We investigate the effects of severe drought shocks in Tunisia’s agricultural sector during the period 2000-2019. Using labour force surveys aligned with granular weather data, we calculate Standardized Potential Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) to detect moderate-to-severe drought shocks occurred at the governorate level and frame the analysis in a staggered difference-in-differences setting with repeated negative events. We find that shocked areas experience a maximum of 7.4 to 10.6 percentage point drop in agricultural employment compared to the untreated or not-yet-treated governorates. We observe a contemporaneous opposite dynamic in the employment rate of low-skill and less climate-sensitive sectors, as well as a modest and transient increase in unemployment. The effects are largely heterogeneous across workers' groups, with women, young individuals and low-educated workers paying the highest toll. Urban non-agricultural workers are temporarily crowded out from the labour market due to the increase in the informal labour supply.
{"title":"When the Rain Stops Falling. Effects of Droughts on the Tunisian Labour Market","authors":"Federica Alfani, Giacomo Pallante, Alessandro Palma, Abdelkader Talhaoui","doi":"10.1093/jae/ejae010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejae010","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the effects of severe drought shocks in Tunisia’s agricultural sector during the period 2000-2019. Using labour force surveys aligned with granular weather data, we calculate Standardized Potential Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) to detect moderate-to-severe drought shocks occurred at the governorate level and frame the analysis in a staggered difference-in-differences setting with repeated negative events. We find that shocked areas experience a maximum of 7.4 to 10.6 percentage point drop in agricultural employment compared to the untreated or not-yet-treated governorates. We observe a contemporaneous opposite dynamic in the employment rate of low-skill and less climate-sensitive sectors, as well as a modest and transient increase in unemployment. The effects are largely heterogeneous across workers' groups, with women, young individuals and low-educated workers paying the highest toll. Urban non-agricultural workers are temporarily crowded out from the labour market due to the increase in the informal labour supply.","PeriodicalId":51524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Economies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is evidence from some low-income countries that women's empowerment is associated with better child health and education outcomes, suggesting that mothers value these outcomes more than fathers do, on average. We hypothesise that this difference will be smaller in matrilineal societies, and using a Ghanaian household survey that includes data on children's education, we find evidence consistent with this distinction between matrilineal and patrilineal cultures. Women's empowerment is higher, on average, in matrilineal households, but this does not explain why their mean educational expenditure is higher, because empowerment in matrilineal households has no significant effect on expenditure. One possible explanation for these findings is cross-cultural heterogeneity in parental preferences: in the matrilineal society, women are more empowered, on average, and more money is spent on children's education, but the first difference is not the cause of the second.
{"title":"Ethnicity, Women's Empowerment and Decisions about Children's Education in Ghana","authors":"Ralitza Dimova, David Fielding","doi":"10.1093/jae/ejae009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejae009","url":null,"abstract":"There is evidence from some low-income countries that women's empowerment is associated with better child health and education outcomes, suggesting that mothers value these outcomes more than fathers do, on average. We hypothesise that this difference will be smaller in matrilineal societies, and using a Ghanaian household survey that includes data on children's education, we find evidence consistent with this distinction between matrilineal and patrilineal cultures. Women's empowerment is higher, on average, in matrilineal households, but this does not explain why their mean educational expenditure is higher, because empowerment in matrilineal households has no significant effect on expenditure. One possible explanation for these findings is cross-cultural heterogeneity in parental preferences: in the matrilineal society, women are more empowered, on average, and more money is spent on children's education, but the first difference is not the cause of the second.","PeriodicalId":51524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Economies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
All WTO members participate in the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA), a rules-based bottom-up approach built on monitorable provisions (e.g., the publication of information, advance rulings, appeal or review of decisions, transparency and border agency cooperation) aimed at reducing time in customs. The paper draws on the OECD indicators of the state of implementation of provisions in the TFA summarised in a TFI (Trade Facilitation Index) to estimate the reduction in waiting time at customs for a large sample of 160 countries. Implementing the TFA could be a significant complement to the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)'s objectives. The paper's estimates suggest that a realistic implementation of TFA measures could reduce time in customs for imports by 3.7 days and by 1.9 days for exports. Using extraneous estimates from customs-level transactions, this translates to a reduction tariff Ad-Valorem Equivalent (AVE) in the range 3.5%–7% for imports and 8% extra growth for exports. The large differences in interests across AfCFTA participants—landlocked-coastal, resource-rich and resource-poor, large-small—suggest large gains from reducing tariffs on intra-African trade. However, tariff reductions face the zero-sum hurdle of negotiations involving rent transfers across and within countries. By avoiding rent-transfer issues, this paper suggests that taking seriously the TFA provisions would be a powerful complement to the AfCFTA's tariff-reduction agenda.
