Gigi Luk, Esteban Hernández-Rivera, Karla Tarín, Dan Chen, Michelle Jang, Debra Titone
Previous research on attitudes towards mathematics has mostly been assessed in a single language. We examined whether math attitudes differ by language in multilingual younger adults (ages 18-25). Furthermore, we evaluated the relationships between math attitudes, verbal memory, and calculation fluency in this sample. Eighty-seven French-English multilingual young adults self-reported their math attitudes using the Mathematics Anxiety Scale-Revised (Bai et al., 2009) in both English and French. Participants also self-reported verbal memory, calculation fluency, and general language proficiency in English and French. Results showed that attitudes towards mathematics for English and French were similar. Exploratory factor analysis also confirmed that the extracted factors revealed negative and positive attitudes towards mathematics, with English and French items loading on the same factors. Correlation analysis showed a negative relationship between negative attitudes towards mathematics and verbal memory only in English. This relationship remained statistically significant after controlling for general language proficiency. However, neither positive nor negative math attitudes were correlated with calculation fluency. Building on the examination of symbolic representations of mathematical cognition by Campbell, results from the study were interpreted as the first step to investigating math attitudes in individuals with diverse linguistic backgrounds. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
以前对数学态度的研究大多是用一种语言进行评估的。我们研究了多语言年轻人(18-25岁)的数学态度是否因语言而异。此外,我们评估了该样本中数学态度、言语记忆和计算流畅性之间的关系。87名法语-英语多语言年轻人使用英语和法语的数学焦虑量表(Bai et al., 2009)自我报告了他们的数学态度。参与者还自我报告了口头记忆、计算流畅性以及英语和法语的一般语言熟练程度。结果表明,英语和法语学生对数学的态度相似。探索性因素分析也证实,提取的因素揭示了对数学的消极和积极态度,英语和法语项目加载相同的因素。相关分析显示,数学消极态度与英语词汇记忆呈负相关。在控制了一般语言能力后,这种关系在统计上仍然显著。然而,积极或消极的数学态度与计算流畅性无关。基于Campbell对数学认知的符号表征的研究,该研究的结果被解释为调查不同语言背景个体的数学态度的第一步。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA,版权所有)。
{"title":"Math attitudes and verbal memory in multilingual younger adults.","authors":"Gigi Luk, Esteban Hernández-Rivera, Karla Tarín, Dan Chen, Michelle Jang, Debra Titone","doi":"10.1037/cep0000348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous research on attitudes towards mathematics has mostly been assessed in a single language. We examined whether math attitudes differ by language in multilingual younger adults (ages 18-25). Furthermore, we evaluated the relationships between math attitudes, verbal memory, and calculation fluency in this sample. Eighty-seven French-English multilingual young adults self-reported their math attitudes using the Mathematics Anxiety Scale-Revised (Bai et al., 2009) in both English and French. Participants also self-reported verbal memory, calculation fluency, and general language proficiency in English and French. Results showed that attitudes towards mathematics for English and French were similar. Exploratory factor analysis also confirmed that the extracted factors revealed negative and positive attitudes towards mathematics, with English and French items loading on the same factors. Correlation analysis showed a negative relationship between negative attitudes towards mathematics and verbal memory only in English. This relationship remained statistically significant after controlling for general language proficiency. However, neither positive nor negative math attitudes were correlated with calculation fluency. Building on the examination of symbolic representations of mathematical cognition by Campbell, results from the study were interpreted as the first step to investigating math attitudes in individuals with diverse linguistic backgrounds. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143016099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Working memory is associated with general intelligence and is crucial for performing complex cognitive tasks. Neuroimaging investigations have recognized that working memory is supported by a distribution of activity in regions across the entire brain. Identification of these regions has come primarily from general linear model analyses of statistical parametric maps to reveal brain regions whose activation is linearly related to working memory task conditions. This approach can fail to detect nonlinear task differences or differences reflected in distributed patterns of activity. In this study, we take advantage of the increased sensitivity of multivariate pattern analysis in a multiple-constraint deep learning classifier to analyze patterns of whole-brain blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activity in children performing two different conditions of the emotional n-back task. Regional (supervoxel) whole-brain activation patterns from functional imaging runs of 20 children were used to train a set of neural network classifiers to identify task category (0-back vs. 2-back) and activation co-occurrence probability, which encoded functional connectivity. These simultaneous constraints promote the discovery of coherent networks that contribute towards task performance in each memory load condition. Permutation analyses discovered the global activation patterns and interregional coactivations that distinguish memory load. Examination of model weights identified the brain regions most predictive of memory load and the functional networks integrating these regions. Community detection analyses identified functional networks integrating task-predictive regions and found distinct patterns of network activation for each task type. Comparisons to functional network literature suggest more focused attentional network activation during the 2-back task. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
