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Intellectual property rights and control in the digital economy: Examining the expansion of M-Pesa 数字经济中的知识产权和控制:考察M-Pesa的扩展
3区 管理学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-10-13 DOI: 10.1080/01972243.2023.2259895
Christopher Foster
The importance of intellectual capital in the digital economy implies an increasingly central role of intellectual property rights (IPR). However, there are concerns that the expansion of intellectual property rights concentrates profits from innovation, creating “intellectual monopolies”. This is particularly concerning with respect to strong global regimes of intellectual property that foster economic inequities between the Global South and North. Such arguments imply that IPR is a core driver of structural inequality in the digital economy, yet there is very little empirical analysis of how such conceptual ideas unfold. This study focuses on IPR in the Kenyan mobile money service M-Pesa. It charts how M-Pesa expanded from a development-orientated innovation in Kenya to become part of a global enterprise. Control of IPR has led to bottlenecks in innovation in Kenya and significant South-to-North financial transfers. Overall, this case contributes to expanding the debate about patterns of innovation and governance of the digital economy. As digital firms expand, unpacking the processes by which global intellectual property regimes and cross-border IPR practices shape uneven power relations and inequality is vital.
知识资本在数字经济中的重要性意味着知识产权的核心作用日益增强。然而,有人担心,知识产权的扩张集中了创新的利润,形成了“知识垄断”。这尤其令人担忧的是,强有力的全球知识产权制度助长了全球南方和北方之间的经济不平等。这些论点暗示,知识产权是数字经济中结构性不平等的核心驱动因素,但很少有关于这些概念如何展开的实证分析。本研究的重点是肯尼亚移动货币服务M-Pesa的知识产权。它描绘了M-Pesa如何从肯尼亚的一项以发展为导向的创新发展成为全球企业的一部分。对知识产权的控制导致了肯尼亚创新的瓶颈和大量的南北金融转移。总的来说,这个案例有助于扩大关于数字经济创新模式和治理的辩论。随着数字公司的扩张,揭开全球知识产权制度和跨境知识产权实践形成不平衡的权力关系和不平等的过程至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Finding meaning in crowdwork: An analysis of algorithmic management, work characteristics, and meaningfulness 在众包中寻找意义:算法管理、工作特征和意义分析
IF 3.5 3区 管理学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-08-11 DOI: 10.1080/01972243.2023.2243262
W. Zoonen, C. L. Hoeven, Ryan A Morgan
Abstract In this study we investigate the implications of different aspects of algorithmic coordination and algorithmic quantification for perceived work conditions and the meaningfulness of crowdwork. Using survey data obtained from 412 crowdworkers, our analysis shows that work conditions and the meaningfulness of work are impacted differently by algorithmic coordination and the feeling of being quantified by an algorithm. Specifically, it shows that algorithmic coordination has either a positive or null impact on perceived work conditions and meaningfulness of work. However, negative associations between algorithmic quantification and perceived work conditions, suggest that the algorithmic quantification seems particularly problematic for crowdworkers’ experienced work conditions. Furthermore, algorithmic coordination is positively associated with the meaningfulness of work, while algorithmic quantification is negatively associated with the perceived meaningfulness of work. Using work design theory, the findings also provide insights into the mechanisms explaining these relationships.
在本研究中,我们探讨了算法协调和算法量化对感知工作条件和众包意义的不同方面的影响。通过对412名众包工作者的调查数据,我们的分析表明,算法协调和被算法量化的感觉对工作条件和工作意义的影响是不同的。具体而言,它表明算法协调对感知工作条件和工作意义有积极或无效的影响。然而,算法量化与感知工作条件之间的负相关表明,算法量化对于众包工作者经验丰富的工作条件来说似乎尤其成问题。此外,算法协调与工作的意义正相关,而算法量化与工作的感知意义负相关。利用工作设计理论,研究结果也为解释这些关系的机制提供了见解。
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引用次数: 0
Business as usual? How gamification transforms internal party democracy 一切如常?游戏化如何改变党内民主
IF 3.5 3区 管理学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-07-30 DOI: 10.1080/01972243.2023.2241470
Cecilia Biancalana, Davide Vittori
Abstract This article was motivated by the question whether gamification represents a substantial innovation in internal party democracy, by contributing to change the dynamics of power within parties. To answer this question, we examine the only known case of gamification in the field of internal party voting, launched by the Italian Movimento 5 Stelle. We expected that gamified internal votes would reduce the incumbent advantage and promote party activists. Our data, however, suggest that these decision-making processes follow the same logic as the traditional ones. We thus conclude that digital innovations often end up working as “business as usual”.