{"title":"Reducing Wait Times at Customs to Boost Trade: How Implementing the Trade Facilitation Agreement Can Expand Trade among AfCFTA Countries?","authors":"Jaime de Melo, Zakaria Sorgho, Laurent Wagner","doi":"10.1093/jae/ejae008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejae008","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 All WTO members participate in the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA), a rules-based bottom-up approach built on monitorable provisions (e.g., the publication of information, advance rulings, appeal or review of decisions, transparency and border agency cooperation) aimed at reducing time in customs. The paper draws on the OECD indicators of the state of implementation of provisions in the TFA summarised in a TFI (Trade Facilitation Index) to estimate the reduction in waiting time at customs for a large sample of 160 countries.\u0000 Implementing the TFA could be a significant complement to the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)'s objectives. The paper's estimates suggest that a realistic implementation of TFA measures could reduce time in customs for imports by 3.7 days and by 1.9 days for exports. Using extraneous estimates from customs-level transactions, this translates to a reduction tariff Ad-Valorem Equivalent (AVE) in the range 3.5%–7% for imports and 8% extra growth for exports.\u0000 The large differences in interests across AfCFTA participants—landlocked-coastal, resource-rich and resource-poor, large-small—suggest large gains from reducing tariffs on intra-African trade. However, tariff reductions face the zero-sum hurdle of negotiations involving rent transfers across and within countries. By avoiding rent-transfer issues, this paper suggests that taking seriously the TFA provisions would be a powerful complement to the AfCFTA's tariff-reduction agenda.","PeriodicalId":51524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Economies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141352753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigate the implications of internal conflicts for property tax revenues and highlight the moderating role of property rights in Sub-Saharan African countries over the period 1996 to 2019. Estimates based on fixed-effects regressions indicate that internal conflicts reduce property tax revenues, and property rights play a moderating role in the influence of internal conflicts on property tax revenues. Specifically, when property rights are clearly defined, the effect of internal conflicts is quantitatively weaker compared to situations where property rights are ambiguous or poorly enforced. Moreover, in addition to the positive impact of protecting property rights on property tax revenues, the estimates also provide evidence of government effectiveness, further reinforcing the interconnected relationship among internal stability, property rights protection and property tax revenues. Finally, among other factors tested, some, such as the level of development, the share of natural resources and the urban population, are also relevant in determining property tax revenues.
{"title":"Internal Conflicts and the Moderating Role of Property Rights in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Property Taxation","authors":"Tiemele Aristide Affroumou, Isaac Amedanou","doi":"10.1093/jae/ejae007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejae007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We investigate the implications of internal conflicts for property tax revenues and highlight the moderating role of property rights in Sub-Saharan African countries over the period 1996 to 2019. Estimates based on fixed-effects regressions indicate that internal conflicts reduce property tax revenues, and property rights play a moderating role in the influence of internal conflicts on property tax revenues. Specifically, when property rights are clearly defined, the effect of internal conflicts is quantitatively weaker compared to situations where property rights are ambiguous or poorly enforced. Moreover, in addition to the positive impact of protecting property rights on property tax revenues, the estimates also provide evidence of government effectiveness, further reinforcing the interconnected relationship among internal stability, property rights protection and property tax revenues. Finally, among other factors tested, some, such as the level of development, the share of natural resources and the urban population, are also relevant in determining property tax revenues.","PeriodicalId":51524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Economies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141381128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eva-Maria Egger, Michael Keller, Jorge Benjamim Mouco
This study assesses the impact of four coal mines in Mozambique on socio-economic outcomes of the local population. We combine four waves of household surveys with coal mine locations and employ a difference-in-differences model. The timing of the surveys allows us to control for pre-trends and differentiate between the effects during the investment and production periods. The mines led to a causal increase in consumption and a correlational decline in poverty. The mine introduced higher-paying jobs, often obtained by women, which shifted them from agriculture and unpaid work to the mining, service sectors and wage work. This shift impacted family labour dynamics, in particular young males and to a lesser extent young females worked less. The decrease in child labour reduced overall employment. Access to basic services, such as drinking water, electricity and health services, improved. Primary education completion rates increased, while children's schooling was unaffected. Negative consequences were found related to the incidence of sickness and a decline in market access.