工作记忆与一般智力有关,对于执行复杂的认知任务至关重要。神经影像学研究已经认识到,工作记忆是由整个大脑区域的活动分布所支持的。这些区域的识别主要来自统计参数图的一般线性模型分析,以揭示其激活与工作记忆任务条件线性相关的大脑区域。这种方法可能无法检测到非线性任务差异或反映在分布式活动模式中的差异。在本研究中,我们利用多约束深度学习分类器中增加的多变量模式分析的敏感性来分析执行两种不同条件的情绪n-back任务的儿童的全脑血氧水平依赖(BOLD)活动模式。使用20名儿童的功能成像运行的区域(超体素)全脑激活模式来训练一组神经网络分类器,以识别任务类别(0-back vs. 2-back)和激活共发生概率,编码功能连接。这些同步的约束促进了在每个内存负载条件下对任务性能有贡献的连贯网络的发现。排列分析发现了区分记忆负荷的全局激活模式和区域间共激活模式。对模型权重的检查确定了最能预测记忆负荷的大脑区域和整合这些区域的功能网络。社区检测分析确定了整合任务预测区域的功能网络,并发现了每种任务类型的不同网络激活模式。与功能性网络文献的比较表明,在双背任务中,注意力网络的激活更加集中。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA,版权所有)。
{"title":"Multiple constraint network classification reveals functional brain networks distinguishing 0-back and 2-back task.","authors":"Anthony Nguyen, Christopher McNorgan","doi":"10.1037/cep0000360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000360","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Working memory is associated with general intelligence and is crucial for performing complex cognitive tasks. Neuroimaging investigations have recognized that working memory is supported by a distribution of activity in regions across the entire brain. Identification of these regions has come primarily from general linear model analyses of statistical parametric maps to reveal brain regions whose activation is linearly related to working memory task conditions. This approach can fail to detect nonlinear task differences or differences reflected in distributed patterns of activity. In this study, we take advantage of the increased sensitivity of multivariate pattern analysis in a multiple-constraint deep learning classifier to analyze patterns of whole-brain blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activity in children performing two different conditions of the emotional <i>n</i>-back task. Regional (supervoxel) whole-brain activation patterns from functional imaging runs of 20 children were used to train a set of neural network classifiers to identify task category (0-back vs. 2-back) and activation co-occurrence probability, which encoded functional connectivity. These simultaneous constraints promote the discovery of coherent networks that contribute towards task performance in each memory load condition. Permutation analyses discovered the global activation patterns and interregional coactivations that distinguish memory load. Examination of model weights identified the brain regions most predictive of memory load and the functional networks integrating these regions. Community detection analyses identified functional networks integrating task-predictive regions and found distinct patterns of network activation for each task type. Comparisons to functional network literature suggest more focused attentional network activation during the 2-back task. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142958558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Claudia Morales Valiente, Stefan Köhler, Ken McRae
Episodic future thinking is the ability to project the self forward in time to preexperience a potential future event. It has been hypothesized that two components enhance simulations of future events: personal likelihood and event familiarity. Personal likelihood varies depending on the dynamics of personal goals throughout an individual's lifetime. In contrast, event familiarity varies depending on a person's accumulated schematic (also called event or semantic) knowledge about a type of event. We investigated these two components through individuals' belief in the likelihood of an event's occurrence during the next 10 years and their familiarity with a type of event. We predicted that likelihood and familiarity enhance future event simulations, making them clearer and more detailed. We used two norming studies to develop participant-specific sets of future events. In the experiment, participants simulated and described events, and they rated phenomenological aspects of their simulations. Likelihood and familiarity played individual and combined roles during future event simulation. The strongest effects were found with phenomenological ratings, with likelihood and familiarity influencing three of four measures, including interacting for other sensory details ratings. For internal details as measured using the Autobiographical Interview, likelihood influenced total details and perceptual details, and familiarity influenced total, perceptual, and time details, including their interaction for perceptual details. We conclude that event future thinking is a dynamic simulation process that uses event knowledge learned from past experience and is influenced by a person's belief of how likely an event is to occur via mental rehearsal of likely events. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
