including LGBT people of color, transgender people, undocumented LGBT people, and low-income and homeless LGBT people. The Article concludes by showing how ideas and methods in criminology offer promise to enhance accounts of LGBT offending and LGBT victimization, and in turn, inform law, policy, and the design of criminal justice institutions to better respond to the needs and experiences of LGBT offenders and LGBT victims.
最近的研究报告称,LGBT成年人和青年不成比例地面临困难,学者们长期以来一直将其视为犯罪和受害的风险因素。其中一些因素包括贫困率较高、青年无家可归者人数过多以及寄养系统人数过多。尽管存在这些风险因素,但缺乏关于作为罪犯或受害者与刑事司法系统接触的LGBT人群的研究和可用数据。通过对LGBT身份和犯罪处理的原始知识史,本文深入了解了LGBT刑事司法中的这一问题是如何发展的,并探讨了超越这一问题的方向。历史表明,直到20世纪70年代中期,对同性恋的刑事定罪,除了将LGBT人群视为离经叛道的性犯罪者之外,在刑事司法系统中几乎没有留下任何思考的空间。20世纪70年代中期,鸡奸非刑事化的趋势为学者、倡导者和政策制定者打开了一个狭窄的空间,他们可以利用反歧视原则将刑事司法系统中的LGBT人群重新定义为无辜和非变态仇恨犯罪受害者,而不是变态性犯罪者。尽管这种范式的转变为LGBT人群带来了一些重要的收获,但这篇文章认为,这不能被视为一场明确的胜利。这种转变使我们对LGBT罪犯作为性罪犯的理解和对LGBT受害者作为仇恨犯罪受害者的理解都很平淡。这些一维的叙述忽略了许多刑事司法问题,这些问题尤其落在LGBT人群身上,他们在刑事司法系统中首当其冲地受到不平等的影响,包括有色人种LGBT人群、跨性别者、无证LGBT人群,以及低收入和无家可归的LGBT人群。文章最后展示了犯罪学中的思想和方法如何有望加强对LGBT犯罪和LGBT受害的描述,进而为法律、政策和刑事司法机构的设计提供信息,以更好地满足LGBT罪犯和LGBT受害者的需求和经历。
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引用次数: 15
American Colonialism and Constitutional Redemption 美国殖民主义与宪法救赎
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2017-06-13 DOI: 10.15779/Z38WH2DF05
S. Davis
Americans are debating what it would take to redeem the Constitution’s promise of a “more Perfect Union” in a time of deep and stark disagreements about the nation’s future. Despite the partisan rancor, most Americans share a faith in the Constitution’s redemptive potential. Constitutional faith is the civic religion that shapes our constitutional law, theory, and politics and binds Americans as one nation, indivisible. This Essay is about something our faith forgets: The promise of a “more Perfect Union” of “We the People” is not redemptive for colonized peoples who did not consent to the Constitution but are subject to American power. It makes three contributions to constitutional law and theory by focusing upon the United States’ colonial relationships with American Indians and Alaska Natives. First, this Essay makes the case that American colonialism poses a fundamental challenge to our constitutional faith. It traces the convergence of American constitutionalism and American colonialism in the concept of government power as a public trust, which is the foundation of federal plenary power over American Indians and Alaska Natives. Second, this Essay argues that the trust conception of constitutional law cannot solve the problem of redeeming American colonialism. Instead, the constitutional trust has reinforced the very power relations and ideology that Indian Nations challenge when they claim a right to national self-determination. Third, this Essay offers a viable alternative for redressing the wrongs of American colonialism by revisiting the problem of redemption from a relational perspective, one that does not focus upon Indian Nations’ dependence upon the United States. In comparing trust with contract to develop this relational perspective, this Essay contributes to the emerging literature that reimagines constitutional law by reference to existing rules and norms from the common law.
美国人正在就如何才能兑现宪法对“更加完美的联邦”的承诺展开辩论,目前美国人对国家的未来存在深刻而尖锐的分歧。尽管存在党派之争,但大多数美国人都相信宪法的救赎潜力。宪法信仰是一种公民宗教,它塑造了我们的宪法法律、宪法理论和宪法政治,并将美国人团结为一个不可分割的国家。这篇文章是关于我们的信仰忘记的一些事情:“我们人民”的“更完美的联盟”的承诺并不是对那些不同意宪法但受制于美国权力的殖民地人民的救赎。它通过关注美国与美洲印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民的殖民关系,对宪法和理论做出了三个贡献。首先,本文说明美国殖民主义对我们的宪法信仰构成了根本性的挑战。它追溯了美国宪政和美国殖民主义在政府权力作为公共信托概念上的融合,这是联邦对美国印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民的全权权力的基础。其次,本文认为宪法的信任观念不能解决美国殖民主义的救赎问题。相反,宪法的信任强化了权力关系和意识形态,而这正是印第安民族在要求民族自决权时所挑战的。第三,本文为纠正美国殖民主义的错误提供了一个可行的选择,即从关系的角度重新审视救赎问题,而不是关注印第安民族对美国的依赖。通过比较信任与合同来发展这一关系视角,本文有助于通过参考普通法的现有规则和规范来重新构想宪法的新兴文献。
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引用次数: 5
Federalism All the Way Up: State Standing and 'The New Process Federalism' 联邦制一路走来:国家地位与“联邦制新进程”
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2017-06-01 DOI: 10.15779/Z38N29P65H
Jessica Bulman-Pozen
This short essay, responding to the Brennan Center Jorde Lecture, considers state challenges to the allocation of authority within the federal government and addresses state standing to bring such challenges.
这篇短文是对布伦南中心Jorde讲座的回应,它考虑了各州对联邦政府内部权力分配的挑战,并阐述了各州带来这些挑战的地位。
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引用次数: 0
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California Law Review
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