摘要本文的动机是,游戏化是否代表了党内民主的实质性创新,有助于改变党内权力的动态。为了回答这个问题,我们研究了意大利Movimento 5 Stelle发起的党内投票领域唯一已知的游戏化案例。我们预计,游戏化的内部投票将减少现任总统的优势,并提拔党内活动家。然而,我们的数据表明,这些决策过程遵循与传统决策过程相同的逻辑。因此,我们得出结论,数字创新往往以“一切如常”的方式结束。
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引用次数: 0
Information infrastructures and historical research: A framework useful for professional and amateur historians 信息基础设施和历史研究:一个对专业和业余历史学家有用的框架
IF 3.5 3区 管理学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-07-28 DOI: 10.1080/01972243.2023.2237012
J. Cortada
Abstract In this article we delve into the similarities as well as differences in the research methods of professional and amateur historians via the lens of information infrastructures. We pay special attention to the methods of amateur family historians before and after the arrival of the Internet identifying what changed as well as what did not, offering historical perspective. We also compare their methods with those of professional historians. We find that to a surprising degree research methods used by professional and amateur historians are more alike than different. We discuss ways of bring professional and amateur historians into conversation with each other, and explain how this would be to their mutual benefit.
摘要本文从信息基础设施的角度探讨了专业历史学家与业余历史学家在研究方法上的异同。我们特别关注业余家庭历史学家在互联网到来之前和之后的方法,确定哪些发生了变化,哪些没有,提供历史视角。我们还将他们的方法与专业历史学家的方法进行了比较。我们发现,专业历史学家和业余历史学家使用的研究方法在很大程度上是相似的,而不是不同的。我们讨论了让专业和业余历史学家彼此对话的方法,并解释了这将如何对他们双方都有利。
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引用次数: 0
The effects of algorithmic content selection on user engagement with news on Twitter 算法内容选择对用户参与推特新闻的影响
IF 3.5 3区 管理学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-07-11 DOI: 10.1080/01972243.2023.2230471
Erwan Dujeancourt, Marcel Garz
Abstract In this article, we investigate how Twitter’s switch from a reverse-chronological timeline to algorithmic content selection in March 2016 influenced user engagement with tweets published by German newspapers. To mitigate concerns about omitted variables, we use the Facebook postings of these newspapers as a counterfactual. We find that the number of likes increased by 20% and the number of retweets by 15% within a span of 30  days after the switch. Importantly, our results indicate a rich-get-richer effect, implying that initially more popular outlets and news topics benefited the most. User engagement also increased more for sensationalist content than quality news stories.
在本文中,我们研究了Twitter在2016年3月从逆时间顺序时间表转向算法内容选择如何影响德国报纸发布的推文的用户参与度。为了减轻对遗漏变量的担忧,我们使用这些报纸在Facebook上的帖子作为反事实。我们发现,在切换后的30天内,点赞数增加了20%,转发数增加了15%。重要的是,我们的研究结果表明了“富得更富”的效应,这意味着最初更受欢迎的媒体和新闻话题受益最大。与高质量的新闻报道相比,煽情内容的用户参与度也更高。
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引用次数: 2
“There are only a few things that you cannot manage without internet”: Realization of capabilities through internet (non)use by ultra-Orthodox Jewish women “没有互联网,只有几件事你无法处理”:极端正统派犹太女性通过互联网(不)使用实现能力
IF 3.5 3区 管理学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1080/01972243.2023.2226121
Rivka Neriya-Ben Shahar, Avi Marciano, Amit M. Schejter
Abstract In this study we focus on internet nonuse among Israeli ultra-Orthodox Jewish women, members of a community that mostly refrains from using the internet or deploys content-filtering when it does access it in some situations. We conducted in-depth interviews to empirically answer two questions: First, how do ultra-Orthodox women perceive their internet nonuse? Second, what direct and indirect solutions do they create to realize their desired capabilities that contemporarily require internet access? We found that adhering to religious strictures means more than obedience to religious commitments and community leaders, and that while nonuse may seem like a self-imposed disenabling act, it holds valuable social advantages at the individual, family, and community levels.