情景未来思维是一种将自我投射到未来的能力,可以预先体验到潜在的未来事件。据推测,有两个因素可以增强对未来事件的模拟:个人可能性和事件熟悉度。个人的可能性取决于个人一生中个人目标的动态变化。相反,事件熟悉度取决于一个人对某一类型事件积累的图式(也称为事件或语义)知识。我们通过个体对未来10年内某一事件发生可能性的信念和对某一事件类型的熟悉程度来调查这两个组成部分。我们预测,可能性和熟悉度会增强对未来事件的模拟,使它们更清晰、更详细。我们使用了两个规范化研究来开发特定于参与者的未来事件集。在实验中,参与者模拟和描述事件,并对模拟的现象学方面进行评价。在未来事件模拟中,可能性和熟悉度分别扮演了个体和组合的角色。在现象学评分中发现了最强的影响,可能性和熟悉度影响了四项指标中的三项,包括其他感官细节评分的相互作用。对于使用自传式访谈测量的内部细节,可能性影响总细节和感知细节,熟悉度影响总细节、感知细节和时间细节,包括它们对感知细节的相互作用。我们的结论是,事件未来思维是一个动态模拟过程,它使用从过去经验中获得的事件知识,并受到一个人通过对可能发生的事件的心理排练而对事件发生可能性的信念的影响。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA,版权所有)。
{"title":"Personal likelihood and event familiarity influence the simulation of future events.","authors":"Claudia Morales Valiente, Stefan Köhler, Ken McRae","doi":"10.1037/cep0000363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000363","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Episodic future thinking is the ability to project the self forward in time to preexperience a potential future event. It has been hypothesized that two components enhance simulations of future events: personal likelihood and event familiarity. Personal likelihood varies depending on the dynamics of personal goals throughout an individual's lifetime. In contrast, event familiarity varies depending on a person's accumulated schematic (also called event or semantic) knowledge about a type of event. We investigated these two components through individuals' belief in the likelihood of an event's occurrence during the next 10 years and their familiarity with a type of event. We predicted that likelihood and familiarity enhance future event simulations, making them clearer and more detailed. We used two norming studies to develop participant-specific sets of future events. In the experiment, participants simulated and described events, and they rated phenomenological aspects of their simulations. Likelihood and familiarity played individual and combined roles during future event simulation. The strongest effects were found with phenomenological ratings, with likelihood and familiarity influencing three of four measures, including interacting for other sensory details ratings. For internal details as measured using the Autobiographical Interview, likelihood influenced total details and perceptual details, and familiarity influenced total, perceptual, and time details, including their interaction for perceptual details. We conclude that event future thinking is a dynamic simulation process that uses event knowledge learned from past experience and is influenced by a person's belief of how likely an event is to occur via mental rehearsal of likely events. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142933547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Debra Titone, Ben Dyson, Myra Fernandes, Marc Joanisse
Continuing Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology's ongoing commitment to Open Science, we invited Oshiro et al. (2024) to submit a peer-reviewed tutorial of the typical format and to offer key pieces of advice when preparing Registered Reports. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
继续加拿大实验心理学杂志对开放科学的持续承诺,我们邀请Oshiro等人(2024)提交一份典型格式的同行评议教程,并在准备注册报告时提供关键建议。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA,版权所有)。
{"title":"Encouraging registered reports at the Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology (CJEP): An invited tutorial by Oshiro et al. (2024).","authors":"Debra Titone, Ben Dyson, Myra Fernandes, Marc Joanisse","doi":"10.1037/cep0000361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000361","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Continuing <i>Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology's</i> ongoing commitment to Open Science, we invited Oshiro et al. (2024) to submit a peer-reviewed tutorial of the typical format and to offer key pieces of advice when preparing Registered Reports. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":"78 4","pages":"203-204"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142774663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1037/cep0000338
Briana Oshiro, Lindsay J Alley, Jessica Kay Flake