{"title":"The Socio-Economic Impact of Coal Mining in Mozambique","authors":"Eva-Maria Egger, Michael Keller, Jorge Benjamim Mouco","doi":"10.1093/jae/ejae006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejae006","url":null,"abstract":"This study assesses the impact of four coal mines in Mozambique on socio-economic outcomes of the local population. We combine four waves of household surveys with coal mine locations and employ a difference-in-differences model. The timing of the surveys allows us to control for pre-trends and differentiate between the effects during the investment and production periods. The mines led to a causal increase in consumption and a correlational decline in poverty. The mine introduced higher-paying jobs, often obtained by women, which shifted them from agriculture and unpaid work to the mining, service sectors and wage work. This shift impacted family labour dynamics, in particular young males and to a lesser extent young females worked less. The decrease in child labour reduced overall employment. Access to basic services, such as drinking water, electricity and health services, improved. Primary education completion rates increased, while children's schooling was unaffected. Negative consequences were found related to the incidence of sickness and a decline in market access.","PeriodicalId":51524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Economies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141192600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the effects of shocks on temporal stability of risk and time preferences of rural households within a developing country context characterized by frequent droughts, chronic food insecurity, and low levels of education. Leveraging a three-wave large and diverse household panel data that elicits preferences every two years for more than 6,500 individuals from over 5,600 sample rural households in Ethiopia, we analyze the effects of droughts (self-reported) and rainfall shortfalls on household risk and time preferences. Our findings show that households become more risk-averse and impatient after experiencing drought and rainfall shocks; the change in risk preferences is more notable among households that experience recurrent droughts and multiple covariate shocks during the same period.
{"title":"Shocks and Stability of Risk and Time Preferences among Poor Rural Households in Ethiopia","authors":"T. Meles, M. H. Abay, Guush Berhane, A. Taffesse","doi":"10.1093/jae/ejae005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejae005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper examines the effects of shocks on temporal stability of risk and time preferences of rural households within a developing country context characterized by frequent droughts, chronic food insecurity, and low levels of education. Leveraging a three-wave large and diverse household panel data that elicits preferences every two years for more than 6,500 individuals from over 5,600 sample rural households in Ethiopia, we analyze the effects of droughts (self-reported) and rainfall shortfalls on household risk and time preferences. Our findings show that households become more risk-averse and impatient after experiencing drought and rainfall shocks; the change in risk preferences is more notable among households that experience recurrent droughts and multiple covariate shocks during the same period.","PeriodicalId":51524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Economies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141005740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rural labour markets in Africa are frequently characterised by underemployment, with farmers unable to fully deploy throughout the year one of their most important assets—their labour. Using a nine-year panel data set on 1,407 working-age adults from rural Malawi, we document changes in rural underemployment over this period and how they are associated with urbanisation. Nearby urban growth is linked to increased hours worked in casual labour (ganyu) and in non-agricultural sectors, at the expense of work on the household farm. Improved urban access is also associated with a small increase in wage labour and, at the intensive margin, with hours supplied in household enterprises. We draw lessons from these results for policies, investments and interventions to leverage urban growth for rural development.
{"title":"Rural Underemployment and Urbanisation: Insights from a 9-year Panel from Malawi","authors":"Hanne Van Cappellen, Joachim De Weerdt","doi":"10.1093/jae/ejae004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejae004","url":null,"abstract":"Rural labour markets in Africa are frequently characterised by underemployment, with farmers unable to fully deploy throughout the year one of their most important assets—their labour. Using a nine-year panel data set on 1,407 working-age adults from rural Malawi, we document changes in rural underemployment over this period and how they are associated with urbanisation. Nearby urban growth is linked to increased hours worked in casual labour (ganyu) and in non-agricultural sectors, at the expense of work on the household farm. Improved urban access is also associated with a small increase in wage labour and, at the intensive margin, with hours supplied in household enterprises. We draw lessons from these results for policies, investments and interventions to leverage urban growth for rural development.","PeriodicalId":51524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Economies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140809956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2015, about 20.5 million babies were born with low birthweight (LBW), with the majority from low- and middle-income countries. The use of antenatal care (ANC) is a recommended health policy measure to reduce the risk of LBW. However, there is limited evidence for its effectiveness in reducing LBW in sub-Saharan Africa, although the region accounts for almost one-quarter of LBW babies, second only to Asia. Moreover, while the number of LBW in other regions is reducing, the number of LBW babies in sub-Saharan Africa is increasing. We therefore use data from Ghana (a sub-Saharan African country with a high incidence rate of LBW) to investigate the effect of using ANC on birthweight. The number of ANC visits and the month of ANC initiation were used as indicators for ANC utilisation. We applied an extended linear regression technique to deal with the potential sample selection bias and endogeneity associated with the use of ANC. The results from the study indicate that early ANC initiation and having more ANC visits are both associated with an increase in birthweight; however, the estimated effect of an early ANC visit is larger than having an additional visit. Therefore, we recommend that policies aimed at tackling the problem of LBW should mostly be geared towards promoting ANC utilisation, especially early ANC initiation. We also find that estimating the effect of ANC on birthweight without accounting for sample selection bias and endogeneity of ANC underestimates the effect of ANC on birthweight.