在这项研究中,我们关注的是以色列极端正统派犹太妇女的互联网不使用情况,这些妇女大多不使用互联网,或者在某些情况下访问互联网时部署内容过滤。我们进行了深入的采访,以实证的方式回答了两个问题:第一,极端正统派女性如何看待她们不使用互联网?其次,他们创造了哪些直接和间接的解决方案来实现他们想要的能力,这些能力在当代需要互联网接入?我们发现,坚持宗教约束不仅仅意味着服从宗教承诺和社区领袖,尽管不使用似乎是一种自我强加的禁用行为,但它在个人、家庭和社区层面上都具有宝贵的社会优势。
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引用次数: 0
Appeals to the people: A content analysis of references to the people in traditional media, social media, and parliamentary materials 呼吁民众:对传统媒体、社交媒体和议会材料中提及民众的内容分析
IF 3.5 3区 管理学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-05-23 DOI: 10.1080/01972243.2023.2210133
Edina Strikovic, T. V. D. Meer, R. Vliegenthart, Linda Bos
Abstract Political representation lies at the heart of representative democracy. In order to signal their connection to the people they are representing, politicians often refer to “the people.” In this study, we focus on how politicians refer to the people and how this varies across three main platforms of communication differing in access and formality: news media, social media, and the parliament. Through an in-depth content analysis of news articles, politicians’ social media posts and parliamentary speeches (N = 1668), we examine how Dutch politicians address the people in terms of “advocacy” for the people and in “opposition” to other actors; which politicians most commonly refer to the people; which communication platforms are predominantly used for this, and whether these references to the people vary across time. We find that references to the people did not differ between election and non-election years. Yet, parties and communication platform both play important roles: references to the people manifest themselves more frequently in social media and in communication from politicians from parties on the left as well as those scoring higher on the populism scale. We also find that there is little variation in advocative references to the people, while communication that includes oppositional references is more prominent among populist actors and those positioned on the political left.
政治代表性是代议制民主的核心。为了表明他们与所代表的人民的联系,政客们经常提到“人民”。在这项研究中,我们重点关注政客们是如何称呼人民的,以及这在三个不同渠道和形式的主要沟通平台上是如何变化的:新闻媒体、社交媒体和议会。通过对新闻文章、政客社交媒体帖子和议会演讲的深入内容分析(N = 1668年),我们研究了荷兰政治家如何在“倡导”人民和“反对”其他行为者方面向人民发表讲话;政客们最常指的是人民;哪些通信平台主要用于此,以及这些对人员的引用是否随时间而变化。我们发现,在选举年和非选举年,对人民的提及没有区别。然而,政党和沟通平台都发挥着重要作用:在社交媒体和左翼政党政客以及民粹主义评分较高的政客的沟通中,对人民的提及更加频繁。我们还发现,对人民的倡导性提及几乎没有变化,而包括反对性提及的交流在民粹主义行为者和政治左派中更为突出。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the relationship between media literacy, online interaction, and civic engagement 探讨媒体素养、在线互动和公民参与之间的关系
IF 3.5 3区 管理学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-05-17 DOI: 10.1080/01972243.2023.2211055
Sora Park, J. Lee, T. Notley, M. Dezuanni
Abstract Internet and media use can provide accessible, diverse, and timely opportunities for civic engagement. However, to use media and the internet to interact and collaborate, citizens need to be equipped with particular skills and knowledge. This study draws on a national survey of Australian adults (N = 3,510) to examine how media abilities and online interaction activities are related to their civic engagement. The findings suggest that the more active people are online, interacting with content or other people, the more likely they are to be engaged in civic activities. The data also shows that those with a higher level of confidence in their media abilities are more likely to engage in more civic activities. A broader understanding of the multidimensional characteristics of media literacy is needed to consider the role online interaction activities and media literacy abilities play in contributing to civic engagement. At the same time, the research suggests that equipping citizens with media literacy as well as enabling them to use the interactive functions of digital media can increase citizens’ civic engagement.