A Registered Report is a type of research journal article in which the introduction, methods, and analysis plan are proposed and peer-reviewed prior to the execution of the study. The goal is to limit publication bias based on study findings by conducting peer review on the merits of the study before the results are known. First introduced in 2012 (Chambers, 2013; Chambers & Tzavella, 2022), this format of journal article publication has become more commonplace. Here we provide an overview of the format as well as eight core lessons we learned while preparing Registered Reports. We integrate guidelines from the literature with our experience to provide insight into the process of preparing and publishing a Registered Report for those who have not yet tried it. Though Registered Reports require researchers to invest more effort at the earlier stages of idea generation, design, and analysis planning, they will benefit from the feedback of reviewers when it is most beneficial and leave behind the fear of rejection due to unanticipated study limitations or null results. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Want to try a registered report? Here are our lessons learned.","authors":"Briana Oshiro, Lindsay J Alley, Jessica Kay Flake","doi":"10.1037/cep0000338","DOIUrl":"10.1037/cep0000338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A Registered Report is a type of research journal article in which the introduction, methods, and analysis plan are proposed and peer-reviewed prior to the execution of the study. The goal is to limit publication bias based on study findings by conducting peer review on the merits of the study before the results are known. First introduced in 2012 (Chambers, 2013; Chambers & Tzavella, 2022), this format of journal article publication has become more commonplace. Here we provide an overview of the format as well as eight core lessons we learned while preparing Registered Reports. We integrate guidelines from the literature with our experience to provide insight into the process of preparing and publishing a Registered Report for those who have not yet tried it. Though Registered Reports require researchers to invest more effort at the earlier stages of idea generation, design, and analysis planning, they will benefit from the feedback of reviewers when it is most beneficial and leave behind the fear of rejection due to unanticipated study limitations or null results. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":" ","pages":"205-209"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-04-11DOI: 10.1037/cep0000325
Nicholaus P Brosowsky
Goal-directed behaviour is typically conceptualized as striking a balance between two antagonistic cognitive control states such as proactive and reactive control, as demonstrated by conflict phenomena such as the list-wide proportion congruency and congruency sequence effects. However, control-based explanations for these phenomena have come under criticism due to low-level associative regularities that are frequently confounded with conflict manipulations within these experimental designs. In the present study, a novel Stroop paradigm referred to as the "trial-unique Stroop task" was developed to examine whether these effects could be observed in the absence of low-level associative regularities. On each trial, participants typed a word they heard spoken aloud while ignoring a word visually displayed on the screen. Importantly, each word only appeared in a single trial throughout the experiment, and because stimuli and responses were never repeated, there were no low-level associative regularities across trials. Using this paradigm, we observed both congruency sequence (Experiment 1) and list-wide proportion congruency (Experiment 2) effects, providing the strongest evidence to date for control-based explanations of these phenomena. Split-half analyses revealed much higher reliability than traditional colour-word Stroop tasks for the congruency effect (rSB = .98), the congruency sequence effect (rSB = .42), and the list-wide proportion congruency effect (rSB = .85). Moreover, the methodological advantages of the trial-unique Stroop task allow for the independent manipulation of task features related to control, learning, and memory processes. The promising results of this study support the application of the trial-unique Stroop task in this context and open new avenues for future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Proactive and reactive cognitive control in the absence of learning and memory confounds: Evidence from a cross-modal trial-unique Stroop task.","authors":"Nicholaus P Brosowsky","doi":"10.1037/cep0000325","DOIUrl":"10.1037/cep0000325","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Goal-directed behaviour is typically conceptualized as striking a balance between two antagonistic cognitive control states such as proactive and reactive control, as demonstrated by conflict phenomena such as the list-wide proportion congruency and congruency sequence effects. However, control-based explanations for these phenomena have come under criticism due to low-level associative regularities that are frequently confounded with conflict manipulations within these experimental designs. In the present study, a novel Stroop paradigm referred to as the \"trial-unique Stroop task\" was developed to examine whether these effects could be observed in the absence of low-level associative regularities. On each trial, participants typed a word they heard spoken aloud while ignoring a word visually displayed on the screen. Importantly, each word only appeared in a single trial throughout the experiment, and because stimuli and responses were never repeated, there were no low-level associative