{"title":"The Effects of Antenatal Care Utilisation on Birthweight: Evidence from Ghana","authors":"Alex Bawuah, Simon Appleton, Yang Li, Lina Song","doi":"10.1093/jae/ejae003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejae003","url":null,"abstract":"In 2015, about 20.5 million babies were born with low birthweight (LBW), with the majority from low- and middle-income countries. The use of antenatal care (ANC) is a recommended health policy measure to reduce the risk of LBW. However, there is limited evidence for its effectiveness in reducing LBW in sub-Saharan Africa, although the region accounts for almost one-quarter of LBW babies, second only to Asia. Moreover, while the number of LBW in other regions is reducing, the number of LBW babies in sub-Saharan Africa is increasing. We therefore use data from Ghana (a sub-Saharan African country with a high incidence rate of LBW) to investigate the effect of using ANC on birthweight. The number of ANC visits and the month of ANC initiation were used as indicators for ANC utilisation. We applied an extended linear regression technique to deal with the potential sample selection bias and endogeneity associated with the use of ANC. The results from the study indicate that early ANC initiation and having more ANC visits are both associated with an increase in birthweight; however, the estimated effect of an early ANC visit is larger than having an additional visit. Therefore, we recommend that policies aimed at tackling the problem of LBW should mostly be geared towards promoting ANC utilisation, especially early ANC initiation. We also find that estimating the effect of ANC on birthweight without accounting for sample selection bias and endogeneity of ANC underestimates the effect of ANC on birthweight.","PeriodicalId":51524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Economies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140625714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Digital labour platforms have grown five-fold over the past decade, enabling significant expansion of gig work worldwide. We interrogate the critique that these platforms tend to amplify aggregate shocks for registered workers. Based on the universe of records from a matching platform for manual freelancers in Mozambique, we analyse how task supply and demand altered with the onset of COVID-19. Treating the pandemic as a structural break, which extends to an event study analysis, we find it was associated with a net increase in tasks demanded per worker, but no clear change in supply growth (new registrations). While these general trends are evident across multiple market segments, there is also evidence of relatively higher demand for female as compared to male workers during the pandemic. This suggests digital labour markets can help some workers adjust to economic shocks in low-income contexts.
{"title":"Digital Labour Platforms as Shock Absorbers: Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mozambique","authors":"Sam Jones, Ivan Manhique","doi":"10.1093/jae/ejae002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejae002","url":null,"abstract":"Digital labour platforms have grown five-fold over the past decade, enabling significant expansion of gig work worldwide. We interrogate the critique that these platforms tend to amplify aggregate shocks for registered workers. Based on the universe of records from a matching platform for manual freelancers in Mozambique, we analyse how task supply and demand altered with the onset of COVID-19. Treating the pandemic as a structural break, which extends to an event study analysis, we find it was associated with a net increase in tasks demanded per worker, but no clear change in supply growth (new registrations). While these general trends are evident across multiple market segments, there is also evidence of relatively higher demand for female as compared to male workers during the pandemic. This suggests digital labour markets can help some workers adjust to economic shocks in low-income contexts.","PeriodicalId":51524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Economies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140019499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores moral hazard incentives associated with formal and informal insurance. We develop a theoretical model of risky effort that incorporates formal insurance and informal risk sharing, and test model predictions through a real-effort experiment with smallholder farmers in rural Uganda. Consistent with the theory, we find evidence of moral hazard under informal insurance. We, however, do not find evidence of moral hazard under formal insurance in our experiment. Experiencing a bad outcome, however, makes the risk in production more salient to farmers, and they increase their insurance coverage. These results suggest there may be some space for expanding indemnity-based insurance to smallholder farmers through awareness programmes.
{"title":"Moral Hazard Incentives under Formal Insurance and Informal Insurance: Evidence from a Framed Field Experiment","authors":"Aisha Nanyiti, Haki Pamuk","doi":"10.1093/jae/ejae001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejae001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores moral hazard incentives associated with formal and informal insurance. We develop a theoretical model of risky effort that incorporates formal insurance and informal risk sharing, and test model predictions through a real-effort experiment with smallholder farmers in rural Uganda. Consistent with the theory, we find evidence of moral hazard under informal insurance. We, however, do not find evidence of moral hazard under formal insurance in our experiment. Experiencing a bad outcome, however, makes the risk in production more salient to farmers, and they increase their insurance coverage. These results suggest there may be some space for expanding indemnity-based insurance to smallholder farmers through awareness programmes.","PeriodicalId":51524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Economies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139910599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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