摘要互联网和媒体的使用可以为公民参与提供方便、多样和及时的机会。然而,要利用媒体和互联网进行互动和合作,公民需要具备特定的技能和知识。这项研究借鉴了一项针对澳大利亚成年人的全国性调查(N = 3510)来研究媒体能力和在线互动活动如何与他们的公民参与相关。研究结果表明,人们在网上越活跃,与内容或其他人互动,他们就越有可能参与公民活动。数据还显示,那些对自己的媒体能力有更高信心的人更有可能参与更多的公民活动。需要更广泛地理解媒体素养的多维特征,以考虑在线互动活动和媒体素养能力在促进公民参与方面发挥的作用。与此同时,研究表明,让公民具备媒体素养,并使他们能够使用数字媒体的互动功能,可以提高公民的公民参与度。
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引用次数: 0
Working with Aula: How teachers navigate privacy uncertainties 与Aula合作:教师如何应对隐私的不确定性
IF 3.5 3区 管理学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-05-11 DOI: 10.1080/01972243.2023.2210543
R. Jørgensen, Bjarki Valtysson, Jesper Pagh
Abstract Aula is a mandatory public school platform in Denmark with more than two million users. The idea behind Aula was to provide a shared space for communication and cooperation around children, both within the school/municipality setting and between teachers and parents, while adhering to the requirements of EU’s General Data Protection Regulation. In this article we examine the incorporation of Aula in the daily practices of teachers, especially as they relate to children’s privacy and data protection. Based on qualitative interviews with nine teachers and four experts, and drawing on practice theory, platform theory, and theories on children’s privacy, we find that Aula – despite the intentions behind it – fails to support the complex nature of teachers’ work practices and, therefore, to provide a solid data protection framework for the children. As such, the teachers mainly view the platform as being conducive to their non-sensitive communication with parents and deploy a range of other digital tools to support, for instance, cooperation with colleagues. Consequently, gaps in children’s privacy and data protection arise.
Aula是丹麦的一个强制性公立学校平台,拥有200多万用户。Aula背后的想法是为孩子们提供一个共享的交流和合作空间,无论是在学校/市政环境中,还是在老师和家长之间,同时遵守欧盟通用数据保护条例的要求。在本文中,我们研究了Aula在教师日常实践中的应用,特别是在儿童隐私和数据保护方面。通过对9位教师和4位专家的定性访谈,并借鉴实践理论、平台理论和儿童隐私理论,我们发现,尽管Aula的初衷是好的,但它无法支持教师工作实践的复杂性,因此无法为儿童提供坚实的数据保护框架。因此,教师主要认为该平台有助于他们与家长进行非敏感的沟通,并部署了一系列其他数字工具来支持,例如与同事的合作。因此,出现了儿童隐私和数据保护方面的空白。
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引用次数: 1
Data by design: Shaping data-producing subjectivities through self-tracking 设计数据:通过自我跟踪形成产生主观的数据
IF 3.5 3区 管理学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-05-02 DOI: 10.1080/01972243.2023.2203151
Thomas M. McDonald, L. Chow
Abstract Recent research into self-tracking devices challenges dominant understandings that such technologies provide wearers with “mechanical objectivity” over their monitoring of their bodies, instead highlighting how the so-called “objectivity” is situated within broader social contexts. In this article we explore the social phenomena arising from the introduction of multiple sensor technologies (activity trackers, productivity monitoring software, and video cameras) in Hong Kong secondary school classrooms within the context of an interdisciplinary research project on digital citizenship. Using participant observation of social interactions between the school students and the research team amidst the implementation of self-tracking technologies in the classroom, our study documents the negotiations surrounding the generation of self-tracking data. It shows how shortcomings in self-tracking data produced call into question persistent expectations of objectivity attached to self-tracking devices, alongside hopes that their use would engender specific forms of engagement with data amongst students. In response, we propose the concept of “data producing subjectivities” as a complement to the existing concept of “situated objectivity.” Taken together, these concepts could contribute to scholarship beyond the realm of self-tracking, providing ways to more fully account for the co-constitutive nature of the production of data and personhood in the contemporary information era.
摘要最近对自我跟踪设备的研究挑战了主流的理解,即这些技术为佩戴者提供了对身体监控的“机械客观性”,而不是强调所谓的“客观性”是如何在更广泛的社会背景下定位的。在这篇文章中,我们在一个关于数字公民的跨学科研究项目的背景下,探讨了香港中学课堂引入多种传感器技术(活动跟踪器、生产力监测软件和摄像机)所产生的社会现象。在课堂上实施自我跟踪技术的过程中,通过参与者对学校学生和研究团队之间的社会互动的观察,我们的研究记录了围绕自我跟踪数据生成的谈判。它展示了自我跟踪数据产生的缺陷如何让人质疑对自我跟踪设备客观性的持续期望,以及对其使用将在学生中产生特定形式的数据参与的希望。作为回应,我们提出了“数据产生主体性”的概念,作为对现有“情境客观性”概念的补充。总之,这些概念可以有助于超越自我追踪领域的学术研究,为更充分地解释当代信息时代数据产生和人格的共同构成性质提供方法。
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引用次数: 1
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