regularities across trials. Using this paradigm, we observed both congruency sequence (Experiment 1) and list-wide proportion congruency (Experiment 2) effects, providing the strongest evidence to date for control-based explanations of these phenomena. Split-half analyses revealed much higher reliability than traditional colour-word Stroop tasks for the congruency effect (<i>r</i><sub>SB</sub> = .98), the congruency sequence effect (<i>r</i><sub>SB</sub> = .42), and the list-wide proportion congruency effect (<i>r</i><sub>SB</sub> = .85). Moreover, the methodological advantages of the trial-unique Stroop task allow for the independent manipulation of task features related to control, learning, and memory processes. The promising results of this study support the application of the trial-unique Stroop task in this context and open new avenues for future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":" ","pages":"245-255"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140869524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-10-17DOI: 10.1037/cep0000349
Shikang Peng, Peter Dixon
The present study was an investigation of the relation between cognitive coupling, a correlation between text difficulty and reading time, and other measures of mind wandering during reading. To measure cognitive coupling, we manipulated the text difficulty of individual sentences. Because mind wandering may shift attention away from the text, we predicted a cognitive coupling interaction, that is, that the effect of difficulty on processing time should be less when readers are off task. We also manipulated the consistency of a target sentence's content with a prior information. Analogous to the text-based cognitive coupling, we predicted an interaction of consistency with task focus: The impact of this consistency should be less noticeable when readers are off task. The results demonstrated the predicted text-based cognitive-coupling effect: There was less of an effect of text difficulty when readers reported being off task. However, there was no such interaction between consistency and task focus. We conclude that the consistency effect may depend on the relatively automatic activation of prior information rather than requiring consciously retrieving related information from memory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
本研究调查了认知耦合(文本难度与阅读时间之间的相关性)与阅读过程中思维游离的其他测量指标之间的关系。为了测量认知耦合度,我们操纵了单个句子的文字难度。由于思维游离可能会将注意力从文本上转移开,因此我们预测认知耦合会产生交互作用,即当读者偏离任务时,难度对处理时间的影响应该较小。我们还操纵了目标句子内容与先前信息的一致性。与基于文本的认知耦合类似,我们预测一致性与任务重点之间存在交互作用:当读者偏离任务时,这种一致性的影响应该不那么明显。结果证明了所预测的基于文本的认知耦合效应:当读者报告脱离任务时,文本难度的影响较小。然而,一致性与任务重点之间并不存在交互作用。我们的结论是,一致性效应可能取决于先前信息的相对自动激活,而不是需要有意识地从记忆中检索相关信息。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
{"title":"Text-based and memory-based metrics of cognitive coupling.","authors":"Shikang Peng, Peter Dixon","doi":"10.1037/cep0000349","DOIUrl":"10.1037/cep0000349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study was an investigation of the relation between cognitive coupling, a correlation between text difficulty and reading time, and other measures of mind wandering during reading. To measure cognitive coupling, we manipulated the text difficulty of individual sentences. Because mind wandering may shift attention away from the text, we predicted a cognitive coupling interaction, that is, that the effect of difficulty on processing time should be less when readers are off task. We also manipulated the consistency of a target sentence's content with a prior information. Analogous to the text-based cognitive coupling, we predicted an interaction of consistency with task focus: The impact of this consistency should be less noticeable when readers are off task. The results demonstrated the predicted text-based cognitive-coupling effect: There was less of an effect of text difficulty when readers reported being off task. However, there was no such interaction between consistency and task focus. We conclude that the consistency effect may depend on the relatively automatic activation of prior information rather than requiring consciously retrieving related information from memory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":" ","pages":"222-229"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142480425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-04-11DOI: 10.1037/cep0000328
Regard M Booy, Nadja Jankovic, Thomas M Spalek
Studies examining behavioural responses to emotional stimuli usually report one of two patterns of responses to negative stimuli. Some studies find faster responses to negative material. Other studies find slower responses to negative stimuli. While the attentional mechanisms proposed to explain these findings (attentional capture in the former case, delayed disengagement in the latter) are not at odds with one another, the behavioural findings do need to be reconciled. We posit that arousal, being the primary differentiator of threatening and nonthreatening stimuli, needs to be more carefully considered. To this end, two experiments were conducted evaluating the role of stimulus arousal and valence in the processing of schematic emotional faces. In Experiment 1, stimulus arousal was manipulated via the presence or absence of eyebrows in the schematic faces in a faces flanker task. Results showed faster responses to faces with eyebrows but no differences in the faces flanker asymmetry between faces with and without eyebrows. In Experiment 2, participants rated the faces on an evaluative space grid. Results showed the presence of the eyebrows had a greater impact on negative ratings for negative faces than for the other expressions. This suggests that stimulus valence and arousal were manipulated by the eyebrows and the reaction time differences could not be attributed purely to perceptual differences. Together these results suggests that both valence and arousal impact the processing of emotional schematic faces, and that these effects are dissociable. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Arousal and valence have dissociable effects on responses to schematic emotional faces.","authors":"Regard M Booy, Nadja Jankovic, Thomas M Spalek","doi":"10.1037/cep0000328","DOIUrl":"10.1037/cep0000328","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies examining behavioural responses to emotional stimuli usually report one of two patterns of responses to negative stimuli. Some studies find faster responses to negative material. Other studies find slower responses to negative stimuli. While the attentional mechanisms proposed to explain these findings (attentional capture in the former case, delayed disengagement in the latter) are not at odds with one another, the behavioural findings do need to be reconciled. We posit that arousal, being the primary differentiator of threatening and nonthreatening stimuli, needs to be more carefully considered. To this end, two experiments were conducted evaluating the role of stimulus arousal and valence in the processing of schematic emotional faces. In Experiment 1, stimulus arousal was manipulated via the presence or absence of eyebrows in the schematic faces in a faces flanker task. Results showed faster responses to faces with eyebrows but no differences in the faces flanker asymmetry between faces with and without eyebrows. In Experiment 2, participants rated the faces on an evaluative space grid. Results showed the presence of the eyebrows had a greater impact on negative ratings for negative faces than for the other expressions. This suggests that stimulus valence and arousal were manipulated by the eyebrows and the reaction time differences could not be attributed purely to perceptual differences. Together these results suggests that both valence and arousal impact the processing of emotional schematic faces, and that these effects are dissociable. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":" ","pages":"230-244"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140872570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1037/cep0000358
Tarik N Mohamed
Faces and body parts play a crucial role in human social communication. Numerous studies emphasize their significance as sociobiological stimuli in daily interactions. Two experiments were conducted to examine the following: (a) whether faces or body parts are processed more quickly than other visual objects when relevant to the task and serving as targets, and (b) the effects of presenting faces or body parts as distractors on task reaction times and error rates. The first experiment focused on either faces or body parts, with five different visual objects. The second experiment examined effector body parts (e.g., hands) and core body parts (e.g., the torso), paired with the same visual objects. Thirty-six participants took part in the study, equally divided between Experiment 1 (N = 18) and Experiment 2 (N = 18). Participants were instructed to find if a target item, indicated by a green placeholder, matched a previously presented word cue, while they were instructed to keep ignoring the singleton object that was surrounded by the red placeholder. The results indicated that participants responded more quickly when finding faces but not body parts in Experiment 1. No such advantage was seen in Experiment 2 for either effector or core body parts compared to other objects. Interestingly, when faces were presented as distractors as a singleton, reaction times increased (Experiment 1), indicating that faces capture attention. This effect was not observed for effector or core body parts (Experiment 2). These findings suggest that faces capture attention more effectively than body parts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"From faces to fingers: Examining attentional capture of faces and body parts using colour singleton paradigm.","authors":"Tarik N Mohamed","doi":"10.1037/cep0000358","DOIUrl":"10.1037/cep0000358","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Faces and body parts play a crucial role in human social communication. Numerous studies emphasize their significance as sociobiological stimuli in daily interactions. Two experiments were conducted to examine the following: (a) whether faces or body parts are processed more quickly than other visual objects when relevant to the task and serving as targets, and (b) the effects of presenting faces or body parts as distractors on task reaction times and error rates. The first experiment focused on either faces or body parts, with five different visual objects. The second experiment examined effector body parts (e.g., hands) and core body parts (e.g., the torso), paired with the same visual objects. Thirty-six participants took part in the study, equally divided between Experiment 1 (<i>N</i> = 18) and Experiment 2 (<i>N</i> = 18). Participants were instructed to find if a target item, indicated by a green placeholder, matched a previously presented word cue, while they were instructed to keep ignoring the singleton object that was surrounded by the red placeholder. The results indicated that participants responded more quickly when finding faces but not body parts in Experiment 1. No such advantage was seen in Experiment 2 for either effector or core body parts compared to other objects. Interestingly, when faces were presented as distractors as a singleton, reaction times increased (Experiment 1), indicating that faces capture attention. This effect was not observed for effector or core body parts (Experiment 2). These findings suggest that faces capture attention more effectively than body parts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":" ","pages":"210-221"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142512708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-04-11DOI: 10.1037/cep0000329
Véronic Delage, Richard J Daker, Geneviève Trudel, Ian M Lyons, Erin A Maloney
One of the most robust relations in cognition is that between spatial and mathematical reasoning. One important question is whether this relation is domain general or if specific relations exist between performance on different types of spatial tasks and performance on different types of mathematical tasks. In this study, we explore unique relations between performance on five spatial tasks and five mathematical tasks. An exploratory factor analysis conducted on Data Set 1 (N = 391) yielded a two-factor model, one spatial factor and one mathematical factor with significant cross-domain factor loadings. The general two-factor model structure was replicated in a confirmatory factor analysis conducted in a separate data set (N = 364) but the strength of the factor loadings differed by task. Multidimensional scaling and network-based analyses conducted on the combined data sets reveal one spatial cluster, with a central node and one more tightly interconnected mathematical cluster. Both clusters were interconnected via the math task assessing geometry and spatial sense. The unique links identified with the network-based analysis are representative of a "small-world network." These results have theoretical implications for our understanding of the spatial-mathematical relation and practical implications for our understanding of the limitations of transfer between spatial training paradigms and mathematical tasks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"It is a \"small world\": Relations between performance on five spatial tasks and five mathematical tasks in undergraduate students.","authors":"Véronic Delage, Richard J Daker, Geneviève Trudel, Ian M Lyons, Erin A Maloney","doi":"10.1037/cep0000329","DOIUrl":"10.1037/cep0000329","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One of the most robust relations in cognition is that between spatial and mathematical reasoning. One important question is whether this relation is domain general or if specific relations exist between performance on different types of spatial tasks and performance on different types of mathematical tasks. In this study, we explore unique relations between performance on five spatial tasks and five mathematical tasks. An exploratory factor analysis conducted on Data Set 1 (<i>N</i> = 391) yielded a two-factor model, one spatial factor and one mathematical factor with significant cross-domain factor loadings. The general two-factor model structure was replicated in a confirmatory factor analysis conducted in a separate data set (<i>N</i> = 364) but the strength of the factor loadings differed by task. Multidimensional scaling and network-based analyses conducted on the combined data sets reveal one spatial cluster, with a central node and one more tightly interconnected mathematical cluster. Both clusters were interconnected via the math task assessing <i>geometry and spatial sense</i>. The unique links identified with the network-based analysis are representative of a \"small-world network.\" These results have theoretical implications for our understanding of the spatial-mathematical relation and practical implications for our understanding of the limitations of transfer between spatial training paradigms and mathematical tasks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":" ","pages":"256-274"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140855831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}